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DIE PASTORIUS 




Arms 



The Life 

OF 

Francis Daniel Pastorius 

THE FOUNDER OF GERMANTOWN 



Illustrated with Ninety Photographic Reproductions 



BY 

Marion Dexter learned, Ph. d., L. H. D. 

Professor of German 

at the 

University of Pennsylvania 



WITH AN APPRECIATION OF PASTORIUS 

BY 

SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER, LL. D. 
Former Governor of Pennsylvania 



PHILADELPHIA 

WILLIAM J. CAMPBELL 

1908 









-"Jb I 



COPYRIGHT I908 
BY 

MARION DEXTER LEARNED 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 




' r /•--«/ ^SKfTt-£Ai, JtACJiAVCR. peiti I. 



I \\\ rrn- Courtesy of Mr. Max Zeitler.) 



PREFACE 



This is a documentary life of Francis Daniel Pastorius and 
his times. It is the result of long and patient research in original 
sources in the Archives of Europe and America, and presents 
much new matter hitherto unpublished. The author has spared no 
cost and pains in gaining access to the original documents and 
other sources, many of which are indicated by the photographic 
reproductions. 

The work is written in a style which, it is hoped, will prove 
readable, but at the same time keep the reader in touch with the 
sources. No statement has been made in the work without refer- 
ence to a reliable source. The genealogist and critical reader will 
find in the footnotes the original authorities for the statements 
made in the text, and the reader unfamiliar with German and 
Latin will find the essential facts stated or translated in the Eng- 
lish text. 

The author wishes to make public acknowledgment to the 
following for the friendly assistance given him during the prepa- 
ration of this work. 

In America: Ex-Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker of 
Pennypacker's Mills, Pennsylvania ; Dr. Joseph G. Rosengarten 
of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Mr. Francis Daniel Pastorius 
of Colorado Springs, Colorado; Mr. Abram Bruner of Staunton, 
Virginia; Mr. George C. Thomas of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania; 
Mr. A. H. Ritter of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Professor M. G. 
Brumbaugh of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Professor D. B. 
Schumway, Professor W. R. Newbold, Professor Morris Jastrow, 
Jr. of the University of Pennsylvania; Mr. Albert Cook Myers of 
Moylan, Pennsylvania ; Mr. G. J. Scattergood of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania ; Mr. S. L. M. Rosenberg of the University of Penn- 
sylvania ; Dr. John W. Jordan, Dr. G. B. Keen, and assistants, of 



iv Preface 

the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Mr. Charles F. Jenkins, 
Mr. Horace F. McCann and Dr. N. C. Keyser of Germantown, 
Pennsylvania; Professor John M. Vincent of Johns Hopkins 
University; Mr. H. Clifford Campion, Jr. of Media, Pennsyl- 
vania; Mr. Gilbert Cope of West Chester, Pennsylvania; Mr. 
Porter F. Cope of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Mr. John Pas- 
torius Reiff and .Miss Reiff of Norristown, Pennsylvania; Dr. 
Alois Niessner of New York; Mr. Arthur L. Church of Phila- 
delphia; Dr. Albert Bernheim of Philadelphia; Dr. Julius F. 
Sachse of Philadelphia; Mr. C. S. Bradford of Philadelphia; 
Mr. Stan. V. Henkels of Philadelphia: Miss M. S. Alien of the 
Friends' Library of Philadelphia; Mr. B. Samuel of the Ridgeway 
Branch of the Philadelphia Library; Miss Lina Herzog, Libra- 
rian of the German Society of Pennsylvania ; Henry Dexter 
Learned of Philadelphia. 

In Europe: Her Ladyship Countess Christine von Rech- 
teren-Limpurg in Sommerhausen ; Lehrer Fr. Gutmann of Som- 
merhausen; His Honor the Burgomaster and the City Secretary 
of Windsheim ; Rev. Deacon Herold of Windsheim ; The Libra- 
rian of the Stadtarchiv in Frankf urt-on-the-Main ; The Libra- 
rian of the Stadtbibliothek in Frankfurt-on-the-Main ; Director 
J. Luting of the Library of the University of Strassburg; Chief 
Librarian Markus Zucker of the University of Erlangen ; Direc- 
tor Brandis of the Library of the University of Jena; Librarian 
C. Ch. Bernoulli of the University of Basel ; the Director of the 
Paedogogium of Altdorf in Bavaria: the Director of the Kreis- 
archiv in Xurnberg; Dr. Alfred Overmann of the Stadtarchiv in 
Erfurt; Directors Gustav von Bezold and Hans Bosch of the 
Germanisches Museum in Xurnberg; Antiquarian Fritz Quick of 
Warburg, Westphalia; U. S. Consul 11. W. Harris of Xurnberg; 
U. S. Consulate in Mannheim; Mr. Norman Penney, Devon- 
shire House, London, England; Air. Xaisb of the Bevan-Xaish 
Library. Birmingham, England. 

The Author. 
225th Anniversary of 
the Landing of Pastorius. 



APPRECIATION OF PASTORIUS. 

There are many facts which tend to give Francis Daniel 
Pastorius a foremost position among the interesting characters 
in our early American life. He was the most conspicuous, if 
not the most important, figure in the settlement of Germantown, 
a movement marking the beginning of German immigration into 
North America and the first manifestation with respect to race 
of that broad and liberal catholic spirit which differentiated 
Pennsylvania from the other colonies and later made her the 
fruitful source of American institutions and modes of thought. 
The son of a judge and litterateur, he had been trained in the 
universities of Europe, and his powers had been broadened by 
travel and public discussion. It may well be doubted whether 
any other of the colonizers of America ecpialled him in intellectual 
cultivation and attainments. A linguist, he used with accuracy 
and fluency, the German, English, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Latin 
and Greek languages. His Latin epigrams, poetry, and jeux 
d'csprit show a complete familiarity with that tongue and much 
literary facility. He may be regarded as the typical man of 
letters of his period in America, and his original productions are 
numerous. He permanently affected the growth and develop- 
ment of the nation, since it was he, who, together with Abraham 
Op den Graeff, Dirck Op den Graeff, and Gerhard Hendricks, 
began the struggle in America against the institution of slavery. 
He was a lawgiver, as well as pedagogue, who composed the 
first Pennsylvania primer. In modern times a great interest has 
been taken in his career. Dr. Oswald Seidensticker, of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, studied his achievements and published 
an excellent Memoir. Considerable additional information con- 
cerning him was given in The Settlement of Germantown, by a 
later author. Whittier made him the subject of an epic, The 
Pennsylvania Pilgrim. Mr. Julius F. Sachse has also written 



VI 



Appreciation 



about him, but with less sympathy. It lias remained, however, 
for Dr. Marion D. Learned, Director of the Department of Ger- 
man at the University of Pennsylvania, to make many discov- 
eries in the libraries of Europe, throwing light upon his ante- 
cedents and early career, and to prepare what may be regarded 
as a complete biography. The results of Dr. Learned's investiga- 
tions appear in the present eminently satisfactory volume, which 
must further enhance our appreciation of this eminent American 
colonist and scholar. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 
Chapter I. — Ancestors 1-49 

Chapter II. — Early Years and Education 50-81 

Chapter III. — Years of Practice and Travel 82-1 15 

Chapter IV. — Agent of the German Company 1 16-155 

Chapter V. — Burgher and Schoolmaster 156-187 

Chapter VI. — In Private Life 188-224 

Chapter VII. — Lawgiver, Scrivener and Author 225-287 



Appendix A. — Agreement of the German Company of 

Frankfurt 288-293 

Appendix B. — Exemplum sine Exemplo 294-297 

Appendix C. — Description of the Map of German- 
town, 1688 298 

Appendix D. — Letter of Attorney to Falkner, Kelpius 

and Jawert 299-300 

Appendix E. — The Pastorius Family 301 

Index 315 



Only iooo copies of this work have been printed, of 
which this is 



NO. C^w^V- CAJ( 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Opposite 
Page 
Frontispiece — Pastorius Arms. 

Warburg in Westphalia about 1650 2 

Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Itinerarium" 6 

Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Prognosticon" 8 

Frontispiece of M. A. Pastorius' "Romischer Adler" 10 

Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Romischer Adler" 12 

Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Liber Intimissimus" 16 

Frontispiece of M. A. Pastorius' "Franconia Rediviva" 20 

Title Page of "Franconia Rediviva" 22 

Marriage Record of F. D. Pastorius' Parents 28 

Record of F. D. Pastorius' Baptism 28 

Burial Record of F. D. Pastorius' Mother 28 

Inner and Outer Wall of Sommerhausen 30 

House of M. A. Pastorius in Sommerhausen 32 

Datestone of Pastorius House 34 

Epitaph of M. A. Pastorius 40 

Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Fasciculus Rhythmorum" 42 

MS. Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Windsheim" 44 

Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Windsheim" 46 

Pastorius' Own Copy of "Windsheim" 4S 

Sommerhausen Wall and Square Tower 50 

Residence of the Counts of Limpurg 52 

Windsheim in 1644 54 

Street in Windsheim 56- 

Hotel "Rotes Ross" in Windsheim 58 

Library and Archives in Windsheim 60 

Gymnasium in Windsheim 62 

University of Altdorf 64 

Entrance to University of Altdorf 66 

Tower in Altdorf 68 

Tower in Altdorf 70 

Street Scene in Altdorf 72 

Disputation of F. D. Pastorius 78 

Outskirts of Windsheim 80 

Reaping with the Sickle outside of Windsheim 82 

Hop Field near Windsheim 84 



x Illustrations 

Opposite 
Page 

Old Schoolhouse in Windsheim 88 

\'i> w of the Cemetery in Sommcrhausen 00 

M. A. Pastorius' Epitaph, written by himself 94 

Rent Receipt of the Frankfurt Company no 

Sommer Tea Room in the "Schloss" at Sommerhauscn 112 

Calendar of Pastorius' Life 114 

Rathaus in Sommerhauscn 1 16 

Sommerhauscn in 1003 118 

Clock Tower in Sommerhauscn 120 

Letter of F. D. Pastorius to His Parents, 1684 [24 

Sichcrc Nachricht auss America 128 

Warrant for Survey of Land for Dutch and German Purchasers.... 130 

Warrant for Survey of Lots for Germans in Philadelphia 130 

Survey of Pastorius' Land 154 

Title Page of the "Raths-Buch" of Germantown 160 

First Title Page of Pastorius' "Beschreibung" 224 

Four Boasting Disputers 226 

F. D. Pastorius' "Tractatlein" 228 

Title Page of Pastorius' "Send-Brieff" 230 

Pastorius' "Primmer" 232 

Pastorius' "Beschreibung" 234 

"F. D. P." or Common-Place Book 236 

Title Page of Pastorius' "Medicine Book" 238 

Pastorius' "Beehive" 240 

A Title Page of "Beehive" 242 

Letter of Pastorius to his Son Henry 246 

Title Page of "Beehive" in Seven Languages 250 

Index to "Beehive" 252 

"Alvearialia" 254 

" \1\ i-arialia" 256 

Title Page of "Deliciae Hortenses" 

Title Page of "Voluptates Apianae" 260 

Title Page of "Grund- unci Lager Buch" 266 

Title Page of Pastorius' "Young Country Clerk" 274 

"Leges Pennsylvaniae" 278 

Will of Pastorius 286 

Inventory of Pastorius' Effects 286 

Signatures of the Agreement of the Frankfurt Company 288 

Map of Germantown, 1688 298 

Signature of Martinus Pastor 300 

Decision of Juristic Faculty of the University of Jena in the Suit of 

Martinus Pastor 303 

Genealogia Pastoriana or Genealogical Sketch (from the "Beehh 312 



FRANCIS DANIEL PASTORIUS 

THE FOUNDER OF G£RMANTOWN 



CHAPTER I. 

ANCESTORS. 

Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of Germantown, the 
first permanent German colony in North America, was born in 
Sommerhausen, Franconia, September 26, 1651, three years 
after the close of the Thirty Years' War. He was the scion 
of a distinguished German family, whose history reflects the 
vicissitudes of the fierce religious strife of the times of Gustavus 
Adolphus, Tilly and Wallenstein. The wounds of the war were 
still unhealed and the bitterness of the strife still lingered in 
the adherents of the Catholic and Protestant cause, severing in 
the same family the strongest ties of kinship and blood. 

Little has been known, hitherto, of the name and origin of 
the Pastorius family to which the founder of Germantown be- 
longed. Even Macco, in his extensive and profusely illustrated 
History of the Pastor Family, 1 makes only a passing reference 
to "Pastor" (more correctly "Pastorius") in Windsheim 
and seems to know nothing of the earlier history of this family 
in Warburg, Westphalia. 

In spite of the tradition that the Pastorius family came 
from Italy to France and thence to Germany, the family seems to 
have been one of the many whose German names were Latinized 
under the influence of humanism. The Latin form Pastorius 
would point to an original German Schdfer or Hirt or some com- 



' Cf. H. F. Macco, Geschichte mid Genealogie der Familie Pastor (pub- 
lished as vol. iv of Beitrage zur Genealogie rheinischer Adels- und Patrizier- 
familien), Aachen, 1905. 



2 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

bination of one of these names. A persistent tradition in Fran- 
conia connects the family of Hiigclschiiffer with that of Pastorius, 
deriving the former from the latter. It seems far more likely, 
however, that Pastorius is a Latinized form of an original Schaf- 
fer, to which Hiigelschaffer is related. This would harmonize 
with the fact that the name Hiigelschaffer appears in the records 
of an early period in other places and this family has the same 
coat-of-arms as Pastorius. la 

It has been the good fortune of the present writer to un- 
earth, through the aid of Antiquarian Fritz Quick Ib in Warburg, 
a mass of valuable material relating to the Pastorius family in 
that city. This material, consisting of the Rathsprotokoll and 
letters as welfas a decision handed down by the Juristic Faculty 
of the University of Jena, sheds much new light on the history 
of the Pastorius family in Warburg. According to these sources, 
which will be treated in an appendix, the name "Pastorius" was 
formerly "Pastor," "Schaffer" and "Scepers," thus exhibiting the 
stages from Low German "Scepers" to the fullest Latin form 
"Pastorius." 

The name "Scepers" appears in the City Council of War- 
burg as early as 1439 and continues with little interruption till 
the Thirty Years' War. The Latin form "Pastor" appears first 
in our records with Martinus Pastor (or Pastorius), who studied 



' a It is fitting to quote in this connection a letter of the Rev. S. Hanss- 
leiter to C. Sharpless Pastorius in Florence, dated Sommerhausen, February 
2, 1888: "Die hier (wahrscheinlich durch Vermuthung des HE Pf. Hof- 
mannl verbreitete Atisicht, dass die hier ansassige, geachtete Familie Hiigel- 
schaffer — welche friiher im Besitze des oben erwahnten Hauses [welches von 
M. A. Pastorius im Jahre 1655 cibaut wurde] gewesen ist, und wohl seitdem 
ein ahnliches Familienzeichen fuhrt— directe Nachkommen von Pastorius 
scion, die mit Verdeutschung des Namens hier geblieben scion, entbehrt dcr 
urkundlichen Begrimdung und jtder Wahrscheinlichkeit, da erwiesener- 
massen der Name Hiigelschaffer in friiher Zeit schon in anderen Dorfern 
vorkommt, von welchen vielmehr die hiesige Familie dieses Namens aus- 
gegangen ist." 

'b My colleague. Professor D. B. Shumway, kindly wont to Warburg 
to look up the records for me. But the archives were in such a condition that 
a long stay would have been necessary to examine them. At this juncture 
Antiquarian Fritz Quick came to my assistance and dug out with the greatest 
patience the needed documents and had them photographed for me. 



W'ARIIIIIUiVM 



k« 




Warburg in Westphalia, About 1650. 
[ Ry tlie Courtesy of P'ritz Quick, of Warburg. ) 



The Founder of Germantown 3 

law at Mainz. This would seem to indicate that the name was 
German and then Latinized under Romanic or Humanistic 
influence. 

In addition to the Pastors of Aachen, two branches of the 
Pastorius family were prominent in Germany in the seventeenth 
century, one in Silesia and the other in Westphalia, Thuringia 
and Franconia. It is to the latter branch that Francis Daniel 
Pastorius belonged. 

The Silesian branch of the family is represented in the sev- 
enteenth century by Joachim Pastorius, who was born at Glogau 
in Silesia, Sept. 20, 161 1, 2 and died at Frauenberg in Prussia, 
Dec. 26, 1681. He was the son of a parson and was reared 
in the doctrines of Socinus. He was a "Doctor medicinae" and 
distinguished for his writings on Polish history. 

Joachim Pastorius was made "Stadtphysicus" of Elbing 
and in 1651 Professor of History at the Gymnasium in that 
place. In 1652 he became Rector of the Gymnasium. Having 
gone over to the Lutheran Church, he took up his duties as 
Professor of History in Danzig, January 28, 1655. He was 
made "Historicus Regius" in 1656, and was named "Indigenat" 
by the Polish Diet 111 1662 and took the title "ab Hirtenberg." 
In 1665 he was made "Secretarius Regius," but resigned his 
post and went over to the Roman Catholic Church. Although 
married, he received high offices in the Catholic Church, having 
been Vicar General of Pomerania Minor and Canon of Frauen- 
berg. His extensive History of Poland was finished and pub- 
lished by his son, Georg Adam Pastorius, after his death. The 
following works were published from his pen : 

1. Joachimi Pastorii Florus Polonicus [ seu | Polonicae Historian 
Epitome Nova | Lvgd. Batavor. | Apud Franciscum Hegerum 
Ao 1641. 

The second edition appeared in 1642 with the following title : 



a Or in 1610, according to other authorities (cf. Michaud, Biographic 
Universelle). 



4 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

2. Flori Polonici | seu | Polonicse Historic ] Epitome Nova | Au- 
thore | Ioachimo Pastorio. | Editio secunda [ a mendis repur- 
gata. Lvgd. Ratavor. Apud Franc. Ilegervm, Ann. 
MDCXLII. 120. 

The title-page of the second edition has a woodcut repre- 
senting the pelican feeding her young (as old tradition falsely 
had it) from her own blood, an emblem which is found also on 
the tombstone of Melchior Adam Pastorius in the St. Johannes 
Kirchhof at Niirnberg. 

Another enlarged edition appeared at Amsterdam, 1664. and 
even a fifth edition with a continuation was published ("Gedani 
et Franco furti" I in 1679. 

3. Joachimi Pastorii .... Heroes Sacri, Musa Peregrinans, 
Flos Poloniae, et Epigrammata Yaria. 120. Daniel Yetter: 
Lesnae Polon. [1644.] 

Second, corrected and enlarged edition with the addition 
of his "Character Virtutum" Danzig, 1653, 12 mo. 

4. Aulicus inculpatus. Ex Gallico auctoris anonymi [Eustache 
de Refuge] traductus a J. Pastorio. Apud. L. Elzevirium : 
Amsterdami, 1644. 120. [Another edition in 1649.] 

5. Pcplum Sarmaticum. Dantisci, 1645. 40. 

6. Aquilas Sarmaticae super Augustis Nuptiis Johanni Casimiri 
Applausus. 1649. 

7. Bellum Scythico-Cosacicmn seu de conjuratione Tartarorum Co- 
sacorum et Plebis Russicas contra regnum Poloniae ab invictis- 
simo Poloniae et Sueciae Rege J. Casimiro profligata, narratio 
plenioris historic operi praemissa. Sumptibus G. Forsteri: Dan- 
tisci. 1652-1659. 40. 

8. De juventutis institutionis ratione. Dantzig, 1653. 

9. Palasstra Nobilium. 1654. 

10. Vita T. Crel'ii a T[oachimo] P[astorio] M[edicinae] Dfoctore] 
descripta. 1656 fol. 



The Founder of Germantown 5 

11. Stella Aurea, sen fax virtutis ex natura stellarum accensa. 
Dantisci. [1656.] 80. 

12. Sylvarum pars prima 1656, pars secunda 1657. 

13. J. Pastorii Orationes dure. Ouarum prima . . . de prrecipuis 
historian autoribus, altera de potissimis eiusdem argumentis agit. 
Gedani [1656]. 40. 

14. Panegyrica Gratulatio . . . Carolo II . . . Londini festivitate 
solennissima inaugurando scripta a J. Pastorio. Gedani, 1661. 

4°- 

15. Ministri status, seu considerationes super vita Nicolai Neovilli. 
Jena, 1644. 80. [Translation of the Remarques of P. Mat- 
thieu.] 

16. Historia Polonica ab obitu Uladislai IV, usque ad annum 165 1. 
Dantisci, 1680-1685. 2 vols. 80. Published by his son, Georg 

Adam Pastorius, closing with a dissertation : "De Originibus 
Sarmaticis."] 

17. Joachimi de Hirtenberg Pastorii Character Virtutum variis, 
aliorum etiam qua veterum, qua recentium auctorum, coloribus 
adumbratus [1st edition, Danzig, 1650, and 4th edition, with 
the appendix : "Opusculum, Lucem Virtutem et natura stellarum 
explicans, &c." [Gratulatio paregorica ... ad Regem Joan- 
nem Casimirum, etc., pp. 36-80. D. F. Rhetius, Dantisci 
[1680]. 80. 

18. J. ab Hirtenberg Pastorii Historic Polonre pars prior, de Vlad- 
islai IV extremis, secutoque inde interregno, et Joannis Casimiri 
electione ac coronatione. Interserta Cosacorum et Tartaricre 
simul gentis descriptio, etc. Typis T. Reinigeri : Gedani, 1680. 

So. 

19. J. Pastorii ab Hirtenberg Historire Polonre plenioris partes 
dure : ejusdemque dissertatio philologica de originibus Sarmati- 
cis. Sumptibus S. Beckensteinii : Dantisci, 1685. 8°. 

20. Aurora pacis : Diariutn pacificationis Olivensis, ex Bibliotheca 
Zalusciana nunc primum prolatum, Oliva pacis. 

21. Acta pacis Olivensis inedita. Breslau, 1763 and 1766. [Pub- 
lished by J. Gottlob Boehme.] 



6 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Other minor works are mentioned in Chr. Sandius' Bib- 
liographia Anti-Trinitariorum. 

Although neither Melchior Adam Pastorius nor his son 
Francis Daniel seems to have been aware of any relationship 
between Joachim and themselves, there are striking coincidences 
in the history of the families which point to the kinship of the 
Silesian and Westphalian-Thuringian branches of the Pastorius 
family. The use of the pelican emblem has already been men- 
tioned. The title "ab Hirtenberg" of Joachim Pastorius is 
closely allied to the baronial title "von Hirtenfels" which the 
German Emperor conferred upon Johann Augustin Pastorius, 
brother of Melchior Adam Pastorius of the Thuringian line. 
Both titles indicate a compound form of the name in the original 
German. Now the coat-of-arms, as found on the datestone 
of Melchior Adam Pastorius' house in Sommerhausen and handed 
down in the Hugelschaffer family of the same place, has a 
sheep pasturing on one of three hills, which would suggest the 
"berg" in "ab Hirtenberg" and the "fels" in "von Hirtenfels," 
and thus lend a new presumption in favor of the theory of the 
connection of the "Pastorius" and "I liigelschaffer" families. 

In his brief account of the family. Francis Daniel Pastorius 
begins with his great grandfather Christian Pastorius, a citizen 
of Warburg in Westphalia. This baptismal name Christian, 
however, does not agree with the account of Melchior Adam 
Pastorius, who gives the name of his grandfather as Fridericus 
not Christianus. It is possible, but not very probable, that his 
name may have been Christianus Fridericus or Fridericus Chris- 
tianus. Melchior Adam gives the following account of the origin 
of his family : 

"Origo Famili;e Pastorianse ex Ciutate Warburgensi Westpha- 
liae prouenit, Vbi Fridericus Pastorius Ciuis et Senator erecto animo 
uixit, et filiu unicum Martinum progenuit, ac post se reliquit." 

Having thus traced the Westphalian origin of the family 
and added an anagram, he continues: 



I 



.MELCHIOJUS AVAKl ?ASTOm 

t 'ZKTFVjartnsis 
ITINERAKiVH 

WW) ; , 

fAt%\t>{ einvtt'n 
nth m$m$mc* M«vv ichefOrffl 

S\inays\'s . Ac^xonum. ■■ 

Bonu mc tisso cia.u.t / 
I )nn\ovi*4<?rfl/ xtt-fa-ux, 
'Veyi-fa.-fc »«. ' n <\ m »« i f 

Nxcl(oS cU'Wj exctiraiu, 



Nu^um j/u4»'o jmuimi, 
^.duum. lu^ftoiv ftxl»-7ivAi*i 
TJonuM ijraxt'mi }t>ec4*"i 
Ba-tvoJ tn0rC5 pvcplcwvtAui, 
Pi'<ift».t«m commend <vui, 



Title Page ok M. A. Pastorius' " Pi-inerarium.' 



The Founder of Germantown - 

"Obijt Warburgi in Westphalia, ibidemque apud parentes et 
praedecessores sepultus Anno Christi. 1640. postquam filium Marti- 
num Pastorium in Literis et liberalibus artibus bene educasset, et in 
Vniversitate Moguntinensi in lure Iustinianaeo imbui fecisset." 2a 

Martinus Pastorius, the son of Fridericus, was born m 1576, 
and, after finishing his education in liberal arts and the study of 
the Justinian Code at Mainz, he took up his residence in the 
city of Erfurt and was made Tribunal Assessor (or Assessor 
of the Electoral Council) in that city. He married as his first 
wife, Eva Rodiger, 3 who bore him one son, Caspar. His second 
wife, Brigatta Flinsberger (or Flinsberg), bore him six chil- 
dren — Margaretha, (Johann) Augustin, Heinrich, Rebecca, Mel- 
chior Adam, Balthasar. 

When the Swedish troops of Gustavus Adolphus entered the 
city of Erfurt in 1629, during the Thirty Years' War, Martinus 
Pastorius' "several houses therein with all his goods" were 
burned in one night and he set out from the city to seek pro- 
tection of the Elector of Mainz. He sought shelter for the 
night "in a barn under some straw," in a village occupied 
by Swedish soldiers, but was betrayed by his own servant 
to the Swedes, who inflicted such severe wounds with their bare 
swords that he died a few days later, leaving his widow and her 



2a Cf. Itinerarium, p. ma. Martinus Pastorius gives the dale of his 
father's death as Easter, 1620 (see page 301). 

3 There is a discrepancy between Melchior Adam's account and that of 
his son, Francis Daniel, at this point. Melchior Adam mentions only his 
own mother, Martin's second wife, while Francis Daniel states clearly that 
Martin married Eva Rodiger, as his first wife: 

"I shall only tell them [my children], that he [Martin] was twice mar- 
ried, that his first wife, Eve Rodigers, brought him a son called Caspar, 
who became a Popish priest and so a voluntary Eunuch, and of his second 
wife Bridget (Brigida), a daughter of Christian Flinsberger, inhabitant of 
the Imperial city of Mulhausen, in Thuringen, he had six children, viz., 
Augustin, Margaret, Henry, Rebecca, Melchior Adam and Balthasar". 

Melchior Adam's account in his Itinerarium (p. nib), runs thus: 

"Martinus Pastorius Assessor Tribunalis siue Iudicij ArchiEpiscopalis 
Moguntinensis in Ciuitate Erffurtensi. Natus Anno 1576. duxit vxorem 
Brigittam Flinsbergerin ex qua progenuit seqttentes Liberos : Casparum, Mar- 
garctham, Augustinum, Henricu, Rebecca, Melchiorem Adamum, Et Bal- 
thasarum." 



8 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

six children in dire destitution. Melchior Adam 4 and Francis 
Daniel 5 have both left us a graphic description of the event. 

Thus in one brief night the family was bereft of hearth 
and home. Francis Daniel Pastorius speaks of his grandfather 
Martin as "a man of good estate," and Melchior Adam describes 
the home in Erfurt as "opulenta domus" in some verses in 
memory of his father: 

"Diripet inde domum miles, spoliatque Penates 
Inque atrum Nati trudimur Exilium 
O si mansisses forsan superesses et ipse 
Et superesset adhuc nostra opulenta domus." 6 

Brigitta Pastorius was the daughter of Christian von Flins- 
berg, a member of the Council of the Imperial City of Miihl- 
hausen in Saxony, 7 a man experienced in practical as well as 
military affairs, having taken part in a campaign against the 
Turks. Alelchior Adam dedicated to him the following verses : 

"Nit Hochgelehrt in Kiinsten zwar 

Ich Christian gestigen war, 

Doch ziemlich in der Welt uersucht 

In Fried und auch in Krieges Zucht. 

Ein Tiircken Zug ich stunde aus 

Drauff ruhig lebt in meinem Haus 

In Gottesforcht ohn Heiichel schein 

Und that auch guths dem nechsten mein." 7a 

Brigitta's memory was fondly cherished by her son Mel- 



' In his Itinerarium (p. lib): "Adventante Gustauo Atlolpho Rege 
Suecie conabatur hie Martinus se fuga subducere Erffurto et Moguntiam ad 
Archiepiscopum conferre, ut hospitationem militum euaderet, sed in itinere 
in prato a militibus interceptus horrendum in modum verberatus, spoliatus et 
vestibus exutus nudus domum redijt, et vulneribus interijt." 

"In the Genealogical Sketch (Beehive, p. 22iff) ; cf. also Beschreibung, 
p. 104-7. 

'In his Itinerarium, p. 112a. 

' Ibid: "Diser Brigittse Vatter war Christians uon Flinsberg des Raths 
in der Reichs Statt Muhlhausen in Sachsen." 

' a Cf. Itinerarium, p. 112a. 






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Title Page of M. A. PastorkV " Prognosticon. " 



The Founder of Germantown 9 

chior Adam as well as by her grandson Francis Daniel Pastorius. 
The former dedicated some German verses s to her and the latter 
this touching paragraph : 

"His [Martinus'] poor Widow (my Grand-mother,) lived sev- 
eral years after his Decease, however, destitute of all outward means 
to do much for her Six Orphans : When my Father [Melchior Adam 
Pastorius] at his going to the University bade her Fare well, she 
could give him but one Ducat (or two pieces of Eight,) besides her 
good Blessing, neither did he ever get more (no not a farthing,) of 
all his patrimony, which made him the oft'ner remember the great 
Vertue or Efficacy of a Ducat given by a well wishing Mother." 9 

The eldest son, Casparus Pastorius, entered the service of 
the Catholic Church and became curate of the town of Bingen 
on the Rhine, as we learn from Melchior Adam, his brother, 
who wrote some distichs to him and left a brief notice of him 
in prose." 10 

Johannes Augustinus Pastorius, the second son of Martinus, 
finished the course in philosophy at Mainz, presenting his theses 
in June, 1631, and then went to Rome, where he took the degree 
Juris Utnusque Doctor, and was made "Protho Notarius Apos- 
tolicus." 11 He seems also to have been a "Licentiatus in Theol- 
gia." 12 July 7, 1647, Elector Philipp Christoph von Zoteren 13 

8 Cf. Itinerarium, p. 112a. 

°Cf. F. D. P.'s Genealogical Sketch {.Beehive, p. 22iff), and the Be- 
schreibung. 

10 Cf. Itinerarium, p. 112b: ''Erat iste Casparus Sacerdos Curatus siue 
Parochus Oppidi Bingensis infra Moguntiam ( : nit weith uon dem Maus 
Thurn:) dumque inibi contra petulantiam Veneficarum siue strigarurn acrius 
concionaretur, Vna post peractum Sacramentum Biptismatis in Conuiuio ipsi 
haustum vini venenati porrexit, quo sumpto illico male habere cepit, et 
domum rediens intra paucos dies expirauit. et dixerat haec Saga : ich habe 
dem Herrchen eins bracht, er wird nit uiel mehr predigen." 

u Melchior Adam Pastorius devotes to him also some distichs 
and gives the following notice of him in the Itinerarium, p. 113b. "Ioannes 
Augustinus Martini Pastorij secundo genitus Filius Moguntia? Philosophiam 
absoluit iuxta Theses impressas mense Iunio Anno 1631. Inde Romam se 
contulit ubi peractis Studijs. Iuris Vtriusque Doctor promotus et Protho 
Notarius Apostolicus creatus est." 

12 Cf. F. D. P.'s Genealogical Sketch. 

13 Ibidem and Beschreibung, p. 104. 



io Francis Daniel Pastorius 

gave him the "Pnepositur" of Gmunden, and July 28, 1658, 
Elector Johann Georg II of Saxony made him Historiographer 
of the Royal Family and Keeper of the Royal Arms (Rex Ar- 
morum). In 1660 we find him called "Principis Holsatise Can- 
cellarius Oblegatus." 

In his capacity as Notarius at Rome in the service of the 
Elector of Mainz and other princes he acquired great wealth, 
having received from the Emperor the baronial title of Augustin 
von Hirtenfels and an estate in Hungary in recognition of his 
services. He was an influential and zealous Catholic and remained 
a celibate. 14 His jealous zeal for the faith of his family is 
attested by Francis Daniel Pastorius in the incident in which he 
relates that his uncle Johann Augustin came with a "couple of 
fiery Jesuits" to Sommerhausen to win back bis brother, Mel- 
chior Adam, from the Evangelical faith to the Catholic Church. 15 

The following works were published under his name: 

1. Der europaische neue teutsche Floras [published partly in 
Frankfurt a. M. and partly in Vienna]. 1659-1601. 

2. Scharfsinniger Adler, mit der europaischen Flori historici Con- 
tinuation. Von alien denckwiirdigen Geschichten. &c. Pp. 465. 
Franckfurth, 1659. 18 

3. J. Pastorii .... Gratulatio sub ipsum Academic [at Kiel] 
natalem scripta. [See Torquatus A. Frangipani Auspice D. T. 
O. M. . . . Academic, &c] 1665. Folio. 16 

The other work, Romischer Adler, which Schnorr von Car- 
ol feld erroneously attributed to (Johannes) Augustin Pastorius, 
is by Melchior Adam Pastorius, his brother, as will be seen later. 

The eldest daughter of Martin Pastorius, Margaretha, kept 
house for her older brother. Casparus, until his death and then 



" Cf. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, -u\> nomine. 

,r Cf. F. D. P.'s Beschreibmg. 

"Titles from the Catalogue of Printed Rooks in the British Museum. 



Z> ormvl'Jlustria etc c,s trfisa Impery Steiiipus 
.^^^JkJurcitfiurictirntf titSccptri^er,arma mot 
I iSic ST3i£M.3S et Chariies^prhmiti mairnaf- 





Mklchiok Adam Pastorius' " Rumischer Adler 
(Frontispiece.) 



The Founder of Germantown u 

married a "chirurgus of Ellfeldt" near Bingen, but died at the 
birth of her first child, a daughter. Melchior Adam, her younger 
brother, has left us some very touching German verses in mem- 
ory of her. The first four of these verses describe the perils 
of wedded life : 

"Vermahlet sein, ist so ein Sach 
Die nach sich zeiicht uiel Weh und Ach 
Gebahren bringt der Schmertzen uiel, 
la manchmal gar des Todes Ziel." 17 

The third son, Henricus Pastorius, served as a soldier under 
the Dukes of Liineburg, but died at the early age of twenty-five 
years. The only information we have found concerning him 
is that given by Melchior Adam, 18 his brother. 

The modest Rebecca, who entered the cloister at Erfurt 
and became a "harmless nun," is mentioned by her brother, 
Melchior Adam, who dedicated an anagram to her, together with 
a few lines of Latin. The anagram runs : 

"En Crvcis Ista Proea. 
ela rodvr in peccatis." 

Her nephew, Francis Daniel Pastorius, relates a touching 
story of his first and only meeting with her, as he passed through 
Erfurt on his way to Jena : 

"Mine Aunt Rebecca J saw when J passed through Erford 
towards Jena, one Mr. Winter, an ancient Canonicus of the Cathe- 
dral in the sd City of Erford, sending for her out of the Cloister 
wherein she lived to his dwelling house, where he among many 
pretty discourses also admired the great difference of the Sundry 
Gifts, which God bestows upon his Creatures; For, ^aid he, Augus- 



17 In his Itinerarium, p. 1 13a. 

18 In his Itinerarium, p. 114a : 

"Henricus Martini Pastorij tertio genitus filius Martiale caput, sub 
Ducibus Luneburgiacis miles conscriptus, rei Tormentariae seruijt, in conflictu 
autem Tormenti globo tactus praemature interijt annum uix complens vige- 
simu quintum." 



12 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

tin Pastorius in deed received Five Talents, as appears by his extra- 
ordinary Writings, (shewing unto me the Rcichs Adler & other 
Books by him published,) Melchior Adam but two, and this harm- 
less Nun ( pointing to my sd Aunt,) hardly one, &c. And really 
she look'd to be extreme Jnnocent, & if not meriting Heaven through 
her self-conceited good works, J thought, it would be a pity she 
should deserve hell." 19 

In discussing the two youngest sons, Melchior Adam and 
Balthasar Pastorius, our interest centres about the former, as 
little more than the name is known of Balthasar. 



Melchior Adam Pastorius. 

The life and writings of Melchior Adam Pastorius shed 
much important light upon the career and works of his son, 
Francis Daniel Pastorius, the subject of our study, justifying the 
detail of this chapter. 

Melchior Adam Pastorius was born in Erfurt, Sept. 22, 
1624, and received his early education in his native city. Hav- 
ing finished his study of the "humaniora" he left Erfurt. Sept. 
3, 1643, to enter the University of Wurzburg. In the account 20 
of his travels he has left us the names of those nearest to him in 
Erfurt in the following distichs: 

"Hi sunt quos charos mihi Patria iunxerat olim 

Dresanus, Roland, Dorstius Hunger, Aper 
Demar, Riess, Fleischmann, Iuneman, Iunckerque, Weserque 

Mente alij dudum iam cecidere meo. 
Ouam bene vixerimus sub eodem sidere nati, 

Praeceptor Dunhos carmine testis erat. 
Testis erat Petri Mons, quern defendimis vna 

Contra oppugnantes quotquot adusque forent." 21 



" The Genealogical Sketch. 

: °The Latin title is: Melchioris Adami Pastorii | Erffvrtensis | Itinera- 
rivm I et | Vitae Cvrricvlvs (quoted as I finer avium). 

n The poem is entitled: "De Bonis Amicis | Melchioris Adami Pastorii | 
In diuersis Mundi Partibus | repcrtis | i°. De Patriotis Erffurtcnsibus." 



THE a" T R V M 

E IrE C T I O N I S 

et CORONATIONIS 

ROMA N O- C/ES AREvE, 
Sftit &cnc« bar&ci? 

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SScitcfclttf libti Stanbi? SciTion mi £>?«cfeS Matriculj AtWJ fret 

Capitulation , trie fo(d)C JCgO till -ihuiuij. 

STEMMATA, ORIGINES, SYMBOL A, STA- 
TES, INT E RRE G N A, PATRLE, CORONA T ION E S, 

RES GEST.f , OCITIH , ET S !■ 1U1I. i U R -t 
flllCrSoyf«/*CIl Julio Carfarefln/ 

©obanitalUT^^Ifli^cnehurfiivitcinnMii^rftcnH^jujc^jcvJcit. 

Compcndiosc.;i:|; Huuunho V. auro vnOrti iKiubcxrebv'ttn Aiuhoieiii 
yf ~K)n?<:r©5ft»cnen Bulhiujamfiiai gcloijcn/ 
Simi) M*. A.'PASTORIUM J. V. D. 

Stfancffm-tam^JJaW/' 

©•.truut C:i) foiiMo 73c<jcfn. 
anno m. dc. lv;i. 



Title Pack of M. A. Pastorius' "Romischer Adler.' 



The Founder of Germantown 13 

Among his other farewell reminiscences of Erfurt are to 
be found a poem in praise of Thuringia and the city of Erfurt 
"Encomium Thuringiae et Vrbis patriae Erffurtensis" in distichs, 
and another entitled "Materna Dimissio, Et omnis felicitatis ap- 
precatio ad Melchiorem Adamum Pastorium cum absolutis studijs 
humanioribus Erffurto ad Academias progrederetur, die 3 Sept., 
1643," recalling the parting words of his mother. 

As it turned out, his journey to Wiirzburg was but the pre- 
lude of a still longer journey to Switzerland, Rome, Vienna and 
Paris, during a period of six years. The description of these 
travels ("Itineris Descriptio") is full of the most interesting 
detail, rivalling the classical autobiography of Thomas Platter. 22 
The full text is well worthy of publication, but a bare synopsis 
only can be given here. The itinerary led from Erfurt to Eichs- 
feld, where he visited the Mons Adjutorii, the famous abode of 
a demon, according to a legend going back to the time of St. 
Boniface; to Gotha, where he saw Schloss Friedensstein ; to 
Fulda, where he visited the splendid cathedral with its hundreds 
of bells and cymbals; to Frankfurt-on-the-Main, where he saw 
the beautiful stone bridge over the Main to Sachsenhausen and 
heard the story of the "Pfeiffer Gericht," which he describes; to 
Mainz, the home of Gutenburg, the inventor of printing, to whom 
he devotes a few distichs, and the seat of the cruel Bishop Hatto; 
to Aschaffenburg, the residence of the Elector, by way of Frank- 
furt and Hagenau, on through the Spessart by way of YVertheim 
and the monastery Triffenstein to Wiirzburg, where he found 
the Canon Philipp von Ried, whom his brother Johann Augustin, 
as Resident of the Elector of Trier at Rome, had aided in his 
suits against Anselmus Casimirus, the Archbishop of Mainz. 
The Canon received him kindly and gave him permission to 
take up the study of philosophy at the University of Wiirzburg. 
At this juncture in the itinerary he interjects distichs in 



~CL Thomas Platter's Selbstbiographie... Hrsg. von. Heinrich Boos, 
Leipzig, 1878. 



14 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

honor of Philipp von Ried and the following epitome of his own 
career and aspirations: 

"Erffurt me genuit, docuitque fideliter artes 
Addidit artipotens Herbipolis Sophiam 
Post Sophise studium praeceps me confero Romam 
Visurus quicquid continet ilia boni." 23 

When the summons was issued for the conclave to elect a 
new successor to Pope Urban, who died Aug. 29, 1644, Carolus 
Rosetti, Apostolic Nuncius of Cologne, who had but recently been 
made cardinal, set out from Cologne for Italy, stopping over at 
the Prince's residence at Wiirzburg. Philipp von Ried took Pas- 
t'>rius to Prince Johann Phillip von Schonborn, and both pre- 
sented him to the cardinal and recommended that he study seven 
years with free tuition at the German College in Rome. Pastorius 
accordingly accompanied the Cardinal on his way to Rome. 

The description of the journey is given with rich and 
interesting details. From Wiirzburg they went to Kitzingen, 
spending the night at the monastery ; thence by way of Neustadt- 
on-the-Aisch to Emskirchen, where they had a poor dinner; to 
Xiirnberg, where they were guests at the German Court and 
saw the relics of the Hospitalkirche, the Castle and the City 
Hall ; thence by way of Schwabach and Gmiind to the German 
House in Oettingen by way of Pappenheim and Monnheim to 
Donauwert ; thence by way of Wesendorf and Obernhausen to 
Augsburg. A half hour out of Obernhausen they met two 
wagons laden with straw. The wagons halted on each side of 
the Cardinal's coach and twenty peasants crept out of the straw 
with rakes, pitchforks and flails, and gave the Cardinal a vocal 
serenade. Then throwing d< iwn their farm implements, they took 
musical instruments from the straw and played an open air con- 
cert. 24 In describing Augsburg, Pastorius repeats the old legend 



23 In the Itinerarium, p. 12a; cf. also p. 114:1.. 

24 The original passage in the Itinerarium run- : 

"Und als wir uon dar [Obernhausen] kaum cine halbe stunde gegen 



The Founder of Germantown 15 

that the city was built 500 years before Rome and mentions the 
promulgation of the Augsburg Confession in the presence of 
Charles V at the Imperial Diet in 1530. After two days in 
Augsburg the journey continued by way of Mittelfeld, whither 
the Elector of Bavaria sent two silver-mounted coaches 25 with 
some cooks to meet and feast the Cardinal and his retinue on 
their way to Munich. Here they spent some days in feasting as 
the guests of the Elector. The electoral escort accompanied the 
Cardinal by way of Landsberg to the borders of Tyrol. The 
journey now led past Seefeld, where the Cardinal was met by 
the Archepiscopal envoys of Innsbruck, the religious ceremony 
having much interesting detail. Leaving Seefeld they journeyed 
on over the mountain to Innsbruck, where they were guests in 
the Residence. Pastorius notes that he saw here for the first time 
a live eagle. From Innsbruck they passed on to Schwatz, where 
they "saw the snow on the mountain in the midst of the dog- 
days," past Lug over the Brenner, by Sterzingen, Brixen, Bozen, 
Trient, where they could hear German in one street and Italian 
in another. In Trient they took ship for Verona-on-the-Etsch, 
once the residence of Dietrich of Bern. The next day they ar- 
rived at the villa (Palatium) of Cardinal Rosetti's brother, Count 
of Ferrara, who appeared to Pastorius strikingly selfish and 
stingy, as he did not give the Cardinal's retinue even a morsel of 
bread to eat. 26 The next day they came to the city of Ferrara, 
where the Cardinal's family resided. Here likewise the retinue 



Augspurg zue gefahren waren begcgneten vns zween Wagen mitt stroh be- 
laden die hielten ufif beyden seitten des Cardinals Kutscben und krochen aus 
dem Stroh heraus 20 Augspurger Bauren mitt Rechen, Hewgabeln, und 
Treschflegeln, praesentirten cine iiberaus herrliche Musicam vocalem, dann 
warffen sie ihre Bauren Instrumenta hin, und namen dargegen allerhand 
instrumenta Musicalia aus dem strohe und spielten im freyen Felde uber alle 
massen lieblich." (p. 12b.) , 

K The original has "Silberwagen." The silver coach and livre was 
that reserved for the clergy. 

2 * In his own words : "Der sich zwar mit seinem Hn. Brudern ergetzete, 
aber keinem Raisgefehrdefi keinen Bissen Brod anbote, also das ich hungrig 
in einer scheiiren schlaffen muste." (Itinerarhim, p. 14b.) 



16 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

were left to shift for themselves in the inns. Pastorius was cared 
for by the Cardinal's father confessor, Hieronymus Piombinus 
(Pliimbinus), who took him along to his native city, La Terra 
Cento. The confessor took Pastorius with him to the cloister 
to visit the nuns, who were much astonished at finding that a 
different language was spoken in Germany, and that the stranger 
could not understand their language. They sent Pastorius after- 
wards a platter of sweet cakes and other dainties, 27 and the con- 
fessor returned to Ferrara, leaving Pastorius in his new quarters. 
In a few days word came that the Cardinal had resumed his 
journey to Rome. Pastorius. not able to join them at Ferrara, 
had to follow them alone. He accordingly hurried on after them 
by way of Bononia (Bologna), noting particularly the ancient 
university which was founded, as he relates, by Emperor Theo- 
dosius and confirmed by Carolus Magnus ; 28 passing through 
Imola, Faenza (where was to be seen the splendid cathedral in 
which Cardinal Rosetti had officiated as bishop), Cesena, Alia 
Catholica, Pesaro, Fano and Senegallia (where he was about to 
dip up salt sea-water with his hat to drink, when an Italian 
stopped him.motioningtohim to put his finger into the water and 
lick it with his tongue). He journeyed on to Ancona, where he 
recalls the famous proverb : 



:r He writes: "auch muste ich mitt ihme [dcm Beichtvater] in ein Xon- 
nen Closter gehen allwo er seine Schwestern besuchte, die verwunderten 
sich sehr das in Teiitschland die Leiite anderst redeten als sie, und das ich 
ihre spraache nicht konte, sie sendeten mir nachgehends in mein quartier 
eine gute Schiissel voll von Gewiirtz und Zucker gebackenen Brods." {Itiner- 
arium, p. 15a.) 

" His account runs thus: "Kayser Theodosius hat wider die Vniversitat 
gestifftet welche Carolus M. und viel Pabste confirmiret, so auch lange Zeitt 
der massen floriret das die Statt daruon den Nahmen bekommen Bononia 
Mater studiorum, und: Bononia docet. Nach deme aber ein Gubernator sub 
Gregorio XIII einen Teiitschen studenten, Vmb das mann zu Nachts Waffen 
boy ihme gefunden, hatte Wippen lassen, hat sich die gantze Teutsche Nation 
zu gleich auffgemacht und die Rempublicam Venetianam ersuchet ihnen einen 
Orth zu Vffrichtung einer Vniversitat zu assignircn da ihnen dann die Statt 
Padua eingeraumet worden. welche noch heutiges Tages in flore ist, dar- 
gegen das herrliche Collegia oder Vniversitat zu Bononia fast ganz leer 
stehet." (Itincrarium, p. 15b.) 






m^ 




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QV£H DILI 6 SOLVNi' 

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r 



Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Liber Intjmissimus. 



The Founder of Germantown 17 

"Vnus Petrus in Roma 
Vnus Portus in Ancona 
Vna Turris in Cremona." 

Leaving Ancona he passed on to Loreto, the city with but 
a single gate, and its legend of the angels of Nazareth and other 
historic curiosities, to Racanati, to Macerata, with its university 
and monastery, to Tolentino, Foligno, Spoleto, through the Valle 
della Strettura to Narni, Otricoli, over the Tiber to Civita Cas- 
tellana, Rignano, Castelnuovo, through the Prima Porta into the 
city of Rome, arriving Aug. 28, 1644, on St. Augustine's Day, 
the saint day of his brother Johann Augustin Pastorius, who was 
then practicing law in Rome and here saw his younger brother 
for the first time. 

Not having overtaken the Cardinal on the way, Pastorius, 
after his arrival at Rome, drove with a friend -° to the palace of 
the Cardinal to pay his respects and thank the confessor. Plum- 
bums, for his friendly services in Terra Cento. He devotes a 
number of distichs to his brother, to Cardinal Rosetti and Plum- 
binus. 

At the German College in Rome. 

The following day his brother Augustin accompanied him 
to the German College and presented him to the Rector, Pater 
Antonius Casilius, of the Society of Jesus, who accepted him as 
a prospective student. Pastorius' own account of his initiation 
and life at the college is so interesting that it is given here in 
translation as an important picture of student life in Rome in 
the middle of the seventeenth century: 

"The next day my brother accompanied me to the German Col- 



a Presumably Christophorus Bernier, to whom he dedicates some pre- 
prandial distichs, to which is appended the following: 

"Nach eingenomener Mittags Mahlzeit luhren wir in einer Kutschen 
spaziren, und kamen in des Cardinals Rosetti Pallast besuchten dessen Beicht- 
vattern gegen welchem ich mich wegen empffangener Gutthaten a Terra Cento 
bedanckete." (Itincrarium, p. 17b.) 



18 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

lege and recommended me to the Rector, Father Antonius Casilius, 
of the Society of Jesus, who received me kindly and ordered me to 
be taken care of as a guest for three days by I'eter Philipp von Dern- 
bach and Johann Philipp von Walderndorff, who washed my feet 
the first evening, and then took their meals with me alone, for three 
days, engaging me in friendly conversation. On the fourth day I 
had to take a room to myself but was permitted to appear two weeks 
in my secular garb, after which they cut off my hair and put a red 
coat on me, such as the others wore, and I had to live in accordance 
with the rules which they had taught me these two weeks: 

Rules of the German College. 30 

i. In the morning early, at break of day, the usual bell gives 
the signal for rising, dressing, and making the beds, which one must 
do himself, while the one on duty' 1 for the week brings fresh water 
to the usual place, where each one must go to wash; all of which 
must be done in half an hour. 

2. After this the bell gives the second signal, for prayer and 
religious meditation. Each one kneels before his shrine and table, 
offers his morning prayer, and meditates on the passion, suffering, 
birth and resurrection of Christ, as the calendar and feast days 
direct. This prayer and meditation la>t at the most a quarter of 
an hour. 

3. Then the bell sounds a third signal, to prepare for the Aca- 
demic studies, for which there is about half an hour. 

4. The fourth signal is given, to go into the Refectorium, or 
dining room, where each one sits at his accustomed table and par- 
takes of a glass full of good old wine, and four or five rolls, so that 
one need not go with an empty stomach through the bad air into 
the Roman College. 

5. Then the seventy student- assemble themselves in the At- 
rium or Court, and go two by two into the Jesuit College, each one 
to his appropriate class, and write what the Professor dictates, dis- 
cuss, argue and dispute, 32 at certain set periods. The lectures close 
about ten o'clock in the morning, and the students return home in 
the same order as they went. 

6. They look over at home that which has been dictated, and 



""Regulae Collegij Germanici." 

"The term used is "Wochner," translated here: "the one on duty," 
"waiter." 

32 In the original: "arguiren, argumentiren und disputiren." 



The Founder of Germantown 19 

think over it to find out what doubts or objections can be raised 
against it. 

7. After this the bell gives the signal to go to the Refectorium 
for the midday meal, when they all go together into the ante-cham- 
ber of the Refectorium and wash their hands, handing each other 
the dry towel out of politeness. 

8. Then each one goes to his place at the table, till prayer is 
offered by a priest. 

9. Then they take their seats in silence, and all the while the 
one on duty has to read from the rostrum accounts of the Holy 
Martyrs as long as they sit at table. 

10. Each room has a special table and a special one on duty 
each week as waiter, who brings fresh spring water in the morning 
for washing, and serves the meals at midday and evening, at times 
sweeps the rooms, and on Saturday brings each student clean linen 
from the wardrobe. 

11. When the food is served, those on duty have round disks, 
of the size of a plough wheel, with a raised stem or handle in the 
middle to take hold of. Around this are arranged as many little 
platters, or dishes, as there are persons sitting at the table. This 
round tray with the dishes is held over the middle of the table, and 
each one must take that dish which is directly opposite his place, and 
must not reach past it to take another. 

12. While they are eating the first course, the waiter goes 
into the kitchen and brings the second course in the same number 
of small dishes, holds the tray above the table, and each takes the 
full dish and sets the empty one on the tray, so that the waiter 
can take it away; and the same is done with the third course and 
with the postpast, or fruit. 

13. The serving of the drink is somewhat easier, for above the 
table are two double rows of steins, one with wine, the other with 
water. Each student may pour out for himself as often as he wishes, 
and may mix the water and wine or not, as he wishes. When the 
wine vessel is empty, the waiter must fill it again. 

14. On Fridays and Fast days, there is but one meal, and in 
the evening a few apples or pears or olives, and a glass of wine. 

15. When the meal has been finished in silence (for no one is 
permitted to speak a word aloud with his neighbor), they all stand 
up at one time and a priest returns thanks. Then they go into their 
own rooms for half an hour, when they may walk around and talk 
in the recreation hall. 

16. Then the bell sounds the signal to take up the books again 
and prepare for school, for the students must appear daily at one 



20 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

o'clock in the Roman College, and remain there for three hours, 
with exercises and writing dictation. 

17. At four o'clock the Students go quietly to their rooms again, 
and go over their dictation as in the morning, until the bell rings 
for supper, which is served in the same way as dinner. After sup- 
per the students again have half an hour for recreation and con- 
versation. 

18. Then the bell rings for evening prayers and spiritual medi- 
tation, and recalling all that has been done during the day, whether 
good or bad. Then each one makes his bed himself, and goes to 
rest, to await the sound of the bell the next morning. 

19. Every Wednesday is a special day for recreation, for 
walks outside of the city, in the beautiful garden of the College in 
front of the Porta Populi, in which there are all sorts of games with 
balls, with the ring, or in the halls on tables, or the students may eat 
fruit and take their meals in the garden on this day. 

20. On Sundays and Feastdays. the seventy Alumni must ap- 
pear in the church and sing the Horse in the mass, just as the 
Canonici Regulares, and an Alumnus must preach at appointed times 
in German. 

The Hungarian Church, Santo Stephano Rotundo, with its 
prebends, is connected with this German College. In it, yearly at the 
Church Festival, the Alumni are splendidly entertained, receiving 
wild boar to eat. 

The 15th of September, 1644, Innocentius X was elected Pope; 
then we were permitted to go outside the College and to see from 
the banks of the Tiber the fireworks at night in the Castle of Saint 
Angelo. Such a splendid display I had never before seen in my life. 

In like manner we were permitted to witness the Papal proces- 
sion from St. Peter's to St. John Lateran where we took our posi- 
tion at a certain corner of the street and besought the blessing of 
the Pope, which he gave us with a smiling countenance. 

After I had spent three months in this College, and the time of 
probation was passed, I was expected to take the vow and subscribe 
to the rules in the same manner as if I wanted to become a priest; 
but this mode of life was entirely against my nature, and I had no 
desire for the priestly order. So I asked for dismissal and permis- 
sion to study law with my brother. Moreover, I wished to see some- 
thing [of the world] at the same time, which was impossible in this 
place of seclusion. Accordingly, I was released, and turned my 
attention to the study of the law. attending the secular University 
Alia Sapienza. 1 went to see all the curiosities and places of amuse- 
ment, both within and outside of Rome, and also learned the Roman 



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Melchior Adam Pastorius' " Franconia Rediviva ". 
(Frontispiece Title. ) 



The Founder of Gertnantown 21 

language, which would never have happened in the secluded College 
among the Germans. 

The Rector, Father Antonius Casilius, was well disposed to- 
wards me, and would gladly have kept me in the College, had I 
been willing to remain." 

The Rector of the German College and other friends of 
this period are the subjects of poems written in distichs. From 
these verses we take the following names : 

Antonius Casilius (the Rector of the German College), Lau- 
rentius Coler, Athanasius Kirchner, Count Ioannes Baptista Lodron 
(whom he calls "Amicissimus mihi in Collegio Dominus Comes"), 
Baron Ioannes de Hedruar, Paris a Ziirletto, Petrus Philippus de 
Derenbach ("Exceptus meus charissimus in Collegio"), Ioannes 
Philippus a Wallderndorf ("Alter Exceptor meus Papa; Defensor et 
Cultor"). 

In Rome Pastorius spent altogether during his first sojourn 
about one and a half years. While he seems to have made good 
use of his opportunity to study the theory and practice of juris- 
prudence, he was most diligent in viewing the sights and rare 
treasures in and around the Eternal City, which are minutely 
described in his "Descriptio Romae." 33 

Early in 1646, as appears from his Itinerarium, Pas- 
torius left Rome to return to Germany. The journey was by 
way of Caprarola, Viterbo, Montefiscone, Siena, Florence, Bo- 
logna, Ferrara, Mantua (the birthplace of Vergil), Verona with 
its theatre holding 2500 persons, Trient, 34 Schwatz and Ster- 
zingen with their mines and cutlery, Hall with its salt springs, 
and Innsbruck, arriving in Munich, March 6, 1646, where he 



33 An important chapter in the Itinerarium (pp. 2ia-27b). In striking 
contrast to other accounts of the time such as Abgebildetes \Altes Rom. \ 
aus dem Italienischen ins Hochteutsche \ mit Fleiss ubersetzet von \ Alberto 
Reimaro Lubeeensc. \ Gedruckt zu Aernhem \ In Vcrlegung Johan Fried- 
rich Haagen; \ Buchhandlers. | Anno MDCLXII, because Pastorius lays 
more stress on the survivals. 

" Here he remarks (Itinerarium, p. 29a) : "in diser Gegend viel Man- 
delkern Baume und der kostlichste Wein wachset." 



22 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

spent some months in rest and sight-seeing. To the reigning 
Duke of Bavaria, Maximilian, he composed an anagram. 

On the 19th of August, 1646. lie took ship down the Isar 
and sailed toward the Danube, passing Freisingen that day; 
Landshut, with the highest towers in Germany, on the 20th ; 
Pfadlingen, on the 22d ; Passau, on the 23d ; arriving $n Linz 
on the 24th, where Emperor Ferdinand III was holding his 
court in the imperial palace. 35 

While here Pastorius witnessed some significant historic 
events, as his own account will show : 

"Four miles from Linz is the city of Steier, where there i- an 
imperial castle also, which 1 visited together with the monaster} S 
Florian and Steiergersten at the time when the Emperor was leaving 
to take Ferdinand IV to Prague to be crowned King of Bohemia, 
and had issued the decree that only a few should go along. 

"Meanwhile I busied myself with poetry and composed a 
Carmen Gratiilatorinin, had it printed and presented it after the 
return [of the Emperor and the new King] in the open court, and 
was rewarded with 30 Reichsthaler. 

"Soon after this the Empress Eleonora, Infanta of Spain, died 
at Linz. Her body lay in state for several days in the great hall of 
the palace, and was then placed on board a ship draped in black and 
escorted to Vienna by a fleet of many ships and a large retinue. The 
Swedish fortification at Kornneuburg fired upon the fleet with can- 
nons, for which act of disrespect the Emperor dispatched an envo) b 1 
Sweden, whereupon the Swedish commander was discharged 

At the end of August, 1647. the Imperial Court left Linz 
fi ir Vienna and Pressburg to participate in the coronation of 
Ferdinand IV, as King of Hungary. As there was a lack of 
ships, Pastorius was unable to join the suite, but on the 8th of 
September he took passage with a number of clerics on a raft 



85 He relates the following interesting incident reflecting on the law 
practice of the time (Itinerarium, p. 29b) : "Ich hatte iiber 3. Tage nicht im 
W'urtshause gezehret, da wurde ich bey dem Hn. Graffen Marradas condi- 
tioniret, deme ich seine concepirte italienische schrifften in Latein und 
Teiitsch vertiren muste, dann er keinem iuristen trawete sondern er selbsten 
alle seine Rechts process selbsten fiihrete." 

"See the Itinerarium, p. 29b. 




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Title Page of M. A, Pastorius' " Franconia Rediviva 



The Founder of Germantown 23 

and shipped up the river Enns to the City of Enns, where the 
Enns empties into the Danube. Passing Ipsstein. Grembs, and 
Kornneuburg, he arrived in Vienna on the 12th of September, 
and continued his journey on the 15th by way of Fischbach 
to Pressburg, where he met his old fellow-student in the Ger- 
man College, Baron de Hedruar, who treated him magnificently 
and introduced him to a number of magnates and counts, among 
them Palffi, Nadasti, and Hommonai. September 27th the coron- 
ation of Ferdinand IV took place and the Imperial Court re- 
turned to Vienna, whither Pastorius also went with Count Hom- 
monai. The Count offered Pastorius the hospitality of his table. 

As the events of the war had become more ominous, Pas- 
torius was warned by his brother to return at once to Rome. 
Accordingly, on the 20th of November, he left Vienna, going 
by hackney-coach to Steier, and thence by way of Seekirchen 
and Sanct Georgen whence the prelate sent him by horseback to 
the Monastery at Salzburg, where he had free entertainment. 
Here he met again his old friend Ziirletto. Thence he con- 
tinued his journey to Waidering, Brixen, Bozen, Trient, Verona, 
Ferrara, Bologna, Loreto, Macerata, Tolentino, Foligno, on to 
Rome, where he was greeted by his brother at the end of De- 
cember, 1647. 

Here he continued the study of jurisprudence, practicing in 
the Roman trials with his brother, and informing himself in the 
details of his brother's cases, particularly in the cases of Philippus 
Chnstophorus of Zoteren, the Elector of Trier, taking his 
brother's place in the business. On the 26th of April, 1648, his 
brother returned to Germany, leaving Melchior Adam Pastorius 
in his place as Resident at Rome for the Elector of Trier. This 
position Melchior Adam held for a period of five months, at the 
end of which, on the 12th of September, he left Rome in the com- 
pany of Bartholomaeus Nagel, M. D., passing by way of Rig- 
nano to Otricoli. The next day they went by way of Narni 
and Terni to Spoleto, on the 14th by way of Foligno to Sera- 



24 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

valle, the 15th by way of Vallemara to Tolentino, the 16th by way 
of Macerata to Loreto, the 17th to Ancona, the 19th by way of 
Fano to Pesaro, the 20th by way of Alia Catholica to Savig- 
nano, the 21st by way of Forli Grande to Faenza, the 22d by 
way of S. Nicolo to Bologna, where he remained four days. On 
the 27th in the evening he took ship for Ferrara, arriving the 
next day at noon. Here he met his old student friend of the 
German College, Bartholomaeus Dannazoll, who had meanwhile 
become a priest and now entertained him at the inn. On the 
day of his arrival at Ferrara, he met his old friend, the painter 
Andreas Petri of Prague, who had painted for him and his 
brother at Rome. This same day he took a coach for the river 
Po, where he embarked for Venice, arriving the following day. 
On the 31st of September he reached Padua, with its old Uni- 
versity and splendid city hall, meeting here Dannazoll again. He 
then continued the journey on the 2d of October to Passano, 
Pass Kobol, by the rapid Brenta, to Primolano, Castelnuovo, 
arriving at Trient the 4th of October. Leaving Trient he passed 
on to Tramin and Solum. On the 5th of October he came to 
Bozen. where met another old friend, Otto Moritz von 
Kraus of Krauseck, who entertained him several days. On 
the 9th of October he journeyed on by way of Collmann to 
Brixen, on the 10th to Sterzingen, on the nth to the Brenner 
Pass, on the 12th by way of Steinach and Materan to Hall in the 
valley of the Inn, where he met his old friend Wolffgang Eber 
who had been his messmate in Rome, and who had taught him 
how to boil "kupfferweis." :, ' ,a On the 13th of October he journeyed 
to Innsbruck, on the 14th, 15th, 16th by way of Ziel to Landeck, 
on the 17th to St. Jacob, on the 18th over the Adlersberg to 
Nenzig, the 20th-2ist by way of Rastriz, Neuburg, Ems to Monn- 
heim, where they crossed the Rhine. On the 24th they sailed 
across the Bodensee to Costniz, meeting there another old com- 



"a"Der zu Rom. bey mir im convictu gewesen war, und mich das Kupffer- 
weis zu sieden gelehret hatte" (Itinerarium, p. 35b). 



The Founder of Germantown 25 

panion of the German College, Franciscus Drocken, then a canon 
at that place. On the 26th of October he came to Schaffhausen, 
where he met his old acquaintance, Johannes Wepfer, M. D., who 
took him to see the Falls of the Rhine. On the 29th of Octo- 
ber he reached the Monastery Klingenau, and went the following 
day by ship to Lanfenberg, where he and his friend Bartholo- 
maeus Nagel were entertained by the Ensign Emanuel Scho- 
nauer. He now journeyed on past Rheinfeld, arriving at Basel 
November 1st. On the 3d of November they reached Breisach, 
where they received the first news of the Peace of Minister 
and Osnabriick. Having secured passes, they went on to Strass- 
burg, November 5th, where they were entertained by a student 
of Rothenburg, and visited the Miinster. In Strassburg they 
bought a small boat and hired a boatman to take them to Mainz. 
The Tutor (Hofmeister) of the Polish Prince Razzivill went 
along with them, paying half the expenses. On the 7th of No- 
vember they left Strassburg, at Philippsburg on the 9th they 
were held up by a Jew, who demanded toll, but producing their 
passes were allowed to proceed, and reached Speier the same 
day. On the 10th of November they went by way of Eigels- 
heim to Mannheim, where they found but six houses standing, 
the rest of the city having been razed to the ground. 37 On the 
nth they reached Worms, noting particularly the inscription 
on the old tower, "Specula Vangionum." On the 12th of No- 
vember they reached Oppenheim, viewing the beautiful pyramid 
erected to Gustavus Adolphus in memory of his crossing the 
Rhine. That evening they arrived at Mainz, where they ate 
their Christmas goose ("Martins Gans"), and took leave of 
Razzivill's tutor, who wished to take Pastorius with him to 
Poland, promising to make him a great and rich lord. This 
offer Pastorius foolishly declined, because, as he says himself, 



31 This is a particularly interesting fact in contrast with the now large 
and flourishing city of Mannheim, which celebrated the Tercentennial of 
its elevation to cityhood in 1607. 



26 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

he had determined to see that accursed France. 378 On the 14th 
Pastorius journeyed to "Elvell and Erbach, in Willens," to see 
his sister Margaretha and her husband Laurentius Bebeler, but 
she had died meanwhile at the birth of her first child, Anna 
Maria, whom they showed him, lying in the cradle. On the 
1 6th he proceeded to Bingen, and on the 17th down the Rhine 
passing the old castles on the way to Coblenz, where they were 
entertained from the wine cellars of the Elector of Trier. On 
the 19th they reached Minister, on the 21st arrived at Trier, 
going to the house of Lucas Roerich, M. D., who had been their 
guest at Rome. Their meals they took at the Court table at 
Trier. On the 12th of December Pastorius reached Dieten- 
hofen, on the 14th Metz, on the 15th Pontimosson, on the 17th 
Nancy, on the 20th Toul, on the 24th Bar-le-Duc. Xagel having 
accompanied him on the journey. On the 28th of December 
they passed out of Lorraine into France, by way of Sendisi, 
reaching Vitry on the 29th and Chalons on the 31st. On the 
3d of January, 1649. they left Chalons, but lost their way in 
the darkness and rain and were unable to find a bed to sleep 
in, until a barber took them in and gave them a place at his 
fireside. On the 6th of January they reached the city of Momi- 
rell, where they remained six days. On the 13th they journeyed 
to Forte where they were taken for spies, but were finally libera- 
ted through the intervention of a grain dealer, who secured a 
boat for them, and had them set over the river secretly. They 
then proceeded to Meaux and arrived in Paris the 17th of 
January, 1649. 

To Paris Pastorius devotes the following verses : 



3!a Pastorius writes: "Nam ich uon dem Razziuillischen Hoffmei 
Vrlaub welchem fast die augen iibergiengen und mich gerne mitt in Pohlen 
gehabt hctte mitt Versprechen Einen grossen und Reichen Herren aus mir zu 
machen, aber ich schlug es vnvorsichtiglich ab, und rennete in mein eigen 
Vngliick, in deme ich mir all zu feste vorgenomen hatte das vermaledeyte 
Franckreich zu besichtigen." (Itiuerarium, p. 38a.) 



The Founder of Germantown 2/ 

"Laus Lutetiae Parijsiorum. 

Se laudent alias, pro me modo Fama loquatur 

Si poterit uero murmure Fama loqui 
Nam mea Maiestas non uno cernitur anno 

Ampla nimis spacium longius ilia cupit 
Ipsa mihi uix nota, vias, Turresque Domosque 

Non numero, immensi singula Nomen habent 
Tarn grandem bifido scindit me Sequana cursu 
Tectaque Pontigera Regia lambit aqua."" 71. 

The city of Paris was at this time in a state of siege and 
disorder. Prince Conde had blockaded all the thoroughfares, 
and famine threatened the city. The friendly offices of a Mem- 
ber of Parliament secured Pastorius his personal liberty. He 
took quarters at the home of a Dr. Heilmann in Saint Germain 
and laid in his own provisions, living quietly to avoid the dan- 
gers of the tumult. He left Paris on the 17th of June, 1649, 
with Lucas Kleilein, 370 as his traveling companion, and journeyed 
by way of Corbeil, Myli, Montagni, St. Jean, Briard, Soleil, 
Mohn, Poroin, and Palaisse, arriving at Roan July the 1st, and 
passed on thence to St. Martin and La Brelle and Lyons. On 
the 5th of July he proceeded to Burg without Kleilein, who 
had escaped with some of Pastorius' manuscripts and other 
effects, avoiding a board bill in Lyons ; thence, July 8th to 
Nantua ; July 9th to Cologna and Geneva, the 12th to Newis, the 
13th to Lausanne, the 14th to Orbon, the 15th to Solothurn, the 
1 6th to August, arriving on the 18th at Basel. On the 1st of 
September he left Basel for Germany, passing St. Blasius in 
the Black Forest, where he met an old fellow student of the 
German College, Father Blasius Sarwei, who gave him the 
freedom of the Monastery. He journeyed thence to Villingen, 
Rothweil, Tubingen, Hohentwiel and Stuttgart, where he had 
an interview with Dr. Johann Vallentin Andrea?, who was Court 
Preacher there, and wished to give him a position at Court, 

" b Cf. Itinerarium, p. 40b. 

" c Nagel had been dropped by Pastorius, because he had paid back the 
money Pastorius lent him with doubtful paper. 



28 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

which he, however, declined. On the 27th of August, he left 
Stuttgart for Cannstatt, Marbach, Bottwar, Jaxthausen, Hab- 
hausen, Rottingen, Lauda, Reigelsberg, Ingolstadt, and Winter- 
hausen, where he was kindly received on the 29th of August 
by Wilhelm Trew, the Pastor of the place, and stepfather of 
his former traveling companion, Bartholomaeus Nagel. He 
asked Trew to give him money on Nagel's paper, but failing to re- 
ceive cash upon his note from the parson, who put him off with 
the proffer of wine not yet sold, he returned to the Electoral 
Court at Wiirzburg, whence he had set out on his journey to 
Rome five years before. 37d 

Pastorius was weary of this aimless wandering and wished 
a prominent position for the practice of his profession. He 
sought an audience with the Elector Johann Philipp, Archbishop 
of Mainz, explained to him his change of plan from the study 
of theology to that of jurisprudence, and asked his favor and 
commendation. As the Court was then being held in Wiirzburg, 
Pastorius was told to wait patiently until it was over. He took 
quarters with the City Captain ("Stadthauptmann") and had his 
meals at the Electoral table. He then had a cask of the Win- 
terhausen wine sent to his quarters to enliven his spirits. His 
Itincrdrium contains a most interesting account of the events at 
the Electoral Court at this time. Pastorius then sought another 
audience with the Archbishop and asked for a recommendation 
to the Count of Limpurg. The Archbishop gave him the follow- 
ing letter: 

"Iohann Philipp uon Gottes Gnaden Ertz Bischoff zu Meyntz u. 
Churfiirst. 

Wohlgebohrner Lieber Getrewer aus der Innlage hastu zu 
ersehen was der Hochgelehrte vnser Lieber Besonder Melchior 
Adam Pastorius an vns gelangen lassen gleich wie wir nun dessen 
Wohlfart gerne befordert sehen mochten, also zweiffelt vns nicht 
Du werdest diese vnsere Recommendation so weith gultig sein lassen 



"dThe names of smaller places are given in the form found in the It 
rarhim. A brief sketch of his journey is found also in his letter to his grand- 
sons (cf. Bcschrcibung, p. io8ff). In this letter he relates the story of his 
finding a dead man under his bed in an Italian inn. 










!ecord hi mm Marriage of Pastorius' Parents 
(From the Churi'h Honk in Summer hnusen i 



A^^J^.0 &** fek 5-9- ati t4.^,/ft 






•*^ t ^ 5%* -xn A ' Htnii 



Record of Pastorius' Baptism 
From the Church Rook in Sommerhausen) 







' jc -' ' ' ' 1 V " ' 

lW«- ^ fW+ V **/ j^Utv. t^rfnJU 4^rv • ffa . 



r.i rial Record of Pastorius' Mother 
I From the Church Book in Sommerhausen) 



The Founder of Germantown 29 

damitt selbiger nach seinen qualitaten bester massen moge unterge- 
bracht und befdrdert werden. Das begehren wir in dergleichen 
fallen in Genaden ( :Wormitt wir Dir forderist wohl bey gethan 
verbleiben : ) zu erkennen willig. Vnd versehen vns der Willfahr- 
ung. Datum vnserer Statt Wurtzburg den 27. Nou. 1649. " 37e 

This document secured Pastorius the desired appointment in 
the service of Count Georg Friedrich of Limpurg, in Sommer- 
hausen. His joy over the prospect of a new life is expressed in 
many of his poems dedicated later to Count Georg Friedrich 
and Franciscus. the new heir apparent, and to the members of the 
Sommerhausen circle, which he now entered. 

Important changes took place in Pastorius' religious and 
social life during the first weeks of his sojourn in Sommerhausen. 
He laconically sums it up as follows (in English translation) : 

"With these recommendations I betook myself to Sommer- 
hausen, was well received by his Lordship Georg Friedrich of Lim- 
purg, and married the estimable and virtuous Lady, Magdalena 
Dietz ; composed in writing my Evangelical Confession of Faith, left 
the Papal tenets and together with his Lordship of Limpurg partook 
of the Holy Sacrament on Christmas Day, 1649. " 3S 

The order of events is reversed in the Itinerarium. We learn 
from the Actus Nuptiales of Sommerhausen that he married, Jan- 
uary 22, 1650. The entry runs as follows : 

"Dn. Melchior Adamus Pastorius Erphordensis, I.V.D., welcher 
mit vorhingelegter Bapstischen religion, sich zu vnserer allein seelig- 
machenden Evangel, religion v. einer vngeanderten Augspurgisch. 
confession mit hertz v. mundt dffentlich bekandt, auch bald darauf 
das hochw. abentmal in zweyerley gestallt, nach Christi selbst eigner 
stifftung, vf vorher empfangr privat absolution, genossen, nach- 
gehents auch dffentlich, vff beschehene dreymalige offene procla- 
mation v. gehaltener hochzeitpredigt, christ-ehe-v. ehrlich copuliret 
worden, mit der Ehr- v. Tugentsamen Fraw Magdalena, Weyland 
Hn. Johann Johms, Limp. Schultheiss allhier hinderlassener Wittib, 
den 22. Januarij." 311 



3, e Cf. Itinerarium, p. 48b. 

'" Cf. his Itinerarium, p. 48b. The original is in German. 

""The original is presented in photographic reproduction from the 
part of the church record or Kirchenbuch with the superscription : "Sequuntur 
Actus nuptiales in ad 1650." 



30 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Magdalena, wife of Melchior Adam Pastorius, was born 
February 2, 1607. She was the daughter of Stephan Dietz, 
Bailif of Main-Nordheim in Brandenburg. 40 November 
17. 1629, she married Heinrich Frischmann, Steward 
of Workhausen, and bore him three children, all of whom died 
young. After the death of her first husband, November 17, 1634, 
she married Johann Johm, Steward in Sommerhausen, Febru- 
ary 18, 1639. The issue of this union was four children, but two 
of whom. Margaretha and Ludwig, lived to any considerable age. 
January 3, 1648, Johm died, 41 leaving her a widow for the second 
tunc. She married .Melchior Adam Pastorius January _'_'. 1O50. 
The only child of this union was Francis Daniel Pastorius, the 
subject of this work. .Magdalena died on Good Friday, March 
2~, 1657, and was buried in the graveyard in Sommerhausen, by 
the pastor of Winterhausen, her own pastor being ill at the time 
of the funeral. 1 - Both Melchior Adam, her husband, and Francis 
Daniel, her son, have left loving and tender words touching her 
character. The former has the following verses in an anagram: 

"Von kindheit auff im Creutz und Nothstand must ich stecken 
Mich that der Kriegesschwall und manche plundrug schrecken 
Mein's Vatters I tans und HolY, audi was erwarb mein Mann 
Must mitt dem Riicken ich als Wittib schauen an. 
In soldier Creutzes Schuel lernt ich die Welt uerachten 
Viid deren Eyttelkeit vonn innern grund betrachten 

Ich sprach : < ) spare da Mein Gott einst doch die peyn 
( ) [esv an dir hangt mein Gantze Lieb allein." 43 



I D. Pastorius' Genealogical Sketch and M. A. P.'s Itinerarium 

(p. 114b). 

" Cf. the Totenbuch of Sommerhausen for 1648: 

"G. Johann Johm, Praetor allhier, hat das zeitliche gesegnet, ist auch mit 
christlichen Ceremonicn zur erden bestattet worden, den 4 Februarij." 

"The record in the Totenbuch for 1657 is as follows: "Fr. Magdalena, 
Hn. D. Pastorii eheliche fiausfr. mit dem choro musico, vom 1 In. Trewen, 
Pfarrer zu Winterhausen. in meiner [des hiesigen Pfarrers Nikolaus 1 1 
Krankheit christl. v. ehrlich zu grab geleitet v. eingesarket worden * * * am 

-■'j. Martii." 

u Cf. Itinerarium, p. 114b and p. 115a. 



3 

3 
re 

■n 
M 
3 
D. 

o£ 



< K 
E. > 
— c 



§-' z 

O vo 
c ,° 

= V 



H 
o 




in 

o 




The Founder of Germantown 31 

Her husband, Melchior Adam Pastorius, gave public expres- 
sion to her virtues in a printed sermon, as we learn from her son, 
Francis Daniel : 44 

"My sd father testifying his sincere &• constant affection towards 
her in a printed Funeral Cement upon the words of Holy David, 
Psal. 73: v. 25. & 26. which were in a maher her Symbolum, Motto 
or Device, and found according to Martin Luther's Dutch translation 
verbatim thus: When J have but thee, J care not for Heaven and 
Earth, And though my body & Soul do pine away, yet art thou. O 
God, always the Comfort of my heart & my Portion. She was a 
Woman fearing the Lord, and ready to help the poor and the Sick 
as much as in her lied, having for that end a small Apothecary-shop 
in her own house, being herself pretty skilful in Physick. &c. J shall 
say no more of her, whom ] lost too early, but 6. years & 6. months 
old." 

At the time when Pastorius went to Sommerhausen, Fran- 
ciscus, the young son and heir apparent of Count Georg Friedrich 
of Limpurg, was but twelve years of age, and was under the in- 
struction of tutors. Although Der Limpurgische Ehrensaal 4 * 
mentions only one of these tutors, Georg During of Kitzing, a 
student of theology, it is quite likely that Pastorius had an im- 
portant part in the young count's education. Before Franz 
reached his majority his father, Count Georg Frederich, died, Oc- 
tober 5, 165 1, and the young count was placed under guardians. 

The efficiency of Franz's tutors, as well as his own native 
ability, was soon to be put to a test. As Count of Limpurg it 
was his office to serve as hereditary Imperial Cupbearer at the 
coronation of the new Emperor, in default of older representatives 
of the house. In the year 1653 Emperor Ferdinand III. sum- 
moned the Imperial Diet at Regensburg for the coronation of his 
newly elected successor, Ferdinand IV. As the older representa- 
tives of the house of Limpurg, Erasmus and Johann Wilhelm, 



" Cf. F. D. Pastorius' Genealogical Sketch. 

" From an extract kindly furnished me by her Ladyship, Christine Erb- 
grafin v. Rechteren Limpurg, from Dcr Limpurgische Ehrensaal von Georg 
Salomon Zicglcr, Limpurg 1739. 



32 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

were unable, because of age or infirmity, to perform the office of 
cupbearer, it was decided that young Franz, though only sixteen 
years of age should assume the office. Arriving at Regensburg 
after a twenty-four hours' ride in a diligence, he found that the 
order had been changed in favor of 'Count Sinzendorff, in the 
Maase'. Franz, nothing daunted, made open protest to the as- 
sembled knights, was restored to his rightful place and on the 8th 
of June served as cupbearer at the coronation, and on the 25th of 
July, in the same capacity at the coronation of the Empress. Not- 
withstanding the fact that he was at first refused horse, saddle 
and armor for the ceremony, he finally obtained his full equip- 
ment and returned home with honor and distinction to continue 
his studies in preparation for the university. In the autumn of 
1655 he entered the then flourishing University of Altdorf, 46 as 
the following matriculation will show : 

D. 25, Oct., 1655. Franciscus, Baro in Limpurg, S. R. I. 
Pincerna hjereditarius semperque Liber. 47 

In June, 1656. Franz returned home, but set out the follow- 
ing September, accompanied by his tutor (Hofmeister) Rudolph 
Graf, J. U. D., for France, returning April 26, 1658, to Som- 
merhausen. On the 27th of October, 1659, he went with one 
servant to Italy, where he learned the Italian language and 
saw with his own eyes "des Pabstums Greuelwesen," at Rome. 48 
After his return from Italy, in 1660, he collected a large library 
and assumed the rule of his domains. In 1663 he married 
Fr. Maria Juliana geb. Grafin von Hohenloh-Langenburg, widow 
of Johann Wilhelm of Limpurg-Schmidefeld. Count Franz 
ruled twelve years and died at the early age of thirty-six, No- 
vember 16, 1673. Pastorius has left us a touching tribute to 



** Xcar Nurnberg. 

"Cf. Georg Andreas Wills, Ceschichte und Beschreibung der Nurnber- 
gischen Vniversit'dt Altdorf. Altdorf, 1795, p. 244. 

"Cf. Der Limpurgische Ehrensaal, I.e. 



w 


■-> 





M 


y 






( 






m 




SO 


" 


- 


W 


> 






> 

D 


z 






The Founder of Germantown 33 

Count Georg Friedrich, both in German and Latin verses. 49 
The first four of the German verses give a portrait of the count's 
personal appearance: 

"Ob ich zwar uon Gestalt was scharff bin anzusehen 

So in Soldaten Stand so pfleget herzugehen 

Bin ich doch im Gemuth der Demuth zugethan 

Vnd hat bey mir Gehor, so Klein: als Grosser Mann." 

The Latin verses bespeak Pastorius' own loss in the death of 
the Count, Georg Friedrich : 

"O quantus mihi Fautor obit ! quantusque Patronus ! 

Protector Patriae dum Fridericus obit 
O mea pars animae, meus Vltor, et Altor opimus 

Dum mea mens super est, Te super astra feret." 

Also for the young Count Franz, Pastorius had a like affec- 
tion, as the following verses will show : 

"Quantum inimica Patris Fridridi Fata dolorem 
Moestitiamque animo contribuere meo 

Tantam laetitiam de Te Francisce recepi 

Qui meus et Patriae factus es ipse Parens 

Intrepidus Patriae Patrem tunc sicce precabor 
Da ius, Da requiem Da populogue Cibum." 

Notwithstanding the departure of Count Franz for the uni- 
versity and his long journeys to France and Italy, the position of 
Pastorius in Sommerhausen must have promised permanency, 
for in 1655, the year of the young Count's departure for the uni- 
versity, he built a substantial house in Sommerhausen, which is 
still standing (1903) in a good state of preservation. The in- 
scription on the datestone, not at the corner of the house but at 
the left of the front door, runs thus : 50 



" Cf. Itinerarium, p. 50b and p. 5ia-b. 

°° The author is indebted to the present (1903) occupant of the house 
for the privilege of examining the interior and of having the house and date- 
stone photographed, and to Lehrer Friedrich Gutmann and his son, of Som- 
merhausen, for assistance. 



34 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

MELCHOIR ADAMUS PASTORIUS ANNO DOMINI 1655 

SVO AERE EX FVNDAMENTIS HOC HABITACVLVM 

SVO SVORVMQUE VSVI PARAVIT. 

Translation : 

"Melchior Adam Pastorius built this dwelling from the founda- 
tions with his own money for the use of himself and his family. 
Anno Domini 1655." 

As may be seen from the accompanying plate, the inscription 
is cut in capitals about the coat-of-arms of the Pastorius family. 

The happiness of this new home was interrupted by the 
death of Magdalena, in 1657. The father, left alone with his 
little Franciscus, married as his second wife, Eva Margaretha, 
maiden daughter of John Gelchsheimer, J. U. D. and Jur. Consul, 
of the Imperial City of Windsheim, February 9, 1658. 51 The 
first child of this union, Susanna, was born December 7, 1658, 
but lived scarcely four months. The second daughter, who was 
given the same name, was born June 10, 1660, but lived only nine 
days. On May 31 a third child was delivered, still-born, by a 
Caesarean section made by a skillful barber or surgeon (Balbirer) 
named Georg Appoldt. The mother succumbed to the operation 
on the 19th of the following June. 

It was through his marriage with Margaretha Gelchsheimer 
that Pastorius transferred his residence from Sommerhausen to 
Windsheim. On the 3-13 of May, 1659, Johann Gelchsheimer 
died. His son-in-law, Melchior Adam Pastorius, was elected his 
successor and became a citizen of Windsheim, taking the bur- 



B The Itinerariutn (p. 116a) contains Pastorius' own account: "Melchior 
Adam Pastorius hatte in dieser Erstern Ehe gelebt 7. Jahr und 10. Wochen. 
Vnd nach deme cs scin Zuestand nicht leyden wolte mit seinem Sohnlein 
Francisco Daniele in die Lange In Sommerhausen zu verharren, hat er sich 
an des Wohl Edlen und Hochgelehrten Herren Iohann Gelchshcimers dcr 
Rechten Doctoris und des Heyl. Rom. Reichs Statt Windsheimb bestellten 
Consulentens Jungfraw Tochter Euam Margaretham verheurathet den 9. 
Febr. 1658." 




Datestone iii inh. Pastokius House. 

Si IM H I !•: HAUSEN. 



The Founder of Germantown 35 

gher's oath on the 1st of August, 1659. The Burger mid Sieb- 
nerbuch 52 of Windsheim contains the following entry : 

"Hr Melchior Adam Pastorius Jurium Doctor von Erfurt ausz 
Thiiringen, so sich zu Hn Dr Johann Gelchsheimers, consulenten 
alhie ehl. Dochter verheirathet, ist burger worden, und hat die ge- 
wohnliche Pflicht abgelegt, den 1. Aug. 1659." 53 

Having thus entered deeply into the official life of Winds- 
heim with his only surviving child, Francis, still in need of ma- 
ternal care, Pastorius married as his third wife widow Bar- 
bara Greulich, of Hiittenheim, January 21, 1662. Barbara's 
maiden name was Heider. This union was without issue. Bar- 
bara died March 26, 1674. The city chronicle, 54 of Windsheim 
has the following entry for this year and month (in translation) : 

"The 29th Lady Barbara, the beloved wife of Burgomaster 
Pastorius was buried, aged 68 years." 

Now that the only son, Francis Daniel, was prepared for the 
university, the father, Melchior Adam, married, September 22, 
1674, as his fourth and last wife, Dorothea Esther Volckmann, 
maiden daughter of Adam Volckmann, J. C, of the city of Ntirn- 
berg. 55 The City Council of Windsheim voted ten Reichsthaler 

52 Excerpted from the original MS. vol. of the Burger und Siebner Buck 
in Windsheim. 

I wish to acknowledge the kindly assistance of his Honor the Burgo- 
master, of the City Accountant, Matthias Geuder, and of the Rev. Rud. 
Herold, resident Deacon, of Windsheim. 

M Pastorius himself gives the following account in his Itinerarium 
(p. 122a) : "Den 3-13 maij. 1659. starb Herr Iohann Gelchsheimer I, V. D. 
und Consulent des H. Rom. Reichs Statt Windsh. An dessen stelle sein 
Tochtermann Melchior Adam Pastorius Ordentlich Beruffen worden lauth 
Bestallungs-NotuI, und Beschreibung der Aduocatur Verrichtungen. Den 
30. Sept. Anno 1659. wurde Melchior Adam Pastorius durch Ordentliche Wahl 
in den Eiissern Raths Stand gewohlet." 

M Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis II. 163 (March, 1674): "Den 29. ist be- 
graben worden Frau Barbara Herrn Biirgermeisters Pastorii Eheliebste war 
68. Jahr alt." 

M The Chronica Windsheimensis II. 163 (Sept., 1674"), has the following: 
"Den 22. Hat Herr D. und Burgermeister Pastorius mit Jungfer Dorothea 
Esther, weiland Herrn Adam Volckmanns, gewesenen Hoffraths und Lehen- 
vorstehers zu Bayreuth nachgelassene Tochter in Stadt Nurnberg Hochzeit 
gehabt und sind Ihnen von einem Hoch Edlen Rath 10. R. thaler verehret 
worden." 



36 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

as a wedding present. This union had an issue of four children: 
Johann Samuel, who was born October 15, 1675, and died much 
lamented in the bloom of youth, October 18, 1687; Anna Cath- 
arina, born March 20, 1678; Margaretha Barbara, born August 
14, 1680, and Augustin Adam, born August 5, 1682. 

The birth of Johann Samuel had revived the hopes and fam- 
ily pride of Melchior Adam. His eldest son, Francis Daniel, was 
away studying at German universities, and the father could now 
lay plans for rearing another son to comfort his advancing years. 
When the light of this young life was prematurely extinguished, 
it seemed as if the father's heart would melt with grief. He 
pours out his sorrow in eight anagrams and devotes to his son's 
memory a dozen or more poems in German and Latin verses. In 
like manner Magister Georgius Leonhardus Modelius, Rector of 
the school in Windsheim, gives expression in a Latin eulogium 56 
to his grief over the early death of the youth full of hope and 
promise. The most pathetic verses of the father are those en- 
titled: Gcnommcner Abschied Johannis Samuclis Pastorii uon 
seinem Herrti Fatter, den 18 Aug., 1687: 

"Ach hertzgelibter Yatter mein 
Seh*t doch an dise hauth und Bein 
Kont ihr mir dann gar helffen nicht 
Eh' mir mein mattes Hertz zerbricht. 

Der Vatter antworttet: 

Ach Liebster Sohn ich seh dein qual 
Du iammerst mich ohn maas und Zahl 
Yon hertzen grund ich helffen wolt 
YVann ich nur wtiste wie ich solt." 57 

In Windsheim Melchoir Adam Pastorius spent the best years 
of his life. He rose rapidly to the highest position of trust in the 
Imperial City, and distinguished himself in the execution of his 
duties as well as by his pen. The circle of colleagues and friends 



™Cf. Itinerarium, p. 130a. 
:: Ibid, p. 133a ami b. 



The Founder of Germantown 37 

with whom he had closest association may be seen in the follow- 
ing poem entitled : 

"Salve Windshemium. 
clamat pius Aduena Pastor : 

Hi sunt, quos veniens ( :ducturus in Vrbe maritam:) 

Inueni Patres prjepositos Patriae 
Mercklinus turn Praetor erat. Ramminger et Eisen 

Cum Neuber Consul Stellwagiusque simul 
Postmodo Knor, Kilian, Vitus, Keget, atque Ioachim 

Seufferlin, Strampffer, Iann Vogel, atque Nagel. 
Dienst, Mercklein, Vogel et Stellwag, Zinck, Scheller Idolu 

Mercklein cum Weyknecht, Xeuber, Egoque simul. " 57a 

Pastorms' honors followed in quick succession from "Con- 
silient" and membership in the "Aeusserer Rath" to "Aelterer 
Biirgermeister" and "Oberrichter," as the following calendar 
drawn from the records of Windsheim will show : 

1659, August 1, took oath of citizenship as "Consulent." 

1 661, September 30, elected member of the "Aeusserer 
Rath." 

1670, September 27, elected Elder Burgomaster. 58 

1670, September 29, made Auditor of Church Accounts and 
Landassessor. 59 

1671, October 17, made "Wassergraf." 60 
1 68 1, made Director of the Hospital. GOa 



s?a Cf. Itinerarium, p. 61a. 

58 The Chronica Windshcimcnsis (Bd. II. p. 133") has the following entry 
for September, 1670: "Dienstag den 27 ist. Herr Melchior Adam Pastorius 
J. U. D. zum altern Biirgermeister erwehlet worden." 

59 Cf. Chronica Windshcimcnsis (II. 138), Sept. 29, 1670: "Den 29 sind 
Herr Simon Sigmund Nagel und Herr Otto Kunz Feuerstatt, wie auch der 
letztere Baubesichtiger und nebst Herrn Johann Georg Muller Caspar Merk- 
lein, Siebner Herr Georg Muller Wiirzschauer und Herr Biirgermeister Pasto- 
rius Gotteshaus Rechnungs-abhorer und Landsteurer worden." 

60 Cf. Chronica Windshcimcnsis (II. 163), October, 1671 : "Herr Biir- 
germeister Pastorius und Herr Andreas Strampfer Wassergrafen." 

e " a In his letter to his grandsons, M. A. Pastorius gives a list of 23 differ- 
ent offices and capacities in which he served the city of Windsheim (cf. 
Bcschrcibung, pp. 118-119). 



38 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

1692, September 30, elected "Statt Ober Richter." This 
election was confirmed by the Emperor, aob with the award of the 
usual diploma, .May 18, 1693. ,; " c The oath of office, recorded in 
the Kreis-Archiv in Niirnberg, with Pastorius' seal affixed, runs 
as follows : 

"Ich Melchior Adam Pastorius J. C. dess Innern Raths und 
alterer Burgemeister allhier in des heyl. Reichs Statt Windsheim 
thue kunth mitt disem Brieff alien denen die ihn sehen, lesen oder 
horen, Als mir das Ober Richter Ampt zu ietzt bemelten Wind- 
sheimb, ( :darzue ich durch die wohl Edle Veste fiirsichtige und 
hochweise herren Burgemeister und Rath diser Statt Windsheimb 
erkieset und erwohlet, :) verlihen, vnd fiirter durch den Allerdurch- 
leuchtigsten Grosmiichtigsten und vniiberwindlichsten Fiirsten und 
herrn herrn Leopoldum dieses Nahmens den Ersten Romischen 
Kayser zu alien Zeitten Mehrern des Reichs .... Meinen allergna- 
digsten herren allergnadigst zuegesagt und verwilligt ist. Bekenne 
in krafft dises Brieffs das ich mich gegen denen herren Burgemei- 
stern, Rath und Gemeiner Statt Windsheim der hernach beschribenen 
Stuck und Articul Verpflichtet, Yerbunden und Verschriben habe, 
Verpflichte, Verbinde, und Verschreibe mich also in krafft dieses 
Brieffs, das ich mehrgenanter Statt Windsheimb dero angehorigen 
Leuten und Giithern getrewlich Vorstehen will, mitt gutem, Trewen 
und besten Vermogen Ihren frommen zu werben und ihren Schaden 
zu warnen, auch alle gute Recht und gewohnheitten derselben ihrer 
Statt helffen zu halten, zu mehren und nicht zu mindern in keine 
Weis, vnd insonderheit meines Yermogens daran und darob sein 
das alle Freyheitten und Begnadungen Gemeiner Statt von Ro- 
mischen Kaysern und Konigen gegeben, gehalten, und darwider nicht 
gehandelt, Auch Einem ieden Arm : und Reich gebiihrendes Recht- 
ens gestatt: und mittgetheilet werde. Vnd ob sich kiinfftig Yer- 
fiigte, das ich uor mehrwohlgedachten herren Burgemeister und 
Rath zu ihrer gelegenheit Yon demselben Ampt entsetzt wurde 
( :welches Sye dann ieder Zeit zu thun, auch mich zu entsetzen. und 
Einen andern an meine Statt nach ihrem wohlgefallen und nach 
ausweis ihrer Priuilegien ihnen daruber gegeben, zu erwohlen und 



m b Chronica Windshcimcnsis (II. 571), Dec. 1693. "Dienstags den 29. 
ist Herr brgstr Pastorius zu einem Ober Richter cligiret, und den iS Maji, 
1693. von Ihro Kayln. Majeste confirmiret worden. Die Confirmation hat it il 
30 kr. gekostet. Quo facto ist den I4ten "br. 1693. Er Pastorius, bey ganzem 
Rath altem Herkommen nach untcr hand gegebner Treii I Term bgrstr 
Kameffern an Aydesstatt bestattiget und in die Function eingesetzet worden " 

"e Cf. Liber Intimissimus. 




Mei.chiok Adam Pastorius' Signature and Seal. 



The Founder of Germantown 39 

auff zunehmen macht haben das ich ohne irrung und Eirrtrag Mem : 
und miinniglichs uon meinetwegen, dessen gewarltig sein, mich 
auch mit Keinem Behelff noch Auszug wie mann die erdencken und 
furnehmen mocht, darwider nicht suchen. Auch Einen Wohl Edlen 
Rath an Ihren Rathshandlungen, Ordnungen, Wahl und in andere 
Weg keinen Eintrag widersprechen oder hindernuss nicht thun, son- 
dern mich allein dess halten soil und will, was mir in Krafft meines 
Ober Richter Ampts zu thun, und auszurichten gebiihrt, getrewlich 
und ohne alles gefahrde. 

Vnd das Jch obgenanter Melchior Adam Pastorius Alles was 
hierinnen geschriben, Vnd Eines wohledlen Raths habende Frey- 
heiten einuerleibt, steth, Vest, und Vnuerbriichlich halten soil und 
will, habe ich offtermelten Burgemeister und Rath zu Windsheim 
mitt hand gebenden Trewen gelobt, Auch zu wahrer Vrkunth disen 
Reuers mitt eigenen handen Vnterschriben, und mein gewohnlich 
eigen Insiegel hier Vorgedruckt. 

So geben und geschehen Donnerstags den 15. September Jm 
Jahr nach Christi Vnsers Erlosers und Seligmachers Geburth 1693. 

L. S. Melchior Adam Pastorius J. C. 

Revers 
Burgemeister Ober Richters 
Melchioris Adami Pastorij." 

All efforts to locate the house in which Pastorius lived in 
Windsheim proved fruitless. It is said that the house stood near 
the city wall, which has been torn down. The following refer- 
ences were found to property held or used by him. The first is 
from January of the year 1680, stating that two vacant places 
alongside the armory, where formerly the dwellings of Barthol 
Diepolt and Melchior Schwartz stood, were turned over to Bur- 
gomaster Pastorius for his use under certain conditions. 61 The 
second is from November, 1695, stating that this ground is ceded 
to Pastorius with the understanding that he build a small house 
on it. 62 



a Ci. Chronica Windsheimensis (II. 427"). January, 1680: "Den 9. sind 
Herrn Brgstr Pastorio, nach einem ausgefertigten Versicherungs Schein, die 
2: oden Hauszplatz, neben dem Zeughaus. worauf ehedessen Barthol Die- 
polts und Melchior Schwartzens Behausungen gestanden, auf gewisse Con- 
dition zu usurpiren, und Dasz Ihnen ein Dill Darumb zu machen erlaubt seyn 
solle, iiberlassen werden." 

62 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis (II. 616), November, 1695: "Den I. sind 
Herrn Ober-Richtern Pastorio die biszhero von Ihm usufructuarie in Besitz 
gehabte ode Hofraith beym Zeughaus, gegen die offerierte Aufbauung eines 
Hausleins, aigenthumlich cediret worden." 



4<D Francis Daniel Pastorius 

The last years of Melchior Adam Pastorius in Windsheim 
were fraught with domestic troubles, which finally led to official 
friction and forced him to change his residence. 

The account given in the Chronica Windshcimcnsis 03 allows 
us to read much between the lines. In the first place we see evi- 
dence of local, social and religious cabal. The first mistake was 
made by his wife Dorothea Esther (Volckmann) when she cir- 
culated pasquils and induced her husband to interfere in the 
religious affairs of Windsheim, for which he paid severe and 
humiliating penalty. The social-religious strife naturally passed 
over into city politics, and Pastorius, now advanced beyond his 
three score years and ten, was unable to make aggressive defense. 
It is in a word another illustration of the danger of female squab- 
bles and corroborates the adage, "Cherchez la femme." 

The result of this unpleasantness and humiliation was that 
Pastorius squared his account with a iooo reichsthaler and 
moved away from Windsheim, going first to Neustadt-on-the- 
Aisch, and thence to Niirnberg. Here he took up his residence 
in a small villa outside of the city wall, in front of the New Gate, 
belonging to the Marquis of Brandenburg. 64 His two daughters 65 
married and lived in Xiirnberg during the last four years of his 
life. Pastorius died in this villa, February 4, 1702, at the ripe 
age of J J years. He lies buried in the old St. Johannes Kirchhof, 
in Niirnberg, between the chapel and the nearest gate, in a place 
described locally as "Ta man predigt" (Wo man predigt, i. e., 
where the funeral sermon is preached). The grave is marked by 

K Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis, October 1-28, 1696. 

Christian Wilhelm Schirmer in his Geschichte Windsheims und seiner 
Nachbarortc (Xiirnberg, Riege in Wiessne 1848) says simply that Pastorius 
moved to Niirnberg "wegen Verdriesslichkeiten mit dem hiesigen Rath." 
Schirmer's statement that Pastorius first met his wife, Eva Margaretha Gelchs- 
heimer, at her father's funeral is incorrect. Dr. Gelchsheimer died May 3, 
1659, nearly a year after Margaretha married Pastorius (Feb. 9, 1658). 

" Cf. F. D. Pastorius' Genealogical Sketch. 

"Anna Catharina, who married Matthias Wehrseim, Secretary of 
Niirnberg, December 6, 1698, and Margaretha Barbara, who married the same 
day Georg Richard Hammer, J. U. D., of Niirnberg (F. D. Pastorius' Gene- 
alogical Sketch). 




H 

o 



z 

□ 



The Founder of Germantown 41 

a thick sandstone slab, upon which the following epitaph is to be 
found enclosed in an oval in the old style of the Niirnberg patri- 
cians : 

"Der Wohl Edle Vest und Hochgelahrte Herr Melchior Adam 
Pastorius Vornehmer JCtus, Wie audi Hoch Fiirstl: Brandenburg- 
Bayreuthischer Rath ist seelig in den Herrn entschlafen Ao. 1702. 
den 4 Februarij seines Alt : Jahr u. 19. Woche." 66 

The career of Melchior Adam Pastorius is remarkable, 
not only for the fifty years of long service in the practice of 
his profession in Sommerhausen and Windsheim, but it is 
significant, because of his literary activity as a writer of prose 
and verse. His verse reflects, in a most interesting manner, the 
literary traditions of the first Sdesian School of Poets, and in 
point of smoothness compares favorably with the best poetry 
of Martin Opitz of Boberfeld, or Simon Dach, or Paul Flem- 
ing. In spirit he approaches most nearly the lyric tone of Flem- 
ing, while in his fondness for occasional themes he suggests 
Dach. 

Pastorius was a very prolific writer both in Latin and in 
German, and left in addition to his printed works much matter 
in manuscript. In his Liber Intimissimus we find a list of 
some seventy books, presumably the essential part of his library. 07 

PRINTED WORKS. 

The following works by M. A. Pastorius were printed : 

I. Romischer Adler. | Oder | Theatrvm | Electionis | et Corona- 
tionis I Romano-Csesarese, | Alit denen darbey | Interessirenden 
Hohen Stands-Personen. | In Zwey Theil repraesentirt. | . . . . 
Durch M. A. Pastorium J. V. D. | Auch mit Kupffern gezieret. | 
Franckfurt am Mayn, | In Verlegung Georg Fickwirdts, Buch- 
handlers, | Getruckt bey Aegidio Vogeln. | Anno M.DC.LVII. 38 

The first suggestion of such a work may have come to 



" Cf. accompanying illustration. 

" Cf. the list at the end of the chapter. 

"The full title may be seen in the photographic reproduction included 
in this work. 



42 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Pastorius during his sojourn in Austria at the time of the 
coronation of Ferdinand IV as King of Hungary in 1647, and 
revived when young Franciscus, Count of Limpurg, went 
as Imperial Cupbearer to the coronation of Ferdinand IV 
as Emperor at Regensburg, 1653. The Romiscker Adler gives 
an interesting and detailed account of the coronation of a German 
Emperor, with special particulars relating to the coronation of 
1653, as well as to that of Otto I and Charles V. This work 
was regarded by Schnorr von Carolsfeld as a production of 
Johann Augustin Pastorius, as the following remark will show: 
"Bedarf aus dem Grunde besonderer Erwahnung, weil der 
Verfasser auf dem Titelblatte M. (wol nicht=Magister) A. 
Pastorius genannt 1st." 09 Schnorr von Carolsfeld was evidently 
not acquainted with the name of M(elchior) A(dam) Pastorius, 
which is the name that settles his doubt and at the same time 
corrects his mistake. 

2. Fasciculus | Rhythmorum ] Spiritualium, |.tum | Ex Antiquiori- 
bus I turn J Recentioribus Scriptoribus j Collectus | Et Ortln >- 
doxae Yeritatis Amatoribufs] | ad usum complacentem | Com- 
municatus | Abs Melchiore Adamo Pastorio J. C. | Consule ac 
Scholarcha Windsheimense | Windshemii, | Typis Adami Chri>- 
tiani Redelhameri. j Anno Christi, 1689. 

This collection is dedicated to Heinrich Forster and Chris- 
ti ipher Schiitz. The dedication gives some important facts con- 
cerning the collection, stating among other things that the author 
has added some of his own poems, "nonnullos ex meis addidi." 
The longest poem of the author included in the collection is his 
"Sterb-Lied," which is a penitential lyric of nearly four hundred 
four-stressed iambic verses in rhymed couplets and alternate 



' Cf. Allgemcinc Deutsche Biographic, sub. nom. 



KY I MMOKIIM 

. 

^ t 
F k A v i i 

I JVM 

1 i if lORlin". Si ■' '!• i 0RIBU1 

CQLLEI r U S 

J tTHODOXJI \i\it»iu AMATOMlCt 

X 

l M Ml'.: \ i 
j £Ml L( HIORE M) i\:r i 

s 




Title Page of Melchior Adam Pastorius 1 
" Fasciculi s Rythmorum ". 



The Founder of Germantown 43 

rhymes. A short specimen will suffice to illustrate the character 
of the poem. 70 

3. Kurtze | Beschreibung | Des H. R. Reichs Stadt | Windsheim, 
I Samt I Dero vielfaltigen Ungliicks-Fallen, | . . . . Niirn- 
berg . . . 1692. 71 

This is a succinct account of the imperial city of Windsheim 
from its earliest beginning to the author's own time, giving a 
list of the Burgomasters and other high officials of the city. In 
the Archives of the city of Windsheim there is a manuscript of 
this work, which is evidently the original draft of the matter 
now found in the printed book. This manuscript 713 bears the 
date of 1670, thus showing that the work antedates the printed 
book by a period of twenty-two years. It was in the year 1670 
that Pastorius was elected Elder Burgomaster, Auditor of Church 
Accounts, and "Landassessor." The work is thus an evidence 
of his growing interest in the affairs of the city of Windsheim. 

4. Franconia | Rediviva [ Das ist: | Des Hochloblichen | Francki- 
schen Craises | So wohl Genealogische, | als Historische | Be- 
schreibung, I in welcher enthalten : | . . . . | Alles mit Fleisz 
colligirt und in publicum | gegeben (lurch | Melchiorem Adam. 
Pastorium, | J. U. D. Hochfiirstl. Brandenb. Bayreuth. Raht | 
und Historicum. | In Yerlegung desz Authoris. 1702. 

In the Chronica \Vindsheimcnsis~' 2 we read that this book 
was printed in Schwabach, but was confiscated by the censor, 



""'Ach HErr und GOtt. Sih an die Noth 
Wie ich hier steck in Sunden Roth, 
Mich armes Kind Sehr qualt die Siind 
Die ich im Gwissen starck empfind." 

" Cf. the photographic facsimile for full title. 

" a Cf. the photographic facsimile. 

72 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis, October 1-28. 1696: "In Niirnberg hat 
Er dem franckn. Crays, unterm Praedicat alsz Hoch Fiirstl brandenburgr 
Rath und Historicus einen Tractat sub Titulo : Franconia rediviva: Den er 
zu Schwabach drucken lassen, dedicirt ; Dieses Opus, worinnen alk-r winds- 
heimische Unterthanen und geistliche Vorfalle, wieder seineni auszgestellten 
Revers public gemachet ist von Craysseswegen confisciret worden." 



44 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

because Pastorius had made use of the title "Hochfiirstl branden- 
burghr Rath und Historicus." T2a In this statement we see traces 
of the old trouble in Windsheim. The extant copies of the book 
bear the press mark of 1702, and make no mention of Schwa- 
bach as the place of printing. It seems doubtful that there was 
an earlier printed edition of the work. If the extant edition 
is the same as that which was confiscated, it must be said that 
the Secretary, who made the entry in the Chronica IVindshei- 
mensis, seems never to have read the work, as it is difficult to 
find such objectionable passages as he mentions. The passages 
reflecting on Windsheim are to be sought either in the chapter 
entitled "Einige Merckwiirdige Begebenheiten in der Stadt 
Windsheim," or in the rather strong statement touching the 
decadence of the city, which the author tucked away in the 
chapter entitled "Von Einigung und Biindnussen." The few 
"Merckwiirdige Begebenheiten - ' are of much earlier date than 
the troubles in Windsheim and for the most part too trivial to 
be considered. The passage referring to the decline of Winds- 
heim runs thus : 

"Und aus diesen und noch vielmehr dergleichen Begegnussen 
leicht abzumercken ist, worum diese alte Reichs-Stadt in eine solche 
fast unbeschreibliche Dccadcntz gerathen ist, woraus sie sich in 
einem gantzen Scculo schwerlich wieder schwingen wird." " 3 

It is evident from the context, however, that Pastorius has 
in mind here the damage done by the Thirty Years' War, and 
does not intend the slightest reflection upon the Windsheimers 
of 1690-1700. It must be noted too that the Franconia Rediviva 
of 1702 has his title, "Hochfiirstl. Brandenb. Bayreuth. Rath 
und Hirtoricum," on the title page. Hence we are inclined to 
look critically upon the rather severe account of the Chronica 



: ' a Melchior Adam Pastorius made application, in 1697, for the Imperial 
privilege of using the title: "Historicus et Comitis Palatini" (cf. Macco, 
Familie Pastor, p. 8). 

" Cf. Franconia Rediviva, p. 339. 



„ £Wia civirxrif imp: 

laBEME WINDiHEIMEN-SIS. 
Os*ev ( , „ . 

Vn lint r j A-t - 'jB 6/Wc r?« y * y e/ * , : ;c yi t»i'n. 

I A.or^/4iH ~\<.idu treat WtnMlMi>\lt VTCVtUS 

ny<fr • M " //?•/ f- /JO/) f ' 

J. uoUu • vLafrniftA&y- c&rw/ dt\y-u~ -y^sry-^ 

A' * , <f -V ' »A « .1- / .'"? '<?? 

% *a r * ft if' nA J - - ' * 

[r^ ^ ,/?/\ (O /? ,- 



j 



i. 



,j2- ■ of/ J — *« 






Title Page. — Manuscript. 

Original Form of Pastorius' "Kurtze Beschreibung" of Windsheim. 
Published in 1692. 



B 



The Founder of Germantown 45 

Windsheimensis. It is more likely that some of the incidents 
published by Pastorius in his Kurtze Beschreibung Dcs H. R. 
Rcichs Stadt Windsheim in 1692 had given offense and were still 
remembered by the censor. 73a 

UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS. 

A great part of the writings of Melchior Adam Pastorius 
seems to have remained in manuscript. It has been our good 
fortune to unearth a number of these manuscripts in the prepa- 
ration of the present work. It is not at all impossible that others 
may exist and yet come to light. It will suffice here to indicate 
briefly the general character of the contents of these newly- 
discovered documents. Three different volumes of manuscripts 
have been found, all in small octavo of the time, bound in leather 
with gilt or stained edges and clasps, evidently bound for the 
author himself for permanent preservation. The writing is in 
the author's fine clear hand and easily legible for those ac- 
quainted with German script. The volumes are here designated 
by the short titles (1) Itincrarium, (2) Prognosticon, (3) Liber 
IntimissUnus. The fuller titles follow below : 73b 

1. Melchioris Adami Pastorii | Erffvrtensis | Itinerarivm | et 
Vitae Cvrricvlvs. | Dast ist : | Seine Vollige Reis-Beschreibunge 
und gantzer Lebens Lauff. [ Sampt einigen | Merckwurdigen 
Begebenheitten | und anzaigungen derer iedes Orths | befind- 
lichen Raritaten. 74 

This is the most important of all the three imprinted manu- 
scripts of Pastorius, as it deals largely with his own life and 



" a Francis Daniel Pastorius mentions in his Res Propria other printed 
works of his father : 

1. Melch. Ad. Pastorij Contemplatio terrestr. Vanitatum. 

2. M. A. Pastorij Soliloquia. 

3. Ejusd. Jnstitutio Xtiana. 

™ b The Itincrarium and Prognosticon were bought by Dr. Joseph G. 
Rosengarten, of Philadelphia. The Liber Intimissimus came to the Histori- 
cal Society of Pennsylvania. 

" The verses following the title on the same page may be seen in the 
photographic reproduction. 



46 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

times. The blank leaf has some records of births on the front 
page. The first numbered leaf contains the title with verses on 
both pages. Leaves 2-5 contain a description of the city of 
Erfurt: "Kurtze Beschreibung der Statt Erfurtt." Leaves 
6-7 treating of the Jesuits are torn out. Leaves 10-48 give a 
description of Pastorius' studies and long journeys, interspersed 
with anagrams on his friends and acquaintances. The rest of 
the volume, leaves 49-243, is taken up with anagrams on mem- 
bers of the Pastorius family and historical personages and with 
biographical notes. 

2. Prognosticon | Siue | Calendarium Perpetuum [ De Anni quali- 
tate et futuris Temporibus. 75 

This manuscript contains 406 leaves, many of which are 
blank. In addition to the prognostical part in the first 22 pages, 
the book contains a great amount of matter too miscellaneous 
to describe in detail, such as proverbs, a dictionary of common 
places in Latin verses, national characteristics, Aesopian wisdom, 
rhyme dictionary, generation of plants, and the last part of the 
book in German, entitled : "Schatz-Kammer Melchioris Adami 
Pastorii." 

3. Liber | Intimiss | imvs Omnivm | Semper Mecvm | Continens | 
Thesavrvm Thesavrorvm | Jesvm I Quem Diligo Solvm. I in 
qvo vivo I et I in qvo moriar | ego | Melchior Adam Pastorivs. 
I. C. |Natione Erffurtensis. Yocatione Consul senior et Praetor 
Windsheimensis. Aedilis | Scholarcha et Xenodochij Sancti 
Spiritus I Administrator, j Scripsi hunc Libellum Anno Christi 
1697 et finiui 7. Iunij, 1701. 

This volume is devoted largely to poetic reflections and 
confessions growing out of the troubles of the last years of 



"The rest of the title page is filled with Latin verse and prose relat 
ing to the calendar and seasons. 



t 



Same 

£ero twlfdltigen Urighicf&Sdllew 

lino ttabrbafftigen llrfadxn iftrerfo tjrofs 
fen Dccadens unb £rbarmunj}$ -fvfiys 
fcigenpufian&cS/ ' 

•${(ten glaubfin'ir&ujcn Documents tm& 

5Svi«lflicb«n UrfunOen ( bit ifeo (cben&en iicben 

Sgurgerfdiaffr/ unD 2)?ro 9?acbfomme» / ju gutcs 

g?iicf;ncl)t) alfo jufammen getragert / unD in 

Dei', 2)rucf gcgeben 

<nir4> 

Melchiorem Adamum Faftorium , 

ftltcm 23urgemciftcrn un& Cbcr^ict;* 

tern in befagtet ©taDt, 



©eDwcft $u 9?arnberq 

b$i)§,\)XWai\ Summit) gro&cr& 



Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Windsheim." 



The Founder of Germantoz^n 47 

the author's life, interspersed with autobiographical and personal 
notes, such as his last will and testament, his spiritual epitaph 
and his preparation for death. The lyric poems are deeply 
religious, and much of the book has an eschatological tone. There 
is an interesting exception in the case of a collection of proverbial 
rhymes, the best of which may serve as a specimen : 

"Demuth bringt vns zu ehren 

Wer sich nidrig halt zur Erden 
Wird uon Gott erhohet werden. 

AIs Adam hackt und Eua spann, 
Wo war damals der Edelmann? 

AIs Iacob hiith des Labans Schaff, 
Wo war damals Baron und Graff? 

AIs Abraham gieng aus seim Land, 
Erhub ihn Gott zum Hohen Stand. 
Vnd als sein Glaube ward bewehrt, 
Gab er durch jhn das Heyl der Erd." 

The details of this chapter on the ancestors, and par- 
ticularly on Melchior Adam Pastorius, will form an important 
background for the life and works of Francis Daniel Pastorius 
in the following chapters. 

The following copperplate prints of the following title pages 
of books by M. A. Pastorius are found pasted into the Liber 
Intimissimus (whether the books were printed or not has not been 
ascertained ) : 

Melchioris Adami | Pastorii Amorosa Divina | Dast ist | Der 
von JESU geliebten u. | JESUM verliebten seelen | Innerliches 
und vertrauliches Gesprache. 

Melchioris Adami [ Pastorii Ars Moriendi | oder | Schatzkamer 
der Klugheit | Einsten Frolich von dieser Welt ab | zuscheiden. 

Melchioris Adami Pastorii | Meditatio. | De Extremo Judicio. 
I oder I Betrachtung der Letzten Rechenschafft | von einem jeden 
Unniitzen worte. 



48 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

LIBRI MELCHIORIS ADAMI PASTORIJ MANUSCRIPTI. 

In Folio. 

1. Historia Vniversalis et Pontificum Vit*. In fol. 

2. Loci Communes Bibliorum. In fol. 

3. Veritas una sola et simplex. In fol. 

4. Annotata super Struuium. In fol. 

5. Oeconomia Melchioris A. P. In Eol. 

In Quarto. 

6. Loci Communes ex Corpore Iuris. 

7. Compendium Postilke Lutheri. 

8. Controversise Fidei. 

9. Alphabetum Poeticum. 

10. Icones Mortis et alia Emblemata. 

11. Ioannis Tauleri notabilia dicta. 

12. Aquila Imperij. 

In Octavo. 

13. Icones Bibliorum Yeteris Testamenti. 

14. Icones Bibliorum Noui Testamenti. 

15. Icones super Epistolas Petri, Pauli, etc. 

16. Alphabetum Biblicum. Loci Communes. 

17. Postilla manuscripta Omnium Prima. 

18. Postilla manuscripta Secunda. 

19. Postilla manuscripta Tertia impressa. 

20. Bibel Bilder Veteris et Noui Testam. 

21. Schola amoris diuini. 

22. Gebet Buch das Erste unter alien. 

23. Memoriale Biblicum. 

24. Beicht und Communion Buech. 

25. Vermehrtes Beicht Buch. 

26. Casus Conscientias. 

27. Aller Kiinste Kunst. 

28. Sacra Carmina. 

29. Memoria Studiorum. 

30. Quod libitum sentent. 

31. Policeij Beschreibung. 

32. Entraden r.eschreibunc;. 

33. Franckisch Crais Recess. 

34. Instrumentum Pacis. 

35. Rechtliche Bedencken. 

36. Bibliorum Compendium. 







a »: 

fa «< - 






The Founder of Gcrmantown 49 

37. Biblion Icones et Comp. 

38. Omnia In oi [ ?] aliquid. 

39. Evangelistar Cocordatia. 

40. Vita IESV Christi. 

41. Historia Universalis. 

42. Lebens Lauff M. A. P. 

43. Intimissimus omnium. 

44. Carmina in Amicos. 

45. Curiosa Mundi. 

46. Titular Buch. 

47. Process Buch. 

48. Turckisch Buch. 

49. Historica Nouellen. 

50. Monetae valor. 

51. Amorosa Diuina. 

52. Morituri Preces. 

53. Vade mecum. 

54. Vanitas Mundi. 

55. Eremitorium. 

56. Italiae Descriptio. 

57. Reis Beschreibung M. A. P. 

58. Icones Mortis. 

In Duodecimo. 

59. Poesis Artificiosa. 

60. Matricula Imperij. 

61. Amorosa Diuina. 

62. Liebes iibung. 

63. Compendium Iuris. 

64. Process Buech. 

65. De Regno Gallise. 

66. De Religione. 

67. De Alchimia. 

68. Stamm Buchlein. 

69. Filij Gebet Buch. 

70. De Maleficis. 

Niitzliche Buchlein : Thomse de Kempis Vnterricht uon der 
Nachfolgung Christi per Ioannem Olearium. 

Gedancken von der Ewigkeit des Herren de la Serre Durch 
M. Petrum Sartorium. Franckfurtt, 1684. "" 



** Cf. Liber Intimissimus (last leaf). 



50 Francis Daniel Pastorins 



CHAPTER II. 

EARLY YEARS AND EDUCATION. 

The traditions into which Francis Daniel Pastorius was 
born were the most enlightened of the epoch. Descended on his 
father's side from a family which had long been prominent factors 
in the Roman Catholic Church, but with his father Melchoir 
Adam Pastorins passed over to the Lutheran (Augustan) con- 
fession, his lot fell among the most stirring intellectual events of 
the seventeenth century. The vast information and professional 
experience of his father as jurist and burgomaster of the imperial 
city of Windsheim opened the broadest horizon for young Fran- 
ciscus, as he looked out with eager gaze into the stirring life of 
his time. Nature, station and fortune united in giving him talents, 
influence and opportunity. 

On the mother's side Pastorius descended from sturdy, honest 
burgher stock, his maternal grandfather, Stephan Dietz, having 
been bailiff of Nordheim. 1 Melchior Adam Pastorius gives the 
following sketch of Dietz in an anagram : 

"Stephan Diez 
anagramma 

STEH DEN SPIZ AUS 

Allstets der grimmig Tod sein Stachel hat gewetzet 
Wann er seis Pfeiles Spiz dir an das Hertze setzet 
So must du mitt ihm fortt steh nur den Spitz wohl aus 
Er zaigt dir nur die Thiir zu ienem Himmels Haus. 
Ich lebte Still und Trew vor Gott und andern Christen 
Yerlangte Niemals nicht zu g'winnen was mitt Listen 
Maynnortheim weis es wohl wie ich mein Guth gewann 
Maynbernheim hiesse mich den Redlich Teutschen Mann. 
Doch hat dess Krieges Schwall mein Hauser weggenommen 
Das meiner Kinder keins derselben Eins bekommen 
Ein ieder lern daraus das wir allhier nur Gast 
Auff Gott und nicht auff Welt vns sollen grunden fest." 8 



1 Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 

2 Cf. Itinerariutn, p. 49b. 



a 


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B 


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W 


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T. 


tn 


K 


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o 




77k? Founder of Germantown 51 

In Sommerhausen. 

The town of Sommerhausen, in which Pastorius was born 
September 26, 1651, lies on the right bank of the Main some 
eight miles above Wiirzburg and opposite the twin town of 
Winterhausen, situated on the left bank of the Main. The beauti- 
ful valley of the Main with its gentle slopes and fertile meadows 
early attracted the eyes of Alemanni, Bajuvarii, Romans, Goths, 
Huns and Franks, and became a fruitful part of the Agri Decu- 
mates of the Romans, the primeval forests yielding submissively 
to the inroads of Roman agriculture. It was in this sunny region, 
too, that St. Kilian heralded the gospel a generation before St. 
Boniface, the Apostle of the Germans, stretched out his organizing 
hand over the hills of Franconia and Thuringia, and Boniface's 
kinswoman, the Anglo-Saxon nun Liobgytha, planted the first 
German convent for girls at Bischofsheim-on-the-Tauber. In the 
course of time the region came under the episcopal administration 
centred at Wiirzburg, a thriving city on a great European thor- 
oughfare, whose bishop attained the rank of an ecclesiastical 
prince, with the outlying towns, like Sommerhausen and Winter- 
hausen, as his tributaries. 

How Sommerhausen appeared in the time of Pastorius we 
learn from his father Melchior Adam Pastorius : 

"Sommerhausen, a beautiful spot on the Main opposite Win- 
terhausen, belongs to the Hereditary Cupbearers and Semper Free 
[Counts] of Limpurg, but they have it as a fief ['Mann-Lehen'] of 
the Bishop of Wiirzburg. It has a baronial house and beautiful 
church, also wine vaults and bailif, pure water and a specially good 
growth of vineyards and productive fruit trees." 3 

A corresponding picture is given of Winterhausen in the 
same period : 

"Winterhausen quite a large place, but without the privilege of 
a market, belongs to the Hereditary Cupbearers and Semper Free 

3 Translated from the German of M. A. Pastorius' Franconia Rediviva, 
P- 431- 



52 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

of Limpurg, and these have it together with Sommerhausen as fief 
from the Bishop of Wiirzburg. It is good grapeland but somewhat 
rough on this side [of the river]." 4 

Sommerhausen is still one of the best preserved German 
towns at the present day, bearing all the marks of Pastorins' and 
earlier times. Among the survivals are the old double wall with 
its well preserved square and round towers and gates, the baronial 
Castle 5 of the Counts of Limpurg in excellent state of preserva- 
tion, and with the old building of the last quarter of the six- 
teenth century still intact: the old City Hall (Rathaus) in the 
same style as the castle, the quaint wells ("gesunde Brunnen" 
mentioned by Melchior Adam Pastorius) and interesting vessels 
(large tanks 6 ) for carrying the water, the Pastorius house still 
well preserved, and the same narrow streets and ancient houses 
about which the Founder of Germantown played as a child. 

The first six years of Pastorius' life were passed in Sommer- 
hausen. The house in which he was born and spent his infancy, 
before the erection of the new house in 1655, has not been lo- 
cated, but we have some interesting details of his early childhood. 
The record of his birth is found in his father's Itincraruun and in 
his own Genealogical Sketch, and is given in both with great par- 
ticularity. 

The father's account, written in German, runs thus in Eng- 
lish translation : 

"In the year of Christ 1651, the 26. of Sept. Old Style, early 
in the morning between 1 and 2 o'clock in the sign of the crab, 
Franciscus Daniel Pastorius was born, and the following day bap- 
tized under the sponsorship of the High Wellborn Franciscus of 



' Cf. Franconia RedrAva, p. 448 (misprinted 348 in the book). 

5 This castle is still occupied by representatives of the Limpurg House. 
The lower part of the castle, once used as a stable, is now turned into a 
summer dining room. Her Ladyship, Countess Christine, graciously invited 
the writer to partake of her hospitality and gave him access to the Chronicle 
of the Limpurg Family. 

' Sec the illustration showing a woman with such a tank on her back. 




Castle at Sommerhausen in 1903. 
(Residence of the Counts of Limpurg. ) 



The Founder of Germantown 53 

Limpurg Hereditary Cupbearer of the Holy Roman Empire and 
Semper Free, and of the most worthy and erudite Daniel Gering 
Doctor of Laws." 7 

Pastorius himself gives this account: 

"J Francis Daniel Pastorius was born at Sommerhausen in 
Franckenland the 26th of September between 1. & 2. a Clock [ !] in 
the morning, Anno 1651. & had (after the Lutheran fashion,) for my 
God- fathers Franciscus, Semperfrey of Limburg, and Daniel Gering, 
J. U. D. living at Segnitz." 8 

It was from these two distinguished godfathers, young Baron 
Franciscus Count of Limpurg (then 14 years of age), and His 
Excellency Dr. Gering of Segnitz, that Pastorius received his two 
baptismal names "Franciscus" (Franz) and "Daniel" respectively. 

The official record of Pastorius' baptism is found in the 
German Taufbucli of Sommerhausen, where it was copied and 
photographed for this work. The original runs thus : 

"Sequuntur Baptisati in ao 1651 

Franciscus Daniel, Hn D. Melch : Adam Pastorij D. J. Sdnlein 
getauffet, haben es aus der H. Tauffe gehoben, oder es daselbst ver- 
antwortet vnd ihren Christl. nahmen mitgetheilet der Wohlgeborne 
Zeuge Herr, Herr Franciscus H. z. Limpurg etc. ; Wie audi Ihre Ex- 
cellenz H. D. Gehring zu Segnitz etc. Den 2j. 7bris."° 

Two events of Pastorius' childhood in Sommerhausen were 
deeply graven upon his memory. One was a sad tragedy in the 
boy's life, the death of his mother, Magdalena, 10 whose piety and 
gentleness of spirit followed him into the wilds of the new world 



' Cf. Itinerarium, p. 115a. 

8 Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 

9 The old Church Book has three divisions, containing Baptisms, Burials 
and Marriages, entered in this order. The part of the baptisms extends from 
1648 to 1747. The photographic reproductions were secured through the 
kindness of Mr. Sol. Rosenberg of the University of Pennsylvania, and Lehrer 
Fr. Gutmann of Sommerhausen. 

10 Cf. p. 30. 



54 



Francis Daniel Pastorius 



and remained a benediction to him till the end of his days. The 
other event was of a more trifling nature, but interesting because 
it reflects the fondness which the y >ung Baron Franciscus, his 
godfather, cherished for him. The account is here given by 
Pastorius in his own words, which reflect the pietistic spirit of his 
later years in Germantown : 

"At the Removal of my Father from Somerhausen to Wins- 
heim the sd Sempcrfrey [Franciscus] clothed me in red Scarlet, 
giving me also a little Sword, a hat with three plumes of feathers & 
a pair of white boots, &c. making a fool of me, even in my tenderest 
years." 11 

In Windsheim. 

The removal from Sommerhausen to the imperial city of 
Windsheim in 1658 was an event of great significance in the life 
of young Pastorius. While Sommerhausen as a tributary of the 
Archbishop of Wiirzburg and the residence of the Count of Lim- 
purg was a town of great provincial importance, Windsheim was 
a strongly fortified walled city of the empire with special char- 
tered privileges and dignities and in close touch with the affai 
the empire. 12 

Windsheim is situated on the Aisch and is a very ancient city, 
dating from the time of Emperor Honorius. It was laid out by 
Windegastus, Privy Councillor of King Pharamundus I. in the 
year 422. According to Sigebertus Gemblacensis 13 it was named 
after Windegastus and meant "Windegastsheim." Melchior 
Adam Pastorius relates that in his time the following verses were 
still to be read on the wall of the central room of the old Rathaus : 



" Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 

u Cf. M. A. Pastorius, Kurice Bcschrcibung Des H. R. Reichs Stadt 
Windsheim, and also in later more condensed form Franconia Rcdiviva in 
the chapter entitled "Chronica Des H. Rom. Reichs Stadt Windsheim," pp. 
315-340. 

" Cf. his Chronographia, fol. 492. 



The Founder of Germantown 55 

"Pharamundus der Francken Herr / 
Bath vier gelehrter Manner sehr / 
Um G'setz dem Volck zu statuirn 
Nach den' sichs hatt zu regulirn 
Windegast der verstandig Mann / 
Fieng Windsheim dmf zu bauen an." 

The town became an imperial city ("Reichs-Stadt") in 1172 
by a decree of Friedrich Barbarossa, who granted it the "Privi- 
legia Libertatis." M. A. Pastorius describes the city as having 
consisted of an inner or older town, surrounded by a wall, the 
remains of which were visible in his time, and the outer town, 
which was added to the older part in 1424 for protection in the 
Hussite wars. In 1410 bridges of squares of red sandstone were 
erected on the road toward Lenckersheim. The first watchtower 
was built on the Weinberg in 1428. In 1555 large stone bridges 
were built over the Aisch to secure the Royal Road, or King's 
Highway (Via Regia), for travelers. There were three gates: 
The "Rotenburger Thor," the "See-Thor," and the "Johannser- 
Thor," all of which were fortified with towers and defenses in 
1587. The thick wall was surrounded by a double water-moat. 
As early as 1582 a tile roof was constructed over the wall, so the 
inhabitants could go around it sheltered from the weather. The 
original Rathaus, built very early of wood, was enlarged in 1564 
and renovated and painted in 1580. 

The city contained in Pastorius' time five churches and 
chapels : 

1. Die Pfarr-Kirche S. Kiliani, begun in 1190. 

2. Die Hospital-Kirche zum Heiligen Geiste, built 13 18. 

3. Die Capella B. M. Virginis im See, built 1403. 

4. Die Capell Aller-Heiligen im Haug, the oldest structure 

in Windsheim, then no longer in use. 

5. Die Capell der Karnder (Karnter), founder not known, 

not in use. 
A sixth church, founded by Albrecht von Gailing in 1291, 
was turned over to the city council in 1525 ; and its collection of 



56 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

93 books made the nucleus of the City Library, 14 which numbers 
now (1903) some d.ooo volumes. This library is one of the 
most valuable among the provincial collections of books in Ger- 
man v. its archives running back to 1400. In Pastorius' time the 
city had a German school ("Deutsche Schule") and a Latin 
school (Gymnasium). Both schools were in a flourishing condi- 
tion, much attention being given to education. 15 

The inner administration of Windsheim is described by M. 
A. Pastorius as "almost aristocratic, yet with a certain inclination 
toward democracy." 16 

Among the notable events 17 which Pastorius must have wit- 
nessed in Windsheim, his father mentions the following: 

1659. February 16. — Leopold King of Hungary and Bohe- 
mia arrived in Windsheim with his cousin Leopold Wilhelm, 
Archbishop of Austria, and remained there two days. 

1663. October 21. — Margrave Christian Ernst and Georg 
Albrecht of Brandenburg with their spouses and a retinue of sixty 
horse visited the city and gave a collation in the Ramminger 
House. Count Christian von Hohenlohe and Count von Castell 
were present. Seven pieces of artillery of the "See-Pastey" sa- 
luted them on their arrival and departure. 

U664. January 19. — The Elector of Trier, Carl Caspar von 



" Cf. M. A. Pastorius, Franconia Rediviva, p. 322 ff. 

15 Cf. M. A. Pastorius, Kurtcc Bcschrcibung Dcs Reichs Stadt Windsheim, 
p. 61 ff. 

""Diesc Stadt wird fast Aristocratish, jedoch cum aliquali declinatione 
ad Dcmocratiam guberniret, durch zwey Raths-Collegia, ein Inneres und ein 
es: Das Innere bestehet in 13. und das aussere in 12. Personen, 
untcr denen in jedem Collegio 4. Burgemeistere. Die Innere erwohlen die 
aussere, die aussere Herren aber wcrden von beeden Collegiis conjunctim ge- 
wohlet aus dor Burgerschafft." {Franconia Rediviva, p. 32 

" In 1632 many of the great figures of the Thirty Years' War met in 
Windsheim: "1632. Mense Julio der Schwedische Generalissimus Carolus 
Gustaphus Pfaltzgraffc bey Rhein. Carl Ludwig, Churfiirst zu Heydelberg, 
und scin Bruder Philippus. Item zween Pfaltzgrafen von Sultzbach. Zween 
Marggrafen von Baaden. Item die Generales Axel, Lilic, Dugglas, Horn, 
(■rat Magnus de la Garde, General Wrangel etc., etc." (franconia Rediviva, 
P- 335) 



7) 

-i 
to 

m 

M 
H 

cn 
n 

M 
Z 

w 




4k 
W 





The Founder of Germantown 57 

der Lay, with a hundred and sixty horse spent the night in the 
city. 

1664. January 26. — The Prince von Fiirstenberg of Pa- 
derborn went around the wall on foot with a hundred horse. 

1664. May 28. — Christoph Bernhard of the House of Ge- 
leen, Bishop of Minister, lodged in Windsheim with sixty horse. 

The weather conditions and fire department of Windsheim 
are graphically reflected in the following account of a storm 
which occurred May 3, 1666. We give it in Melchior Adam 
Pastorius' own words : 

"1666. Den 3. May gantz zu Abends war zu Windsheim ein 
sehr grausames Donner-Wetter, dass von denen vielen Blitzen es 
schiene, als ob die gantze Stadt im Feuer stunde, endlich schlug ein 
grosser Schiibel Feuer zu oberist, in den Pfarr-Thurn, der Flurer, 
so zu Wetter leutete, blieb vom Halle tod, bald darauf fieng der 
Thurn an von obenherab zu brennen, und hatte man zwo Stunden 
lang zu thun, bisz man das Feuer dampffete. Auswendig konte 
man mit keiner Wasser-Kunst hinauf langen, inwendig war es so eng, 
dasz nur eintzelte Personen iibereinander auf der Laitern stehen 
konten, da trug man alle die Milch aus dem Hospital und sonst zu- 
sammen, diese reichte man in ledernen Eymern einander zu, und 
warff der letztere die leere Eymer durch die Luft hinunter, bisz das 
Feuer endlich mit Gottes Hulffe gedampffet wurde." 18 

Unlike Sommerhausen, Windsheim has been the prey of fire 
and of the ravages of time. The old City Hall and other build- 
ings in the centre of the city were burned and rebuilt, and the 
splendid wall of Pastorius' time has almost entirely disappeared. 
Notwithstanding these changes much of the city still stands, re- 
taining its antique appearance, as the accompanying views will 
show. 

At the time of his father's removal from Sommerhausen to 
Windsheim in 1658, Pastorius was a boy not yet seven years old, 
just ready to attend school. He entered the Latin School, or 
Gymnasium, and felt the reviving touch of humanism in the 
person of its Rector, Tobias Schumberg, a Hungarian, who, un- 



! Cf. Franconia Rediviva, pp. 333-334- 



Frs. 

•eak German fluent]} hi* pupil* I 

Latin. In his Genealogical Sketch Pastorius gives the following 
:nt of his study in this Gymnasium: 

"Jn Winsheim J ha ; j twentj 

more young Karl*. Baroiu - Childn 

I then an excellent K im, by 

nanii- : . ; Hungarian by birth, who could 

Dutch [German], so tl at it was not allow 'd ; 
other Language but the Latin. &c 

It has not been exactly determined when Schuml 
r of the Gymnasium at Windsheim. Melchior Adam 
llowing list of t! 

M. Job. iilg 

16 Tobias Schumbc 
8l Daniel Caspar Ja. ; 

the first date of Schumberg is left blank. 
R< S umberg was evidently a brilliant Latinist of the 

late Humanist type and an important character in the histc i 
the Windsheim Gymnasium. Melchior Adam Pastorius. the 
father of Francis Daniel, and Scholarch of Windsheim. 

nificant Latin anagrams and an acrostic t 
Rec; 

"Tobit 



HI 

Windshemium. salue ria, salue 

Cum Templo Verbum, cui 

.1 uiarum 
Hocque I Deo. 

is faciam qu;t -<d impia pellam 

rus amai 



" Cf A '"' s H. R. R h Windsheim, p. n. 

rob. 



The Founder of Germantown 59 

The second anagram runs as follows in the original : 

"Tobias Schvmbergivs Pannonivs 22 

Anagramma 

BONE BONVM PANGAS IVSSV CHRISTI. 

Ingenij Dotes Schumbergi ssepe probasti 

Chare Bonis, hinc te Gloria tuta manet. 
Vir Bone perge bonum tibi fcedus eu Ioue pangas 

Et iussu Christi commoda nostra iuues. 

Acrostichc 

Tantum quisque capit laudis mihi crede Tobia 

Optime, demonstrant quantum cuiusque Labores 

Blanda pares nunquam Fortuna negauit honores 

Ingenuis ausis, superi nihil absque labore 

Artibus addictis diuendunt adiuuat ausus 

Sobria mens, veroque ardens industria amore 

Sit Labor hinc cardi, Dominus post nubila Phcebum 

Credenti cordi reuehit, metuendaque mergit. 

Hinc iussis confide sacris sectansque labores 

Vir Bone perge Bonum tibi fcedus cum Ioue pangas 

Melleus et jussu Christi bona publica pandas 

Blanda docens Benefactor eris, studiumque iuuabis 

Et te Castalides redamabunt, addet Iesvs 

Robur, ut inceptum recta ratione geratur, 

Gaudia sic capies, ibisque per ora Virorum 

Iustorum, Phcebusque tuos resonabit honores 

Vines sic vindex Virtutum, olimque beatus 

Sedibus sethereis sancita salaria [ ?] sumes." 

Still another Latin poem by Melchior Adam Pastorius attests 
the esteem in which the Hungarian family was held in Windsheim: 

"In Fatum Inopinatum 
Tautoque id durius, quanto prasmaturius 
Svsannje Margaretha; Shumbergianae. 23 

Quid fletis natam, quam scitis ad Astra leuatam 

Sit licet orba Solo, gestit at ilia Polo. 
Spes equidem flentum fuit ilia tenella Parentum 

Intar formosae splenduit atque Rosas 



1 Cf. Itiiwrarium, p. 74b. 
' Cf. Itincrarium, p. 94a. 



Co Franck Daniel Pastorius 

Blandaque subrisit, quoties Pater Hancce reuisit 

Perfixitque oculis carda [ ?] paterna suis 
Tolibus at cunctis docuit nos ordine punctis 

Quod nihil hacce domo stabile gestet Homo 
Omnis in hoc aeuo spes est plenissima naeuo. 

Spinis formosa: cinctaque forma Rosas 
Et breuis est Risus, prius euolat quam bene visus 

Per momenta Oculus clauditur ipse tuus. 
Talibu ' rebus multis superesse diebus 

Nostra Susanna nequit. Margaris Astra petit 
Hinc pie Schumbergi quid fles hanc funere mergi 

Terra? splendori praetulit ipsa mori. 
Quam gemis ablatam nosti super aethera natam 

Quae nunc Angelici pars micat usque Chori 
Idque scias tutus quod tu quoque morte solutus 

Alloquio Xatae saspe fruere tuae 
Interea totus tua consolatio iesvs 

Discutiat lachrimas a facie Ipse tuas." 

The poetic epistle written by Francis Daniel Pastorius to his 
old preceptor Schumberg, Rector of the Gymnasium at Winds- 
heim, may be regarded both as a tribute of respect and devotion 
and a modest effort on the part of the disciple to emulate the 
Latin style of the preceptor. The Latinity of the epistle shows 
that the master's instructions produced fluency and graceful 
rhythm at least, and may serve us as a choice specimen of the 
Latin style of the great German pioneer in America: 

"Liters Francisci Danielis Pastorii, 

ex Pensylvania. 

Ad Tobiam Schumbergium, quondam 

Praeceptorem suum. 

De Mundi Vanitate. 2 * 

VAle Mundi gemebundi colorata Gloria 
Tua bona, tua dona sperno transitoria 
Quae cxtcrne. hodierne, splendent pulchra facie, 
Cras vanescunt & liquescunt sicut Sal in glacie. 

! sunt Reges? quorum I eges terror sunt mortalibus, 
Multi Locis atque focis latent infernalibus. 
Ubi Yani, crine cani Maximi Pontifices? 



" Ci.Umstandige Geographischc Bcschreibung Der :u allcrlct:t erfundenen 
rroviutz Pensylvaniae. i;oo. pp. 62-63. 



r 



» tea* N^P 




^K J* 




R*' — ' .^tifl 




rffjMH 








Hr?2 H ^w ^^ 




I'tSsJI i-^^ 




mAHJ L^nR _ 


1 i i : 



The Founder of Germantown 61 

Quos honorant & adorant Cardinales supplices. 
Quid periti? Eruditi sunt Doctores Artium, 
Quid sunt Harum, vel Illarum studiosi partium? 
Ubi truces Belli Duces? Capita militise? 
Quos accendit & defendit rabies ssevitiae. 
Tot & tanti, quanti quanti, umbra sunt & vanitas, 
Omne Horum nam Decorum brevis est inanitas. 
Qui vixerunt, abierunt, restant sola Nomina, 
Tanquam stata atque rata nostrse sortis Omina. 
Fuit Cato, fuit Plato, Cyrus, Croesus, Socrates, 
Periander, Alexander, Xerxes & Hippocrates, 
Maximinus Constantinus, Gyges, Anaxagoras, 
Epicurus, Palinurus, Dsemonax, Pythagoras. 
Caesar fortis, causa mortis, tot altarum partium, 
Ciceronem & Nasonetn nil juvabat Artium. 
Sed Hos cunctos jam defunctos tempore pra?terito, 
Non est e re, recensere. Hinc concludo merito : 
Qui nunc degunt, atque regunt Orbem hujus seculi, 
Mox sequentur, & labentur velut Schema speculi. 
Et dum mersi universi sunt in mortis gremium, 
Vel Infernum, vel sternum sunt capturi premium. 
Hincce Dei jesv mei invoco Clementiam, 
Vt Is sursum, cordis cursum ducat ad Essentiam, 
Trinitatis, quae Beatis summam dat Lastitiam." 25 

These Latin poems to Schumberg are introduced here to 

suggest the Latin atmosphere of the Gymnasium of Windsheim 

in which Pastorius acquired his preparation for the university. 

Pastorius dedicated to his old preceptor Schumberg his first book 

bearing an American imprint, entitled : 

Vier kleine | Doch ungemeine | Und sehr nutzliche | Tractatlein 
| * * * * Germanopoli | Anno Christi M.DC.XC. 20 



"That this Latin epistle attracted attention among Pastorius' fellow Ger- 
mans in America even after his death, is seen from a cony of the major 
part of the letter found written in David Schultze's copy of Christoph Sauer's 
Calendar for 1756, now in the possession of Ex-Governor Samuel W. Penny- 
packer, who kindly permitted the writer to compare the text with the original 
print. The copy was evidently made from the Beschreibung, as it agrees, as 
far as copied, with the print, except that the Schultze copy has "Preceptorem'' 
in the title. 

Two MS. copies of this poem are extant, one in F. D. P., the other in the 
Beehive. The F. D. P. copy exhibits very considerable variants, and seems to 
be an original draft of the poem. 

M The imprint, "Germanopoli," is generally recognized to be fictitious. 
(Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of Germantown, Pennsylvania, ete., 
pp. 118, 121.) 



62 Francis Daniel Pastoriits 

Another indication of the intellectual alertness of Winds- 
heim at this period is found in the rich collection of books stored 
in the library previously referred to in this chapter. Here are 
found many vellums that bespeak the scholastic intelligence re- 
flected by Schumberg. Among the books of particular interest 
to us are a copy of Tentzel's series of publications, Monatliche 
Unterredungen dinger guten Freunde von allcrhand Buchern und 
andern annemlichen Geschichten, etc. (1689-1706), containing 
the earlier accounts of Francis Daniel Pastorius 27 describing the 
province of Pennsylvania and the conditions in the new world, 
the original manuscript draft of Melchior Adam Pastorius' 
Beschrcibung des H. Reichs Stadt IVindshcim- 8 and a printed 
copy of his Fasciculus Rhytluuoruni-'' 

The association of Pastorius with the sons of many old and 
influential German families, while a student at the Gymnasium 
of Windsheim, must have been of inestimable advantage to him 
in after years, had he remained to practice his profession in his 
native land. It is clear that he enjoyed the best educational op- 
portunities which his country afforded, and that he must have 
had his eyes opened to the newest knowledge demanded by those, 
who were afterwards to take foremost rank in the world of 
affairs. 

At the University. 

The German student of the seventeenth century had two 
peri<«k of journeying ( "Wander jahre" ) — the years at various 
universities, and the years of foreign travel, the "Grand Tour." 
The university study was not confined to one institu- 
1. but was pursued at a number of universities as 
at the present day. After finishing his university studies, 
the young Licentiate or Doctor went on a long journey 
into other lands to study the life and languages of 

:I Cf. Julius Gocbel, Zwei unbekannte Briefe von Pastorius (German 
American Annals, N. S. II, 492-303). 

Life of Francis Daniel Pastorius. p. 43. 

"Cf. Life of Francis Daniel Pastoiius, p. 42. 



z 




The Founder of Germantown 63 

other peoples before entering upon his professional or academic 
career at home. Thus men like Martin Opitz, Paul Fleming, 
Andreas Gryphius spent the most profitable years of their lives 
in travel. The countries usually visited were Holland, France, 
Italy, Switzerland and England. Even the father of Pastorius 
visited most of these countries and we shall find Pastorius him- 
self taking a Grand Tour with Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck. 
Pastorius attended four great universities of his time — Alt- 
dorf, Strassburg, Basel, Jena — beginning and finishing his studies 
at his home university, Altdorf. It has been possible, with the 
sources still extant, to trace with considerable detail his course at 
these universities. 

1. At the University of Altdorf. 

In the year 1668 Pastorius left Windsheim to enter the uni- 
versity of Altdorf. Here he matriculated with three of his fellow 
Windsheimers, July 31, as the following entry in the Matricula- 
tion Book 30 of the old university of Altdorf will show : 

"M. Iulio. 

31. Johannes Matthaeus Stellwag. ~\ 

Johan. Joachimus Merckling. (■ Windshemio-Franci 
Georg. Leonhartus Modelius ) 
Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, Somerhusanus. 31 
10916 [Number of matriculant]." 



30 The Matriculation Book of the University of Altdorf is now found 
in the Library of the University of Erlangen, where the Librarian kindly and 
most promptly placed them at the disposal of the writer in 1903. The heading 
under the year 1668 runs thus : 

Designatio | Studiosorum, qui sub | Rectoratu Plurimum Reverendi 
atque Excellentissimi | Viri. Dn. M. Lucas Friederici Reinharti S. S. Theol. 
I Prof. Publici et Ecclesiaj Ministri S. Sunt inscripti a. d. 29 | Junii 1668. 
usque ad. d. 30 Junii, 1669. 

The Matriculation Book has the following title : 

In Nomine Nostri | Jesu Christi | Matricula ] Facultatis Juridicae | in 
Universitate | Altdorphina| Feliciter incipit | Ao Chi. | MDCXXIII [A copy 
of the original is found in the Germanic Museum in Nurnberg.] 

51 According to custom Pastorius matriculated as from Sommerhausen, 
the place of his birth. This explains the term "Somerhusanus." 



64 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

The university of Altdorf, or "Niirnberg University of Alt- 
dorf," as it was often called, had its origin in Niirnberg in the 
epoch of the Reformation, when the old city of Niirnberg was 
the centre of German handicraft and poesy under the influence 
of Albrecht Diirer and Hans Sachs. The institution had five dis- 
tinct stages of evolution : 

1. The Gymnasium Aegidium in Niirnberg, organized by 
Philipp Melanchthon, the great colleague of Martin Luther, in 
1526. Among the early teachers in the Gymnasium were Joach. 
Camerarius, Hel. Eoh. Hessus, Mich. Roting, Joh. Schoner and 
Joh. Boschenstein. 

2. The Gymnasium at Altdorf, 1571-1575. With the decline 
of the Gymnasium in Niirnberg it was found advisable to move 
the school to the country. The proposal was made by Camerarius 
from Leipzig. Three places were suggested : Hersbruck, Engel- 
thal and Altdorf. The last named was selected. The first Rector 
of the Altdorf Gymnasium was Valentin Erythraeus. who was 
called from Strassburg. The old Gymnasium in Niirnberg passed 
from a "Quadrivial" to a "Trivial" School. 

3. The Altdorf Academy. In 1578 the Altdorf Gymnasium 
was granted academic privileges and in 1580 reinaugurated as 
an academy, with Philipp Camerarius, son of the above mentioned 
Joachim, as its first Procancellarius. and Joh. Thorn. Freights as 
its first Rector. 

4. The University of Altdorf. The number of students at 
the Altdorf academy in the years 1 620-1 621 rose to some seven 
hundred. Accordingly the city fathers of Niirnberg in 1622 re- 
quested and obtained of Emperor Ferdinand II. the privilege 
of raising the academy to the rank of a university with authority 
to grant degrees in the faculties of Philosophy, Law and Medi- 
cine. The university was formally inaugurated in 1623. 

5. The Completion of the University by the Addition of the 
Faculty of Theology. The privilege of granting degrees in The- 
ology, at first withheld because of the turmoil of the Thirty 



i\y- 







The University ok Altdorf in 1723. 
(From " Acta Sacrorum Saecularium ". ) 




The University of Altdorf in 1795. 
( With the addition of the Front Building. ) 



The Founder of Germantozvn 65 

Years' War, was finally given in 1696, thus completing the four 
faculties of the university. 

Thus we have the explanation why the great city of Niirn- 
berg, the centre of German culture in the sixteenth century, had 
no university within its walls. It had a university, but this was 
located at Altdorf. Hence the term: "Nurnbergische Universi- 
tat" for the University of Altdorf. 

The University of Altdorf in Pastorius' time was one of the 
foremost academic schools of Germany, attracting to its halls not 
only the most select youth of Bavaria and neighboring countries, 
but from foreign lands as well. Students came from France, 
Lorraine, England, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, 
Prussia, Livonia, Bohemia, Hungary, Transilvania and even 
from Greece and Egypt. 32 Here the afterwards famous Wallen- 
stein of Schiller's great drama Wallenstein matriculated under 
his proper name Waldstein in the year 1599, as the following 
record shows : 

D. 29. Aug. 1599. Albertus a Waldstein, Baro Boh. [Dux 
Megapolitanus factus tandem violentam (sic!) mortem obiit 
Egras 1634, 15. Febr.] 33 

The house in which Waldstein lived was still standing in 1903 
much as it looked in 1600. Many anecdotes of Wallenstein's 
career as a student have been published by Wills. 34 Some fifty 
princes, counts and barons had been enrolled from the beginning 
of the university to Pastorius' time. Among them was the name 
of Franciscus, Baron in Limpurg, godfather of Pastorius. The 
university celebrated in grand style its centennial, in 1723, after 
the manner of Wittenberg (1704), Frankfurt-an-der-Oder 



"Cf. Wills, Geschichte u. Beschreibung, p. 141. 

83 Cf. Georg Andreas Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Niirnbergi- 
schen Universitdt Altdorf. Altdorf, 1795, p. 142. The note in brackets was 
added by Wills. 

M In Historisch-Diplomatisches Magazin fur das Vaterland und angren- 
sende Gegenden, I, 221 ff. 



66 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

(1706), Giessen (1707), Leipzig (1709), and Rinteln (1721). 
The account of the centennial was printed in a separate tome, 35 
with a number of fine copper engravings. The prosperity of the 
university of Altdorf began t< 1 wane after the founding of the uni- 
versities of Halle, Gottingen and Erlangen, and was finally dis- 
continued or rather transferred and united with Erlangen in 
1809. The old buildings still stand at Altdorf in a good state of 
preservation, little changed in external appearance, but are now 
used as a Paedagogium or Teachers' Seminary. A number of 
views will illustrate the buildings as they appeared in Pastorius' 
tune and later. 

The inner life of the university in the time of Pastorius will 
be of interest here. The Rector at the time of Pastorius' matricu- 
lation was Lucas Friedrich Reinhart. He was succeeded by Ernst 
Cregel (1669), Moritz Hoffmann (1670). The Rector in 1673, 
when Pastorius entered Altdorf the second time, was Johann Con- 
rad Diirr. The Dean who presided at bis disputation was Johann 
Anton Geiger, J. U. D. The Procancellarius for the years 1666- 
1692, including the period of Pastorius' studies, was Magnus Fet- 
zer. 

\Yills ::,; gives the list of Rectors for the years 1668-1676 as 

follows : 

Lukas Friedrich Reinhart. 
D. Ernst Cregel. 
I). Moritz 1 [offmann. 
Christoph M< lit 
Johann Conrad Diirr. 



"The book has the following title: 

Ana I Sacrorvm Saecvlarium qvae Favente I Deo Immortali | svb | 
Avspicatissimo Gloriosissimoqve Impend | Caroli VI | Avgvstissimi atqve 
Invictissimi | Romanorvm Imperatoris i on Avctoritate et Mvnificentia | 
Norimbergensis I A. D. Ill Kal. Qvinctil. A. S. R. 
CI3I0CCXXIII I Pio Solenniqve Ritv | Celebravit | Academia Altorfina. | 
Excvdebat | Iodoc. Gvil. Kohlesivs Acad. Typogr. 

A copy of this book is to be found in the Library of the University of 
Pennsylvania. 

Geschiehte und Beschreibung, p. 41; also Acta Sacrorum Saecula- 
rium, fol. 56. 



The Founder of Germantown 67 

D. Georg Reichart Hammer. 
D. Jakob Pancratius Bruno. 
Johann Christoph Sturm. 
D. Johann Saubertus. 

The faculties of Altdorf were composed of many men of 
world-wide fame. The Professors of Jurisprudence 37 were par- 
ticularly noted for their erudition. It is only necessary to men- 
tion the names of Joh. Thorn. Freigius ; Hubert Giphanius (or 
von Giffen), jurist, philologian and philosopher all in one; Hugo 
Donellus (or Doneau), of Chatillon-sur-Saone, France; Peter 
Wesenbeck, of Antwerp, who won renown in Jena and Leipzig; 
Scipio Gentilis, an Italian and pupil of Donellus ; Conrad and 
Nikolaus Rittershausen, father and son; Matthias Hiibner, the 
Pommeranian; Wilhelm Ludwell (or Ludweil), whose opinion 
was sought by nearly every court of the empire; Ernst Cregel, :!s of 
Pastorius' own time, who had been the first Professor of Public 
Law at Altdorf since 1657, Altdorf having had the distinction of 
being the first university in Germany to establish a separate chair 
for Public Law (Jus Publicum) ; and Christoph Wagenseil, who 
received a pension from Louis XIV., King of France, was a great 
authority on Rabbinical lore, the inventor of the "Wassertretter," 
and author of an encyclopedia, Pcra Librorwn Iuvenilium, in six 
volumes. 

The professors of Pastorius' time at Altdorf who were most 
prominent were: Reinhart (Theology, died 1688); Hoffmann 
(Medicine, d. 1698); Diirr (Ethics, Poetry and Theology, d. 
1677) ; Cregel (Jurisprudence, d. 1674) ; Molitor (Oriental Lan- 
guages, d. 1674); Bruno (Medicine); Textor (Jurisprudence, 
called to Heidelberg, 1673) ; Wagenseil (Jurisprudence and Ori- 
ental Languages, d. 1705) ; Sturm (Physics and Mathematics, 



" The details of the careers of Altdorf's great jurists may be found in 
Vitae Professorum Iuris qui in Accidentia Altorfitta inde ab eius iactis funda- 
mentis vixerunt descriptae a C. S. Zeidler. Xor 1786, 1787. 4. 

3 * Cregal married the widow of the Augsburg patrician Anton Welser, 
who died in 1642. Cf. Wills, Geschichte und Bcschrcibung, p. 293. 



68 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

(1. 1704); Hammer (Jurisprudence, d. 1697); Saubert (Theol- 
ogy, d. 1688) ; Linck (Jurisprudence, d. 1696) ; Geiger (Juris- 
prudence, d. 1685) ; Moller (Oriental Languages and History, d. 
17 12). Pastorius mentions Reinhart, Diirr, Linck, and Geiger 
particularly in his manuscript accounts. 

The custom of requiring the students to take the oath was 
in vogue at Altdorf. A different form of oath was administered 
to the students of the several faculties — one for Law, another for 
Medicine, still another for Theology, and even for the Masters 
and Poets Laureate. The following was the oath required of 
jurists: 

"Iuramentum Candidatorum in utroque lure. 

Ego N. N. juro, me ornamenta Docturae, posteaquam ea hodie 
accepero, nequaquam amplius petiturum, nee ultro, a quibuscunque 
oblata, denuo recepturum: Largitione illicita, profusioneve, honoris 
huius consequendi gratia, nee usum esse, nee posthac usurum : 
Inclytae Reipubl. Norimbergensis, ut et Vniversitatis Altorphinas, 
filice ipsius, Ordinis praesertim Iurisconsultorum, honorem, commoda, 
utilitatem, quovis loco, quocunque tempore, pro virili procuraturum : 
dignitatem comiter conservatarum : ornamenta honorum, a Iuriscon- 
sultis tribui solita, non collaturum, nee consensurum, ut tribuantur ei, 
quern eius gradus decore indignum ex fide mea arbitratus fuero : Nee 
etiam communi auctoritate probatum, sine consensu voluntateque 
ordinis, insignibus aucturum. Quod superest, boni viri officio in 
legibui potissimum interpretandis, jure respondendo, profitendo, ad- 
vocando, agendo, defendendo, judicando, functurum: uti id juris, 
jequitatis, justitseque consultum facere oportet et par est. Ita me 
Deus adjuvet!" 8 ' 

Students at Altdorf seem to have enjoyed very unusual 
academic freedom, especially in the earlier period. The excessive 
"Pennalismus," which had assumed alarming proportions, was 
quite effectually checked at Altdorf by the radical measures insti- 
tuted against it in 1661, so that students were less subject to in- 
humanities than before. Traces of it were still in vogue, however, 



x Ci. Wills, Geschichte und Besckreibung, p. 366. 

A elimpsc into the academic life of Altdorf can be found in B. Hartmann's 
Kulturbilder aus Altdorfs akademischer Vergangenheit (in Mitt. d. Ver. f. 
d. Gesch. d. Stadt Xurttberg. iS 



O to 

5 5° 



3 >- 






tfi 



-.i", ( 




The Founder of Germantown 69 

in Pastorius' time, as he speaks of the students initiating novices 
"with abundance of impertinent ceremonies." The career penal- 
ties were less severe here than at other universities. The life at 
Altdorf was especially agreeable, and living cheap. The climate 
was most favorable and the vicinity even romantic, because of its 
beautiful walks, such as the Via Philosophica, Via Scipionis, Via 
ad Ruperti Fonticulum, Poetewwaldgen, Lowengrube, and 
Pfaffcntlwl. 40 The dress of professors and students before the 
second half of the seventeenth century was very simple. The wig 
was not worn by the professors before 1650. Even as late as 
1671 the students demolished the wig which one of their number 
ventured to wear. The wig, however, came into vogue in the last 
decades of the seventeenth century. Both professors and students 
wore red gowns even to the lectures, and the older students car- 
ried swords and canes. The radical change in the costume about 
Pastorius' time may explain his leaving the university in 1673 to 
go to Jena, as he says, because "not liking the place for some 
reasons." 

The economy of Altdorf student life in the seventeenth cen- 
tury must have been strikingly in contrast with that at most uni- 
versities of to-day. In 1785 Professor Konig wrote that the Alt- 
dorf student could procure the necessaries, exclusive of clothing, 
for 300 florins a year, could live well for 400 florins, and sumptu- 
ously for 500 florins. 41 

The Altdorf students had little social diversion in the way 
of amusements, except such as they extemporized in amateur per- 
formances, and dances. 

The spirit of Altdorf seems to have been exceptionally good. 
Wills writes more than a century after Pastorius' time even of 
the professors, that they had always lived harmoniously together 
and that the lecture room never became here, as at many other 
universities, a scene of personal hostility. 



" Cf. Wills, Gcschichte und Beschreibung, p. 41. 

" Cf. Das akademische Lchrbuch fiir studierende Junglinge. Nurnberg, 
17S5, p. 406 ff., and Wills, Gcschichte und Beschreibung, p. 273. 



jo Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Pastorius gives the following brief but interesting account of 
Id- entrance to the university of Altdorf : 

"Anno [668. the 31st of July J went with some others to the 
University of Altdorf, there to be Jnnitiated among Students (which 
they call Deponiren,) giving to those Novices with abundance of im- 
pertinent Ceremonies the Salt of Wisdom, Sal Sapientia;, &c. and ario 
[670. the 11th of August to the University of Strassburg, where J 
studied the Laws & likewise made a beginning to learn French." 42 

The "some others" mentioned by Pastorius were, of course, 
the three Windsheimers, Stellwagen, Mercklein and Modelius, 

who matriculated the same day. Just what Paste Tins studied at 
Altdorf he dues not tell us in detail, but the fact that he specifies 
the "Laws" as his chief study at Strassburg would lead us to be- 
lieve that he devoted himself to a more general curriculum, law 
and the humanities, at Altdorf, the course quite generally pursued 
by German students in their first years at the university, and one 
to be strongly recommended to American students of our own 
time. 

2. At the I 'niversity of Strassburg. 

According to the above cited account Pastorius left Altdorf 
in 1670 and entered the university of Strassburg in Alsace. 

The Strassburg Matriculation Book contains the following 
entry : 

"Matricula Studiosorum Philosophic 
98. S. R. Saltzmann D. 
1670 
Sept. 2 [2929] " 18. Johannes Matthaeus Stellwagen, Winds- 
heimio-Francus 
2 (2930) 19 Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, Somerhu- 
sano-Francus."" 



,: Cf. Beehive, p. 222. It will be noticed that Pastorius has translated 
the Latin Jura, German Rechte, literally by the English plural "Laws," to 
designate both kinds of law, Canon Law and Civil Law, a conception still 
surviving in our title LL.D., Doctor of Laws, and the more discriminating 
English titles D.Cn.L. and D.C.L. 

Xumber supplied here from the series by the present writer. 

44 Cf. Die alt en Matrikeln dcr Vu trassburg 1621 6m iro.?. bcar- 

beitet 7-0)1 Gustav C. Kiiod. Strassburg, Trubner, 1897 (I. 364). 



as 3 

3 ^ 

~. pi 

ft So 

•5 h 



a. h 

r» SO 

3" "C 
ft 

H 5 

o 

3 O 




The Founder of Germantoivn 71 

He informs us in an imprinted manuscript 45 account that he 
went to Strassburg with Stellwagen and Rosstauscher and took 
lodging and meals at the house of Johann Gumprecht. The same 
manuscript contains two accounts of his university study, one a 
more general sketch, the other full of interesting detail, 46 from 
which we draw the following facts : 

After matriculating under Rector Magnificus Saltzmann, 
September 2, 1670, he began, September 28, a course in the Insti- 
tutes ("Collegium Instit") given by Ulrici ; October 3, another 
in Ethics and Politics by Reinhard ; in November he began to 
take French instruction of Monsieur Ritter; January 16, 1671, a 
course in the Institutes by Obrecht; March 16 he took lodgings 
with the Bookseller (Antiquarius) and meals with Frau Lucretia, 
but soon returned to Gumprecht, where he continued till his de- 
parture from Strassburg. In the months of April and May he 
continued his French lessons with Monsieur Mirabeau. On the 
13th of August he, together with Reinhard and Mercklein, began 
private lessons with Dd. Schmaltz, paying 22 Reichsthaler f < >r 
the year. 

At Strassburg he entered a new academic atmosphere, for 
this city then, as in Goethe's time and to some extent even now, 
formed the cultural gateway between the German and French 
speaking peoples, in a word, between Germany and Western Gaul. 
That the French traditions were then strong in Strassburg is 
apparent from the fact that Pastorius devoted much time to the 
study of the French language, with the evident determination to 
master it, for he kept up the study till the end of his stay in 
Strassburg, taking instruction of three teachers: Ritter, Mirabeau, 
Dutrue and possibly also Schmaltz, although he does not say ex- 
plicitly that the "privat Information" given by Schmaltz was 
French. 



45 Francisci Daniclis Pastori; Res Profriae, now in the possession of the 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 

" Entitled : "Additamenta zu vorgehendem meinem Lebens-Lauff von 
pag. 5-" 



~2 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

It will be noted that Pastorius matriculated in the Faculty 
of Philosophy at Strassburg, although he distinctly states that he 
"studied the Laws." While he may have devoted some time to 
strictly philosophical courses, we find him busy from first to last 
with Jurisprudence. In addition to the courses in the Institutes 
under Ulrici and Obrecht, and the course in Ethics and Politics 
under Reinhard, he seems to have laid particular stress on the 
course in Public Law (Jus Publicum) under Bockler. He refers 
to this as of service to him later in his study of the Imperial Code 
at Regensburg, where the Imperial Diet was held : 

"J travelled unto Regenspurg, where the Diet of the Empire was 
then kept [held], in order to be the fullier instructed in Jure publico, 
whereof J formerly was taught some certain principles by the re- 
nowned Dr. Bockler at Strassburg." 47 

3. At the University of Basel. 

Pastorius states that he "visited" the University of Basel in 
July, 1672: 

"July 13th 1672 made a tour with Mercklein, Litzheimer and 
Reichmann to Schlettstatt, Colmar and Basel." 

It would appear from the use of the word "tour" ("Reis") 
and the fact that he took up a three months' course of French 
with Dutrue in Strassburg in the following August, that he must 
have returned to Strassburg by early August. He employed the 
English term "visited" evidently to translate the German "hospi- 
tierte," i. c, attended lectures without matriculating. This is 
further corroborated by our failure to find his name among the 
matriculants of the University of Basel. 47a In his own account of 
the journey to Basel he relates an incident which affords an inter- 

" Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 

" a Basel, den 16. Januar 1904. 

Herrn Marion D. Learned, Philadelphia, beehre ich mich ergebenst mit- 
zuteilen. dass der Name Franciscus Daniel Pastorius in den Jahren 1665-1676 
in der Matrikel nicht vorkommt. 

Hochachtungsvollst 

Dr. C. Ch. Bernoulli. Oberbibliothekar. 



■f. 

H 



(/! 




The Founder of Germantown 73 

esting view of the propaganda made by Roman Catholics to re- 
claim Protestants. It is quite likely that the Prior in this case 
was aware that Pastorius' family had apostosized and gone over 
to the Lutheran confession. The account runs as follows: 

"Anno 1672. mense Julij J visited also the University of Basil, 
& was by the way (at Schletstadt) strangely attack'd by the Prior 
of a Monastery, to stay & to read over the Books of St. Augustin & 
these Patres that might convince me, &C." 48 

The incident reminds us of the futile effort of Pastorius' 
uncle, Johann Augustin Pastorius, and "some fiery Jesuits" to re- 
claim his father Melchior Adam Pastorius in Sommerhausen.' 49 

4. Again in Strassburg. 

In August, 1672, Pastorius began a three months' course in 
French under Monsieur Dutrue. September 10th Professor 
Bockler died in the midst of his lectures on Lampadius. Novem- 
ber 25th Pastorius left Strassburg with Mercklein, Tauber and 
Flach and arrived on the 7th of December in Windsheim, where he 
remained until the following April. 

5. Second Period at Altdorf. 

Having spent the winter 1672- 1673 at home, Pastorius re- 
turned. April 13th, to the University of Altdorf to continue his 
studies. He reached Altdorf April 14th and took lodgings with 
Heldmann and meals with Dr. Castner. Here he matriculated 
a second time under Rector Magnificus Johann Conrad 
Diirr. 50 In the Matriculation Book of Altdorf we find the fol- 
lowing entry for the year 1673 under date of April 16 : 

l6 73 
Aprilis 16. Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, Sommerhusa- 
Francus. 51 

[Xo. 11311] 



,! Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 
" Cf. Chapter I, p. 10. 

50 Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. 

51 Cf. Designated Studiosorum, etc., for 1673. 



74 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

This time he was matriculated as No. 11,311, showing that, 
since his first matriculation on the last day of July, 1668, five 
years before, 395 students had matriculated at the University of 
Altdorf. 

Either the old student life at Altdorf or the old student him- 
self, or both, had changed, for Pastorius was no longer contented 
with the uneventful life of the little university town. 

6. At the University of Jena. 

Accordingly he left in July to seek more congenial associa- 
te 'iis elsewhere. July 2nd he accompanied Burgomaster Biihler to 
Niirnberg and continued his journey thence, reaching Erfurt July 
8th, where lie visited the "simple nun," his aunt Rebecca, and 
arrived in Jena on the 13th of July. Here he took lodgings with 
Frau Hofrat .Mansonin and meals with the printer. Bauhoffer. 
He matriculated under Rector Magnificus Johann Frischmuth, 
the ( Irientalist. 

There seems to be a discrepancy between Pastorius' account 
of his going to Jena (July, 1673), anc l tne official record of the 
Matriculation Book of the University of Jena. The latter gives 
the date if bis matriculation as February 6, 1673, as the follow- 
ing letter from the Director of the Library at Jena informs us : 

Universitats-Bibliothek Jena. 
Herrn Marion D. Learned, Philadelphia, beehre ich mich miUu- 
theilen, dass in der Universitats-Matrikel folgender Eintrag sich 
vorfindet : 

Pastorius, Franz Daniel, aus Windsheim i/Franken. 6 Febr 
[673 

Der Direktor: 

Dr. Brandis. 
Jena 15/xii. 03 
Ausl. Xo. 440 

In Jena Pastorius continued his study of Jurisprudence 
under Dr. Linck and began the study of Italian. He has left 
the following brief summary of his doings at this time: 

"The 25th of November, eodem ario [1672] J returned to Wins- 



The Founder of Germantown 75 

heim, where J stay'd all that winter, and the next 13th of April 1673. 
J went again to Altdorff, but not liking the place for some reasons, 
left it the 2d of July, going to Nurnberg, thence to Erford, and 
so on to Jena, where J arrived the 13th of the aforesd month of July 
& continued the Study of the Laws, learning moreover of Dr. Carolo 
Caffa, the Jtalian Tongue, in which J publickly Disputed the 18th of 
April, 1674. upon some printed Theses inscrib'd dalle Leggi, as J had 
done before mense Januar. sub prxsidio Doctoris Linckij ad lib. 3. 
Pandectarum." 52 

In his "Additamenta" 53 he furnishes the following details, 
which we give in abstract : 

August 1st, after having made a short tour to Naumburg, 
he began lessons in fencing under Monsieur Ebart. On the 3d of 
August he began the study of Italian under Carlo Caffa, and on 
the 7th a course in Chiromancy (Chiromantik ) under Hopping. 
November 1st he entered a Collegium in Scotani Exerc. Juris by 
Dr. Heinrich Linck. In January, 1674, he disputed publicly Ad. 
Lib. 3 II, also under Linck. March 1st he went to the blind M. 
Schmidt for both lodging and meals. April iSth he disputed 
Dalle Leggi in the Italian language, as we have seen above. May 
13th he took a trip to Gotha, meeting Cancellarius there and 
others. June 1st he began courses under Dr. Tillemann Ad 
Schnobelium ad II and Fibigij Processum Jud. 

It will be a new and interesting fact to many that a student 
at the university of Jena disputed in the Italian language, and 
that such opportunities were afforded for the study of Italian at 
that time in Jena. The fact sheds much light upon the literary 
conditions of Germany at the time of the vogue of Marinism in 
the Second Silesian School of Poets — Hofmann von Hofmanns- 
waldau, Caspar von Lohenstein and their disciples. The case of 
Pastorius was then not an isolated one to be explained by the 
fondness of his father, like Goethe's father, for things Italian, 
but must rather be regarded as typical, reflecting the interest of 



1 Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 

' Cf . Res Propria?, p. nf. 



j6 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

the Jenensians in the Italian language and literature in the epoch 
of the Marinistic movement in German poetry. 

At Jena we see Pastorius rapidly approaching the close of 
his juristic studies, disputing under Dr. Linck, in January, 1674, 
and, as it appears, repeating the same disputation in Italian under 
Dr. Caffa on the 18th of the following April. 

7. At Regensburg. 

An important stage in Pastorius' studies, after leaving Jena, 
was his sojourn in Regensburg, where he had an opportunity to 
study the practice of the Imperial Code, as the Imperial Diet was 
convened in Regensburg at that time. His own account of the 
change from Jena to Regensburg and his return to Altdorf is quite 
explicit : 

"Having from hence [Jena] viewed Naumburg, Gotha and other 
Towns of that Countrey, J travelled unto Regenspurg, where the 
Diet of the Empire then was kept, 54 in order to be the fullier in- 
structed in Jure publico, whereof J formerly was taught some cer- 
tain principles by the renowned Dr. Bockler at Strassburg. So there- 
fore J lodged the greatest part with Dr. Volcker, Embassadour of 
Nurnberg and the rest of the Jmperial Cities of Frankenland." 35 

In the "Additamenta" he furnishes the following facts con- 
cerning his stay in Regensburg : 

"July 31st left Jena and August 4th arrived at Nurnberg. August 
10th reached Regensburg, took quarters in the Green Wreath ( 'im 
grunen Krantz') and went with a number of Secretaries to a widow 
for meals till October 1st, when I went to the family of the Nurn- 
berg Ambassador for both meals and lodging, where the Ambassa- 
dor and his wife treated me very kindly. Here I continued French 
with Louvs Brialmont for six months." 56 



" The word "kept" here is a Germanism, being a translation of the Ger- 
man word "gehalten." That the "Reichstag" (Imperial Diet) was in session 
is stated in the following: 

"Xachdem ich nun von daraus [Jena] Naumburg, Gotha etc. besehen, 
reisete ich 31. July, nach Regenspurg, umb auff dasclbstigem Reichstag Jura 
publics desto besser zu ergreiffen" (cf. Res Propriae, p. 6). 

65 Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 

" Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. The original is in German, but here translated 
into English. 



The Founder of Germantown 77 

In April of the next year (1675), after a sojourn of some 
eight months, Pastorius left Regensburg for Bayreut and Winds- 
heim, meeting his father and stepmother in Bayreut, as the fol- 
lowing account informs us : 

"April 16th 1675 left Regensburg by stage, arrived the 17th at 
Bayreut, found my last stepmother [there] and attended the wed- 
ding 57 of her sister. April 26 arrived mith my father and afore- 
mentioned stepmother at Winsheim." 58 

8. Third Period at Altdorf. 

After spending the remainder of the spring and summer of 
1675 at home in Windsheim, Pastorius went the following Sep- 
tember for the third time to the University of Altdorf to finish his 
study of Jurisprudence and take his doctorate or licentiate di- 
ploma. He gives the following succinct account of his last period 
at Altdorf : 

"Sept. 27. went to Altdorf, had meals with Dr. Linck and lodg- 
ing with Abr. Klinger, an armorer ("biichsenschiffter"). 

Nov. 10th began a course with Dr. Linck on Eckoltus and a 
"disputatorium iiber Exercitat Ludwelli." 

1676 March 29th, transferred my lodgings to the Kornerhansa. 
May 31. made a "circularem Disputat" under Dr. Linck. July 20 
went to Niirnberg because of sickness. Aug. 22 to Gnadenbfurg ?"], 
and Sept. 26 returned to Niirnberg. Oct. 26 appeared before the 
Dean Dr. Joh. Ant. Geiger and the other Jurists, also Nov. 2nd be- 
fore the Procancellarius Magnus Fetzer, after which the two exam- 
inations followed the 7th and 8th, and J disputed the 23d de rasura 
Documcntorttm for the doctorate." 59 

It will naturally seem strange that Pastorius on the eve of 



" More specific details of this wedding are given in the Genealogical 
Sketch : 

"Anno 1675. the 16th of April J rode the post to Bayreut, where Anna 
Maria Volckmafi's (the eldest Sister of my present Stepmother,) was cele- 
brating her Marriage with [Georgl Roth, Lehens-Secretarv of that Marquisate 
of Brandenburg, and thence in a Coach with my parents down to Winsheim" 
{Beehive, p. 223). 

" Cf. "Additamenta" (Res Propriae, p. 12). The original is in German. 

59 Cf. "Additamenta" (Res Propriae, p. 12). The original is in German. 



The Founder of Germantown 79 

Disputatio Inauguralis | De | Rasura Docu- | mentorum, | Qvam. 
I Divina suffragante Gratia, | Auctoritate | Magnifici | JCtorum 
Ordinis I in Incluto Noribergensium Athenseo, | pro | Licentia | 
Summos in Utroqve Jure Honores ac | Privilegia Doctoralia, 
more Majorum, | rite capessendi, | Publico Eruditorum Examini 
I sistit j Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, | Windtsheimensis. | D. 
23. Novembr. A. ab incamatione J. C. | CI DI DC Lxxvi. | Alt- 
dorffl, I Literis Henrici Maieri, Univ. Typogr. 

The first twenty-one pages are devoted to the dissertation 
proper and the remaining three pages to the "Corollaria," or 
theses, twelve in number, and the poetic close of twenty-two Latin 
verses. The Corollaria are so arranged as to form the following 
acrostics with the initial of each corollary : 

M. A. P. (I, II, III) = Melchior Adam Pastorius (the 
father). 

D. E. V. (IV, V, VI) = Dorothea Esther Volckmanns (the 
stepmother). 

F. D. P. (VII, VIII, IX) = Franciscus Daniel Pastorius 
(the author). 

J. S. P. (X, XI, XII) = Johannes Samuel Pastorius (the 
brother). 61 

Corollaria. 

I 

Maritus in casum defuncta; uxoris alteri matrimonium absq' 
in famix" macula neqvit promittere ; licet illius mortem lugere Legibus 
hand obstringatur. 

II 

Adolescens, qvi invitas Virgini osculum infigit, actione injuri- 
arum non tenetur; Imo eum teneri responsum est in Scabinatu Lipsi- 
ens. Anno 1624. 

Ill 

Pactum, ut uxor imperio & dominatione gaudeat, nuptiarum 
contractui adjectum Naturae refragatur atq' contra bonos mores est. 



"In Pastorius' copy of the Disputatio, now in the possession of Ex-Gov- 
ernor S. W. Pennypacker, the key of the acrostic is given on the margin in 
Pastorius' own hand. 



80 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

IV 
Delictum occulte patrando nonnunqvam augetur, nonnunqvam 
minuitur, juxta hoc Apuleji : Qvod nemo novit, pene non fit. 

V 

Etiam citra confessionem reum de crimine testibus convictu 
capite posse puniri nullus dubito. 

VI 
Vini a convivatore convivis in convivio traditi dominium ad 
ipsos eqvidem transit, sed revocabiliter. 

VII 
Frater meus meam Sororem, cum ejus Soror non sit, legitime 
in matrimonium sibi adsciscit. 

IIX 

Dari homines, qvi patrem non habent, in proclivi est. 

IX 
Professores, Advocati, Doctores Literative alii fabros, vietores 
& hujusmodi streperae artis opifices, si secundum illorum sedes do- 
mos conducere aut mercari velint, officio Judicis non iniqve repellunt. 

X 

Justinanus Imperator Christianissimus, uti vocatur in 1. 8, C. de 
Sum. Trinit. poenam adulterii in foeminis Nov. 134 c. 10. minus con- 
venienter mutavit. 

XI 

Servos qvosdam esse natura, cum Aristotele, & servitutem esse 
contra naturam inductam cum JCtis adserere, non implicat contra- 
dictionem. 

XII 

Propter osculum uxori Senioris libatum Vasallus feudo potest 
privari. 

RAsuram loqueris scienter: Unde ars 
Radendi haecce TIBI venit? profare. 
Tonsor non es, & ars novaculam non 
Tractandi est TIBI, nee puto capillos 
Posthac radere velle filiis TE 
Papse ; Turn neque habes caput gerisve 
Rasum, sicut adulter olim habebat, 
Ac omnis sceleratus & nefandus; 
Rasurum loqueris tamen bene sic. 



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The Founder of Germantown 8l 

Radendi ars TIBI quaeso habetur ista 

Unde ? Nempe, TIBI rei capilli 

Nil rasura facit, capit vel ipse 

Hanc Mopsus : DOCUMENT! amas docere 

RASURAM. Plato nunc eat, docendo, 

Et Rasam Tabulam esse nunc Tuammet 

Mentem, Discipulusque dicat ejus 

Nudam! Nam neque rasa nudave est Mens, 

Pastori, Tua: Plena quidpe Juris 

Doctrina : Documenta magna prxsto : 

Quid Lector dubitas ? Docent Honorcs 

Novi, quos Themis Ipsa sancta confert. 

Voti haec sint documenta vera nostri 

Sic Nobil. & Clarissimi Dn. Candidati, 
Honoribus Novis iisque plane summis & 
egregiis, vera & re adplaudendo, adsurgebant, 61a 
Ejusdem Syssiti Linckiani. 



e 'a The italics of the original print have been reprinted only in the closing 
verses. 



82 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

CHAPTER III. 

YEARS OF PRACTICE AND TRAVEL. 

The years of study had given Pastorius a wide acquaintance 
with men and books. At Altdorf he had come into touch with 
some of the greatest scholars of the German Empire and with 
that spirit of inquiry which had made Nurnberg famous among 
the South German cities in promoting the knowledge of geog- 
raphy and history, letters and arts. The enterprise and progres- 
sive spirit of Altdorf are attested by the fact that this university 
was the first in Germany to establish a special academic chair for 
Public Law (Jus Publicum), separating this subject from the 
professorship of history with which it had hitherto been associ- 
ated. This newly created chair was occupied for twenty years 
(1654-1674) by the renowned Professor Cregel (Ernestus Cre- 
gelius), closely connected with the great patrician family of 
Welsers of Augsburg, having married the widow of Hieronymus 
Anton Welser, who died in Altdorf in 1642 and to whose memory 
a tablet was erected in the archway of the .Memorial Chapel of 
the University with the following inscription : 

"Ein edler Welser schlaft hierinn 
Der wann er wachte Herz und Sinn 
Auf seinen Hevland stellt 
Und darum geht er auss der Welt 
Dem Himmel zu da er recht lebt 
Und fur sei'm Heyland ewig schwebt 
Der du dies liesest merk es wohl 
So lebst du wie man leben soil." 1 

The attention given to Classic and Oriental languages at 
Altdorf, doubtless, quickened Pastorius' interest in these tongues, 



1 Cf. Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Niirnbcrgischen Universitat 
Altdorf, p. 293. 





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The Founder of Germantown 83 

and his subsequent study of French at Strassburg and Regensburg 
and of Italian at Jena furnished him with that extraordinary facil- 
ity in the use of these modern languages, noticeable in his later 
writings. In like manner the live interest in the philosophical and 
ethical questions of the time at the university cultivated in the 
young jurist an alertness in observing the significant signs of the 
new religious regeneration, which was then taking shape in the 
Pietistic reform of Jacob Spener. In a word, the new licentiate 
passed from the halls of his alma mater, Universitas Altorfina, to 
the practice of his profession with the best academic equipment 
and fairest prospects of success. 

Lawyer at Windsheim. 

November the 25th, 1676, Pastorius with his diploma in 
hand left Altdorf and returned to Windsheim to begin the prac- 
tice of his profession, the law. Information concerning his prac- 
tice here is meagre. The most detailed account which we possess 
is that given in the following brief paragraph of his Genealogi- 
cal Sketch : 

"Here [in Windsheim] J practised [Law] above two years 
& an half, keeping mine own horse, marching from one Noble- 
man's house in the Province unto the other, (auff der Wurst 
herumb, 2 as they use to speak,) and in short making nothing 
but work for Repentence." 3 

It is clear from this account that the practice of law became 

distasteful to him, at least in his later years. This may be due to 
his unfortunate experience with the affairs of the Frankfurt 
Company in Germantown, nevertheless he was evidently out of 
sympathy with much that he encountered in his profession even 



2 In his "Additamenta" (Res Profriae, p. 12) he gives the following varia- 
tion of this account : 

"25. Nov. reiste ich nach Xiirnberg, u. den 29. nach Winsheim, \vo?elb<t 
ein pferd hiclt u. auff der Wurst unter den [des?] lands Reichs freyem Adel 
herum ritt." 

s Cf. Beehive, p. 223. 



84 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

in Windsheim. An interesting and unexpected corroboration 
of his dissatisfaction with the law is found in one of the manu- 
script volumes of Melchior Adam Pastorius, his father. The 
passage states that Francis Daniel Pastorius dissuaded his young 
half-brother, Augustin Adam Pastorius, 1 from selecting law as 
his profession : 

"IVRISTA. Omnis Homo 

[Followed by a cut pasted into the book, representing the tra- 
ditional male figure holding a lobster in his right hand and a serpent 
in his left, bearing respectively these inscriptions : SI LAXES, ERE- 
PIT (over the lobster), and: SI STRINGAS, ERVMPIT (over the 
serpent).] 

Vff alle Siittel gerecht 

Hang den Mantel nach dem Wind 

Gibts kein Ochsen; gibts ein Rind. 

Studium Iuris dissuasit Franciscus Daniel Pastorius suo 
Fratri Augustino Adamo, weillen Er in der that befinde Das 
solch Studium nichts anders seye als Ein Lusus de alieno corio, 
oder wie es Die Heylige Schrifft nennet : Eine Kunst die Hader 
zwischen Brudern anrichtet, welches Dem Ilerm ein grewel i<t." : 

Although Pastorius does not say in what respect his law prac- 
tice was a "work for Repentence," we have the explanation in his 
father's words, that Franciscus considered the law: "Ein Lusus 
de alieno corio" (a game at another's expense). It is then safe 
to conclude that the methods pursued in the practice and perhaps 
also the unpleasant associations into which the practice brought 
him, were not such as he could harmonize with his best profes- 
sional ideals. Indeed it would seem that Pastorius even at this 
early period exhibited pietistic inclinations, which explain his 
strong sympathies with the religious views of Spener and his asso- 
ciates in Frankfurt, and may indeed furnish a motive for his 
going thither. 

The passage cited above from the Beehive indicates also the 



* Born Aug. 5, 1682 (Itinerarium of M. A. P., p. 137 b). 
'Cf. "Schatz-Kammer" (Prognosticon, p. 343 a). 



X 
o 




The Founder of Germantown 85 

character of his clients in the Windsheim period and the territory 
and manner of his practice. The clients were the landed gentry, 
some of whose members he may have known at the Gymnasium 
in Windsheim or at the University of Altdorf or other universi- 
ties during his student years. It is quite likely that his practice 
was confined for the most part to the gentry owning estates in 
the villages under the jurisdiction of Windsheim and that "march- 
ing from one Nobleman's house in the Province unto the other" 
is to be understood in this more limited sense of "Province" as 
judiciary district. Naturally his business might occasionally take 
him beyond the immediate jurisdiction of Windsheim. This 
saddlebag practice of law affords us an interesting glimpse into 
the primitive conditions of the life of the country lawyer in Ger- 
many in the second half of the seventeenth century. It gave the 
young jurist, the future founder of the first German colony in 
Pennsylvania, a foretaste of pioneering, which must have stood 
him in good stead afterwards in the primitive conditions of early 
Germantown. 

In Frank furt-on-the-Main. 

After some two years and a half of practice in Windsheim, 
Pastorius decided to seek a wider and more congenial field of 
labor. It is not necessary to suppose he was unsuccessful in bis 
Windsheim practice, but rather desirous of a more agreeable 
social and religious atmosphere. This is apparent from the fact 
that he sought and followed the advice of his good and pious 
friend, Dr. Horb, as he tells us in his Genealogical Sketch : 

"Ario 1679. the 24th of April J went (by perswasion of Dr. 
Horb, a godly Man & good Friend of mine,) to Franckfort upon 
the Meyn, where J still plaid the Lawyer & kept 7 [gave or held] 



* The proper form, to judge from the Latin "Horbius," would be "Horbe." 

' A Germanism for gave. See the note on the same word, p. 76. It 
may be that Pastorius was employing the old use of keep, p. 76, as in 
"keep kirk," etc. (Cf. Century Dictionary, sub verbo.) William Penn in his 
Journal uses keep in a sense similar to this in saying that the General Meeting 
was "to be kept" in such a week. 



86 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Collegia privata Juris to some young Patricijs of the sd City, 
having my Lodging for a while with Dr. Schutz, and then with 
an old & merry-hearted Gentleman call'd Juncker Fichard, as 
likewise good Opportunity to see Worms, Manheim, Speyer & 
other places of the Neighbourhood." 8 

This information is supplemented in the "Additamenta" by 
the further details, that Pastorius after his arrival in Frankfurt 
first took his meals with the notary, Christian Fenda ( Fende or 
Fend ) in the Saalhof and his lodgings with Captain Daniel Rerie- 
page and taught some young students the Institutes, finally going 
to Junker Fichard for both lodging and meals. 9 

The Dr. Horb here referred to was Johannes Henricus 
Horbius, to whom Pastorius' father, Melchior Adam Pastorius, 
dedicated the following anagram : 

"IOANNES HENRICVS HORBIYS. 

Anagramma 

INI, VERBO CVRES INSANOS 
CHARVS INES IESV, NON ORBI 
HIC RESONA INNISVS VERBO 
EN SACRI VERBI SONO VNIS 
I, RESONANS VINCIS VERBO. 

Quid canis est mutus domui ? quid caecus Ouili 

Pastor? nonne Ouibus deperitura salus? 
Mentibus regroti languemus, opemque precamus 

Sed qui nos curet nemo Machaon est 
Prosper ini, pie Serue Dei verboque potenti 

[nsanos cures mentis opemque feras 
Non Orbi sed charus ines tu totus IESV, 

Hinc, en inis Verbi Charus adusque sano [ ?] 
Saepius hie resona, tardantes pelle, moneque 

Inissus Verbo, spandeo Victor eris. 



' Cf. Beehive, p. 223, 

' Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12 : 

"1679. 24. April rciste ich auff Horbij anrathen nach Franckfurt, hatt den 
Tisch bey Notario Christian Fenden im Saalhof. mein logiment bey Capitain 
Daniel Refiepage, &c. hielt einigen Jungen Studiosis Collegia Instit. bisz zu 
Juncker Fichard ins Haus u. an den Tisch kam, woselbst auch verblieben." 



The Founder of Germantown 87 

I resonans vincis diuino pectora Verbo 

Instar id est penetrans ancipitis gladij 
Quamuis dissideant animi, mundanaque tractent 

En sacri Verbi tu vnis adusque sono 
Perge bonis auibus fac fructus undique multos 

Donee conspicias Horrea plena Dei. 
Effice ut sethereo cuncti iungamur amore 

Fiat et vnus amor Iesus Homoque simul." 1 " 

In Dr. Horb we have a most important link between Pasto- 
rius and the Frankfurt Pietists. Dr. Horb was an intimate mem- 
ber of this circle of enthusiasts, who gathered around Dr. Spener, 
and was closely related to Spener, having married his sister. 

Johann Heinrich Horb (or Horbe, Lat. Horbius) was born 
in Colmar, Alsatia, June 11, 1645. In 1661 he entered the Uni- 
versity of Strassburg, taking his Master's degree in 1664. His 
teachers here were Balthasar Bebel, Johann Konrad Dannhauer 
(both rigid Lutherans), Philipp Jacob Spener, the Pietist, who 
had returned to Strassburg in 1663, and Johann Heinrich Bock- 
ler, the historian, with whom Pastorius studied Public Law, and 
who died in the midst of a course on Lampadius, before Pastorius 
left Strassburg in 1672. u Horb then attended the universities of 
Jena, Leipzig, Wittenberg, Helmstiidt and Kiel, spending some 
time in Leipzig as "Assessor of the Philosophical Faculty." In 
1669-1670 Horb accompanied Johann Sebastian Miiller, of Leip- 
zig, and others as tutor (Hofmeister) on a journey to Holland, 
England and France. In Utrecht he met Justus Theodor von 
Miinchhausen, of Hamburg, and made arrangements to accom- 
pany him in France, a transaction which resulted in great dis- 
aster to Horb and aided not a little in intensifying his persecution 
by the orthodox Theologians. In 1671 Horb returned from 
Paris to Strassburg, where he became docent at the university 
while Pastorius was there as a student. Soon afterwards Horb 
was appointed by the Palzgraves-by-the-Rhine as Court Preacher 



10 Cf. Itinerarium, p. 83 a & b. 

u Cf. p. 73. 



88 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

in Bischweiler and later transferred to Trarbach-on-the-Mosel, 
where he remained till his suspension because of persecution in 
[678. He had married Spener's sister, Sophie Cacilia, in the year 
1671, and openly allied himself with the Pietistic party by defend- 
ing- the teachings of Spener's Pia Desideria. In 1679 he was 
called as superintendent and pastor to Windsheim, where Pasto- 
rius was then practicing law and his father, Melchior Adam Pa- 
storius, was Burgomaster. Here Horb was attacked savagely by 
Georg Konrad Dilfeld, 12 Deacon of Nordhausen, for sharing 
Spener's views of the education of theologians. In 1684, in spite 
of strong opposition, he was elected Chief Pastor of St. Nicholas 
Church in Hamburg. But having circulated unwittingly, as it 
seems, a German translation of a pamphlet by Peter Poiret among 
his congregation, he was bitterly assailed by Johann Friedrich 
Mayer and others, and finally forced to leave his charge in 1693 
and seek refuge in Schleems. His health broke, and he died in 
1694, a martyr to the cause of Pietism. 

Thus, in the person of Dr. Horb, we have established the 
connection between Spener, the leader of the Pietistic movement 
in Frankfurt, and Windsheim, Pastorius' home, and found a nat- 
ural explanation for Pastorius' introduction to Spener and his 
immediate entrance into the Pietistic circle in the Saalhof at 
Frankfurt. It is not improbable that Pastorius knew Horb even 
in the Strassburg days. This would seem to be corroborated by 
Pastorius' statement that he left Windsheim to go to Frankfurt 
"by persuasion of Dr. Horb, a godly Man and good Friend of 
mine." This language seems to imply a longer acquaintance and 
friendship than that which could have been formed with Dr. Horb 
in Windsheim between January, 1679, the date of Horb's arrival 
in Windsheim, and April 24, 1679, the date of Pastorius' depart- 
ure for Frankfurt. 

No further explanation is now required to show how Pas- 
torius fell in with the Pietists. Dr. Horb, as the brother-in-law of 



"In a work entitled Theosophia Horbio-Spciwriana [Strassburg], 1679. 



The Founder of Germantown 89 

Dr. Spener, naturally gave Pastorius a personal introduction to 
the great Pietist in Frankfurt. Naturally, too, Pastorius found 
his way to the Saalhof, the great assembling place of the Pietists, 
and took lodgings with Dr. Schiitz, 13 one of the Pietists, who 
afterwards appears in the records of the Frankfurt Land Com- 
pany. 

While it has been impossible to find any record of Pastorius' 
law practice in Frankfurt during this early period, we are for- 
tunate in having an interesting account of at least one case which 
he conducted. Some four months after his arrival in Frankfurt 
he found a profitable client in the person of a Jew by the name of 
Samuel, as we learn from the following: 

"5. Sept. [1679] wie auch 1680. 12. Mart, und 28 Apr. vor 
den Juden Samuel zum Kost zu Manheim am Churfustl. Hof 
gewest, und reichl. bezahlt worden." 14 

Although further details of the case are lacking, we may 
infer, first, that it was one of considerable importance and, sec- 
ondly, that Pastorius brought the matter to a successful issue. 
This record shows that he was esteemed highly enough to present 
a case before the Electoral Court at Mannheim, which city was 
then in the second period of its prosperity under the renewed and 
extended privileges granted by Elector Karl Friedrich in the 
year 1652. 

It may be inferred from another account in the Res Propriae, 
that Pastorius had other professional commissions to neighboring 
cities, as he speaks of practicing a little while giving private in- 
struction in the Institutes and of having occasion to visit Worms, 
Mannheim, Speier, etc. At Speier he was with Dr. Fuchs, March 



13 This is doubtless the Johann Jacob Schiitz, U. J. Licent'us, of Frank- 
furt, whose name with those of Jacob van de Walle, Daniel Behaghel and 
Caspar Merian appear on the Power of Attorney given to Francis Daniel 
Pastorius, April 2, 1683. ( Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of German- 
town, pp. 80-81.) The abbreviation in the Beehive seems to be Dd., not Dr., 
but may be explained as used for "Doctorand." Pastorius not infrequently 
writes this abbreviation. 

" Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. 



qo Francis Daniel Pastorius 

22, 16S0, 15 as it seems on his return from Mannheim, where he 
had represented Samuel, the Jew, on the 12th of March. 

Thus the young jurist had justified the confidence which the 
Frankfurt Company later imposed in him in making him its legal 
agent in America. 

Grant! 'four with Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck. 

While the years of study at the universities of Altdorf, 
Strassburg, Basel and Jena had been in a sense a period of travel 
also, the education of Pastorius was incomplete without a journey 
into some of the lands with which Germany was in closest cultural 
touch — Holland, England, France, Switzerland and Italy. Many 
young jurists, physicians, theologians, philosophers and poets took 
such a journey on their own account at their own expense, while 
others, like Horbius and Pastorius, accompanied some young 
prince or magnate as tutor and thus saw the world without per- 
sonal expense. The opportunity came to Pastorius, soon after his 
arrival in Frankfurt, to go on such a journey with a young noble- 
man, Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck. It was the Pietist, Dr. 
Spener, who recommended Pastorius as tutor to von Bodeck. 
Pastorius gives the following all too brief account of the journey 
in his Genealogical Sketch : 

"Anno 1680. the 26th of June, J upon the recommendation 
of Dr. Spener (that brave Patriarch of the Pietists,) undertook 
to be (Hoffmeister or) Conductour & Guide to a Noble young 
Spark called Johafies Bonaventura von Bodeck in his Travels 
through Holland, England, France, Switzerland, &c. & so went 
to Mentz, where we did meet, and happily perform our sd 
Voyage, as does appear by a peculiar Alanuscript Journal 16 of 
mine in 8° arriving again at Francfort in perfect health & Safety, 
the 1 8th of November 1682." 1T 



™ Aiio 1679, 24. Apr. reiscte ich nach Franckfurt am Mayn, hielte alldar 
einigen Studiosis privat. collegia Juris, u. practicirte anbe-y ein wenig, 1 
dan gelegenheit bekam, Worms, Mariheim, Speyer etc zu yisitiren. logirte 
vom 1. Dec. 1679. bisz 26 Jun. 1680 bey Juncker Fichard. 1680. 22. Mart, mit 
Dr. Fuchsen zu Speyer gewest" (Res. Propriae, p. 6). 

"This Journal seems to be hopelessly lost. All that survives is a handful 
of extracts in the Beehive (see further on). 

" Cf. Beehive, p. 223. 



The Founder of Germantown 91 

In another account given in the "Additamenta" 18 we learn 
something more of the particulars of this journey. Pastorius had 
evidently met von Bodeck in Frankfurt in the society of Giinterod 
(Giinderode) and Lersner, who were the brothers-in-law of von 
Bodeck, and with whom Pastorius went to Mainz to start on the 
journey with von Bodeck. That Pastorius was associated with 
influential families in Frankfurt is shown by the fact that he num- 
bered among his friends members of such distinguished families 
as the Lersners and Giinderodes. The Lersner family, originally 
from Felsburg in Niederhessen, had become allied to the patrician 
family of Rauschers in Frankfurt in the marriage of Hermann 
Lersner, Dr. Jur. and Professor at Marburg, about the middle of 
the sixteenth century. 

The name of Pastorius' patron on this journey is clearly 
"Bodeck," not "Rodeck," as it was incorrectly written by Fried- 
rich Kapp and Professor Oswald Seidensticker, and copied from 
them in more recent works. The mistake is due evidently to the 
rather indistinct passage in the Beehive, where the initial "R" is 
written so close to the line that it is difficult to determine whether 
the initial letter in this case is "R" or "B." The other occurrences 
of the name in the Beehive, and particularly in the Res Propriae, 
however, clearly show the form to be "Bodeck." The Wagner 
copy of the Res Propriae, made about 1850 and now found in the 
Archives of the German Society of Pennsylvania, has "Bodeck," 
not "Rodeck." Furthermore, it has been impossible to find the 
name "Rodeck" in most of the genealogical or heraldic sources, 
while the name "Bodeck" is much in evidence. 

This Johann Bonaventura Bodeck or "von Bodeck," as Pa- 
storius calls him, was doubtless a member of the family of Bodeck 
von (or zu) Ellgau, which appears in the rolls of Swiss and Rhen- 



18 Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. The very important passage is written in Ger- 
man : 

"1680. 26. Junij fuhr ich mit Juncker Giinterod Juncker Lerssner u. dero 
Weibern nach Maintz, u. tratt als Hofmeister mit derselben Schwager Joh. 
Bonaventura von Bodeck eine Reis an, welche in meinem Jtinerario umb- 
standlich beschrieben." 



g 2 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

ish nobility as early as the sixteenth century, with a coat-of-arms 
dating back, as it appears, as early as 1584 at least. The B'odecks 
were barons of the Holy Roman Empire after September 7, 1706. 
The coat-of-arms is described as follows, and all heraldic authori- 
ties seem to agree in this description : 19 

"A quartered shield ; 1 and 4 contain a cross of gold in a field 
of blue ; _' and 3 a red lion in a field of gold ; the helmet is bustled, 
having the right in blue and gold and the left in red and gold, 
and supporting a lion rampant, crossed with alternate blue and 
gold." 20 

A probable corroboration of the identity of Johann Bona- 
ventura von Bodeck's family with the Bodecks of Ellgau is found 
in the survival of the name "Bonaventura" in the latter family 
in recent times, as for example in the case of Karl Maximilian 
Maria Bonaventura Bodeck, born November 24, 1849, son 0I 
Georg Karl Joseph Freiherr Bodeck von Ellgau and his spouse, 
Euphenia Antonia Maria Eugenia Franzisca Huberta. 

In addition to the Swiss and Rhenish branches of the family 
of Bodeck von Ellgau, there is an Austrian branch Bodeck von 
Marwitz. Both branches have the same coat-of-arms. Whether 
Hermann Bodeck, the Gallician Hebraist (1820-1880), and Jacob 
Bodeck of Lcmberg (died at Lemberg, 1856), were connected 
with the Austrian branch, 21 or have their name directly from 
Hebrew sources, I have not ascertained. 

Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck seems to have escaped the 



" Cf. particularly the following: 

Sibcnmachers grosses Allgemeines Wappenbuch * * * von Dr. Otto Titan 
von Hefner. Niirnberg, 1856. 

Dictionaire dc la Noblesse * * * par De la Chcnaye-Debois et Badier. 
Paris, 1863. 

Armorial General precede d'un Dictionaire des Termes dn Blason par J. 
B. Rietstapf. Gouda. G. B. van Goor Zonen, 1887. 

20 Cf. Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der freiherrlichen Hauser 
auf das Jahr 1857 u. 1858. 

21 A sketch of both of these Hebrew scholars may be found in the Jetvish 
Encyclopedia, sub nom. The name Bodeck has representatives in Philadelphia, 
but I have been unable to trace it to its European connections. 



The Founder of Germantown 93 

biographical dictionaries and we must be content with the laconic 
characterization which Pastorius gives of him in the Beehive, 
where he describes him as "a Noble young Spark." 

As the Bodeck family of Ellgau was Catholic, 22 it is quite 
safe to assume that Johann Bonaventura was likewise Catholic. 
It was evidently through his connection with Giinderode and 
Lersner 23 in Frankfurt (Pastorius calls him their brother-in-law) 
that he heard of Pastorius. The fact that there was a difference 
of confession may have been offset by Pastorius' liberality of 
spirit and particularly by the fact that the Pastorius family too 
had formerly been Catholic. 

The itinerary of the journey with Bodeck included Holland, 
England, France, Switzerland and a part of Upper Germany. 
Pastorius, as we have seen, accompanied Giinderode and Lersner 
and their wives to Mainz, and there, as it seems, joined von 
Bodeck. The journey lasted from June 26, 1680, till November 
18, 1682, when they both returned safe and sound to Frankfurt. 24 
It is unfortunate that the Itinerariiim, which Pastorius says he 
wrote of his journey, has been lost. It would, no doubt, have 
furnished much important information as to what they did and 
saw. In lieu of the original we must content ourselves with some 
extracts are mere scraps ; they will nevertheless give us some no- 
tion of the bent of Pastorius' mind and the character of the ob- 
servations made at this period of his life. Although the items 
noted seem pedantic and trite to 'us, they were fresh and interest- 
ing to the traveling scholar of pietistic inclinations in the years 
1 680- 1 682. 



" Cf. Gothaischcs Genealogisches Taschenbuch der freiherrlichcn Fantilien 
(1858). 

B Lersner is one of those mentioned by Pastorious in the Pietistic group 
at the Saalhof and "bynamed the Pious" (cf. Beehive, p. 223). 

: * Cf . Res Propriae, p. 6 : 

"Anno 1680. 26. Jun. fuhr ich nacher Maintz, und that von daraus mit 
Johan Bonaventura von Bodeck als dessen Hofmeister eine Reis durch Hol- 
land, Engelland. Franckreich, Schweitz, u. einen Strich Hochteutschlands ; 
kamen beede aho S2. 18. Nov. wieder frisch u. gesund nach Franckfurt." 



94 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

"Taiitum Quantum, or A Few Jnscriptions, gathered out of my 

own Itinerary. 
[On preceding page :] 

The Ik-ads of the following Jnscriptions: I. Sun-dials. 2. 
Clock-dials & Bells. 3. Steeple-houses, Altars, Organs, J mages, 
&c. 4. Cloisters & Cells. 5. Hospitals, Jnfirmaries, &c. 6. 
1-. 7. Libraries. 8. Senate houses & Guild halls. 9. Bride- 
wells. 10. Prisons. 11. Armouries or Magazins for Weapons. 
1 _». I tensils of war, Standards & the like. 13. Mints, & Treas- 
ure-houses. 14. Burses or Royal Exchanges for merchants to 
meet in. 15. Palaces. 16. Tennis-Courts, Bowling-greens, &c. 
17. Market places, Shambles, &c. 18. Apothecary-Shops. 19. 
Jnns and ( )rdinaries. 20. Private Dwelling-houses. 21. Doors, 
Chimneys, Tables, &c. 22. Gardens. 23. Fountains. 24. Ships. 
25. Highways. 26. Bridges. 27. Monuments. 28. Statues. 29. 
Cities tV Fortresses. 30. Fenster-Schrifften. 31. Stambtich-An- 
lUnck-Spriich. 32. A Miscellaneous Appendix. 33. Privy houses. 
Post num. 20. Seals. Post num. 6. Arms or Coat of arm>. 

Tantum Quantum, or A Few Jnscriptions, gathered out ot my 

own Itinerary. 

I. Over, under & about Sun-dials J observed the Following: 

Sicut umbra die- nostri. Job. 8. Dies nostri sicut umbra 
praetereunt. Psal. 143. Quasi umbra transeunt qui non timent 
faciem Domini. Eccles. 8. A Solis ortu usq' ad occasum laude- 
tur Nomen Domini. Psal. 112. Oportet operari dum dies est 
Joh. 9. Ambulate dum lucem habetis Joh. 12. Redimentes tem- 
pus quoniam dies mali. Eph. 5. Yigilate, quia nescitis diem neq' 
horam. Matt. 25. Qua hora non putabitis Filius hominis veniet. 
I nke. 12. Non accidat Sol super Jracundiam vestram. Eph. 4. 
Ecce mensurabiles posuisti dies meos. Psal. 38. Verum est 
Testimonium ejus. Joh. 19. Solem quis dicere falsum audeat? 
Dies mei sicut umbra declinaverunt. Psal. 102. 

Ut radius sic Vita fluit, dum stare videtur. Tempus ut 
umbra fugit. Vita fugit velut umbra. Speculum Vitas humanae. 
Hominis sic Vita caduca. Umbra transitus est Tempus nostrum. 
Omnes sic transimus. Cite pede labitur aetas. More fluentis 
aquae. Nee quae praeterijt hora redire potest. Sic Vita, sic 
Umbra. 

Tempora labuntur, tacitis senescimus annis. Umbra fugit, 
mortemq' vocat ; Vigilemus amici. Quota est Yitae? Fluit irre- 
parabile Tempus. Vive memor Lethi, fugit hora. Ut cuspis, sic 



i. nw'^c- T(eif<ft c&h «*■•*•» H AUbf c^,-Jv.v tut/for fejy 

Di».ru~S ^rn.n« c/ wVY ni«< U<^' /c«V Ja/ IfM'i (i M >«r 

iMtfl- &**•&&■ h-.wo.-~, H«fiM{h w ;p;% 

jO^ iV<W4 ^^ A W*"4 /*"•*" i^f 

t. s ^ p-/^, wv^s? 3v -^ / "i5jT2jiriv 

ritvdf <A.VtV Den J" .Vei.f'. jfo.itb) OW<) cv t ?»'«. *$*" 




Epitaph of Melchior Adam Pastorus, 
Written by himself (from the "Liber Intimissimus"). 



The Founder of Germantown 95 

Vita fugit. Sic tua Vita fluit. Progreditur fugiens et semper 
vertitur hora, Vita simul. fugiens semel vertitur absq' reverti. 
Respice Finem ! Ut tibi Sol radijs labentia tempora signat, Sic 
Sol Justitise signet ( :& acta regat.) ad astra viam. Quaaritur 
ostendat radius quam pensilis horam ? Hora est sollicita quaerere 
mente Deum. Sera nimis Vita est crastina, Vive hodie. Tota 
Vita dies unus est. Utere non tardo labitur ilia pede. Absq' 
mora fugit hora. Jndice me quoties fugientes suspicis horas, Te 
toties gressu mors propiore premit. Transvolat umbra levis, 
neq' scit fugitiva reverte. Xostra simul properans Vita caduca 
fugit. Hac licet exili non est lethalior umbra, Nam quicquid fugitans 
attigit Jnterijt. Sic, sic translaberis ipse. Ipse sic excedis Vita, 
Sensim, sine Sensu. PEDETENTIM. Aeternitati Provide, 
Tempus fugit. Rapit hora diem. Christe, tui sincerus amor 
mihi crescit in horas. Me Sol, vos umbra regit. Nos brevis 
hora Parit, nos brevis hora Rapit. Viventi mors obrepit Juveniq' 
Senectus horaq' dum quota est? Quaeritur hora fugit. Res dam- 
nosa malis tempus consumere rebus, Expendas igitur quod tibi 
nunc superest. 

Imposuit Dominus domui, testarer ut horas. Jnterpres Solis, 
horas et Tempora dico. Nos docet ; atq' nocet vobis, qui fallere 
Tempus Vultis, vos ipsos fallitis Jnsipidi. Ora ne Te decipiat 
hora. Without Time we can do nothing in this present World. 
Col Tempo e l'hora tutto s'adopra. Non nisi ccelesti radio. Solius 
praesentia Solis. Sum sine Sole nihil. 

Wann die Sonne gegen wiirtig, so ist auch der Zeiger fertig. 
Quod scio, tu nescis, nisi Sol conspexerit aedes. 

Nisi Sol ( : illuminet aedes : ) splendescat in orbe. Donee 
optata veniat. f Virtus sine Cruce evanescit ut umbra. Nulla 
dies sine linea. Ordinatione Tua perseverat dies. Nonne duo- 
decim horae sunt diei? Job. xi. Pereunt et Jmputantur. Plures 
Labori quam Otio. Ex his mors eligit unam. Hinc venit ultima 
cunctis. Le Jour est assure, mais l'heure ne Test pas. Quis scit, 
an extremam Stilus hie ( : mihi :) tibi denotet horam? Ultima 
quae sit? Hora cuiq' sua est; Fors erit ista Tua. Quae tua sit, 
nescis. 

La Mort tue en toute heure & en tout lieu. Jnstat tibi forte 
suprema? Ultima forsan erit? En regardent quelle heure il est, 
Pense ala Tienne, & t'y tiens prest. 

Quota sit hora vides, sed quae sit suma tacebo. Jsta patet, 
postrema latet. Latet ultima Vitae ! Hie extrema vides extremae 
signa diei, Fac bona sit praesens, ultima ne mala sit. Sol tibi per 
Speculum fugientes indicat horas, Jndicat et Speculum quod Specu- 
latorabit. Spiegeluhr. Vita fugit, fugit umbra tamen reditura ; sed 



96 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

ilia quam traducis homo non reditura fugit. Mane. Nos pulchram 
Phoebi faciem surgentis Eoo [ ?] cernimus, Antipodes posteriora 
vident. Vespere. Sol abiens paulum Lucis post terga relictae Mon- 
strat, uti Moysi posteriora Deus. Beatus qui horam Mortis suae 
semper ante oculos habet & ad moriendum quotidie se disponit. Th : 
Kemp. 

1. Aspicis hie primas Orientis Luminis horas, Nescius occi- 
dui sera quid ferat. Dum radius lento cursu versatur in orbem 
vertice praecipiti Tempora nostra vorat. Dum vitae numero 
menses securus & afios, Jncipit hie horas mors numerare meas. 
Disce novum ancupium [?], qui discis tempora sunt hie Mors 
andeps [ ?] horae retia, praeda homines. 

2. Filia sum Solis, peperit me ferrea mater; hie nigra stat 
genetrix, albus in Axe pater. Deferor in partes Jndex utriusq' 
nigranti ore sequor matrem, mobilitate patrem. Quae modo 
pterijt, rursus eras hora redibit, si tua praetereat vita, redire 
nequit. Dum radios cernis celeres umbrasq' fugaces, Opta per- 
petuum posse videre diem. 

3. Mortales haec umbra docet nos esse fugaces, Et nostri 
fugiunt ut fugit umbra dies. Quid spem vivendi longos jacula- 
mur in annos? heu celeri properat mors inopina pede, Linea 
nostrarum si Mors est ultima rerum, hie etiam nostrae linea 
mortis erit. Nee suspecta tamen tibi sola sit ultima, Ferre cuili- 
bet extrema linea prima potest. 

Diese Drey letztere stehen in her Carthause zu Regenspurg 
an drey absonderlichen Sonen Uhren daselbst im Hof. Im Jesu- 
iter Collegio zu Lion aber steht bey 3. nebeneinander gefiigten 
Sonnen weisern : Et hi tres unum sunt. Item Sic Neovillaei 
referunt se Sidera Fratres. Bey einem andern alldar: Non 
Justior alter. Und noch bey einem auff einer Weltkugel, welehe 
der Atlas tragi: Urbis fata stylo quis meliore notet? Derglei- 
chen sind in meinem Jtinerario mehr die anher zu (iberschreiben 
der Zeit u. des papiers nicht wehrt." 

The following is an abstract of the more interesting matter 
under the other headings in the Beehive. 

. Over and under Clock-Dials: Description of the clock at 
Lyons in which the cock crows twice every hour after having 
flapped his wings twice. After this the angel Gabriel appears and 
salutes Mary and the Holy Ghost comes down in the form of a 
dove. 

The clock of the tower of Notre Dame at Paris has a cir- 
cumference of 25 feet and three thumbs, is 9 feet high and nine 



The Founder of Germantoivn 97 

thumbs thick, weighs 31,000 lbs., and the clapper weighs 600 lbs. 
It was cast on the ground November 31, [sic] 1681, and was 
named Emmanuel by permission of the king and queen. Then 
follows the Latin legend. 

At Steeple-houses, Altars, Organs, Images, etc. : Inscrip- 
tions of St. Saturnini Church in Toulouse and a similar one in the 
Lateran in Rome; of the Miinster in Basel, of the old church in 
Delft, of the cathedral at Narbonne. Description and inscriptions 
of Carmelite Cloister in Frankfurt, Wiirzburg, St. Hilaire in 
Paris, St. Jacobs (James) in Hamburg, the Capucin Monastery 
of Fauxbourg St. Jacques, Paris, the crown which Queen Chris- 
tina devoted to the Virgin Mary at Loreto, the Templum Majus 
in Costniz. 

Cloisters and Cells : References to Rochelle, Paris, Chapter 
House of the York Munster, 

("Ut Rosa Flos Florum, 

Sic est Domus ista Domorum.") 

Regensburg, Paris, Avignon, Lyons. 

Hospitals, Intirmarics, &c. : Mention of Toulon, Oppeln (Si- 
lesia), Wiirzburg, Amsterdam. 

Schools: Mottos from the Schola Mariana in Danzig, from 
the school in Amsterdam, from St. Jacobs Schule in Hamburg, 
and of Basel. St. Jacobs has the following : 

"Es meint einjede Frau, 
Jhr kind das sey ein Pfau." 

also : "Arbeit Zwang und Lehren 

bringt Kinder offt zu Ehren." 

Arms: Inscriptions from the arms of Geneva, and reference 
to a more detailed account in his Itinerarium, p. 603. which 
shows that his Journal or Itinerary must have been a very exten- 
sive work. 

Libraries: He gives inscriptions of St. Jacobs in Hamburg, 
of University College in Oxford, the Vatican in Rome and the 



g8 Francis Daniel Pastoriics 

Capucin Monastery in Orleans, reproducing the long inscription 
of Oxford which mentions John Selden, John Vaughan and Mat- 
thew Hale. 

Senate-houses & Guild-halls: Mention of Augsburg, Haer- 
lem, Baden in the Ergau, the Hague, Geneva, Regensburg, the 
Curia in Rome. 

Prisons: Prison de l'Abbaye S. Germain: "Justitia elevat 
Gentem. Prov. xiiii," only one mentioned. 

Armories, or Magazins for weapons: Mention of Armory 
in Augsburg, Toulouse, Avignon, Venice, etc. 

Utensils of War: Standards in London Tower, with the 
following remark: 

"Zu London im Towr auff einem hultzern mit Eisenfarb 
rstrichenem geschiitz, wormit die Engellander einst eine Statt in 
Franckreich erschreckt, dasz sie sich iibergab: Marte quid opus 
est cui Minerva non deest?" 

References to inscriptions on famous pieces of artillery in 
Schaffhausen, Ulm, Naples, Geneva and Munich. The last is 
particularly interesting: 

"Icli heiss der Hahn, 

Warm ich krah fliht der Man." 

Treasure-houses, Mints, Coins, etc. : Those of Dort and Ant- 
werp, Braunschweig and Luneburg noted. The latter is brief 
and to the point: "Rerum Nervus Pecunia." An elaborate de- 
scription is given of Cromwell's coin with the motto: "Pax quae- 
ritur Bello;" also of the silver coin of Bologna with the words: 
"Bononia Mater Studiorum ;" and the copper with the words : 
"Bononia docet;" also the motto of Queen Elizabeth's coin cele- 
brating the defeat of the Armada : "Afllavit Deus, & dissipan- 
tur." 

Burses or Royal Exchanges : Inscriptions from the new 
Bourse in Antwerp and of the Bourse in Bordeaux. 

Palaces: Inscription from Rome, the Schloss in Mainz. 



The Founder of Germantown 99 

Madrit near Paris : "Hodie mihi Cras tibi ;" the papal residence 

at Avignon, the Louvre in Paris. In the palace at Bologna; 

"Unanimitas stabile firmamentum." 

Private Dwelling-houses: At Nurnberg a house has this 

motto : 

"Es gonn mir einer was er will, 
So geb' ihm Gott dreymal so viel." 



In Basel : 



Glick harin, Unglick hinaus; 
Pfauenberg heiszt disz Haus." 



In Amsterdam : 

"Si Deus pro Nobis, Quis contra Nobis?" 



In Lyons : 



At Paris: 



"L'on n'a rien sans peine." 

"Avise toy premier que moy." 

"Non domo Dominus, sed Domino domus." 



"Jn Fundulo, sed avito." 
"Parva domus, sed arnica bonis, procul este profani; 24a 
Amplior in Coelo domus est & amenior hortus." 

"Within this place 
Lives Dr. Case." 

Fountains: In front of Notre Dame in Paris, St. Germain. 
Fontaine de Birague, at Lyons, Rome, etc. 

Bridges, etc. : Mention of Pont Notre Dame in Paris, Pont 
Neuf in Toulouse, stone bridge in Montaubon and especially the 
Mainbriicke in Frankfurt with this inscription: 

"Wer dieser Briicken Freyheit bricht 
Dem wird sein frefflich Handt gericht." 

Statues : Inscriptions of statue of Erasmus in Rotterdam, 
statue of Carolus I in London, of the birth place of Carolus V in 
Ghent, of Henry IV Pont Neuf, and of Louis XIII in the Place 
Royale in Paris, etc. 



! * a This is the inscription which Pastorius placed over the door of his 
house in Philadelphia. Cf. p. 128. 



ioo Francis Daniel Pastorius 

An English traveller wrote on the wall in red the following 
in the little birth chamber of Carolus V : 

"Quem locus angustus nascenti sufheit, Orbis qui mox reg- 
nanti non satis amplus erat ? Sit licet angustus locus hie, Angus- 
tior iste est, Jn quo de functus nunc jacet ille, locus." 

Inscriptions on Glass-Windows, Tobacco-Boxes, Knives, etc. : 

Glass : 

"A fool did write this, I confess, 
And thou that read it, art not less. 
Stulto me, stultior ipse." 
Box: 

"Sit down & smoke and merry be, 
And thank my Masters Courtesie." 
"A Box well filled is a rich & plenteous Store, 
Take many Pipes thereout at last there is no more." 

Messer : 

"I am my Masters trusty Friend, 
If he too oft me do not lend." 

At the side of a bedstead : 

"At Six a Clock at night, thou sayst thy work is done ; 
Pray, husband, say not so before the rising Sun." 

Inscriptiones Albi Amicorum: 

"Ich gebe dir mein Herz, 
lass du mir deines hier. 
So gehet unter uns, 
Ein schoner YVechsel fur." 

"Soyez officieux a to 

Familier a peu, 

& intime a un seul." 

"Fac ea quae moriens facta fuisse voles." 

"Non far male a chi ti puo peggio." 

Miscellaneous: 

Above William Temple's Picture or Image: 

"Servare modum. finemq' tueri. Naturamq 1 sequi." 



The Founder of Germantown 101 

Thoughts of America. 

The journey with Bodeck had afforded Pastorius opportunity 
to see the best culture of Western Europe. He had visited Hol- 
land, which through its great contemporaneous poet, Vondel (died 
in 1679), na d furnished dramatic models for the German poet 
Gryphius and had been the refuge of the Puritans and persecuted 
Protestants of many lands. He had seen England, the arena of 
the great struggles for civil and religious liberty. He had tra- 
versed France, which had long set the fashion for German courts 
and was now in the height of the classic period of its literature 
with the great poets Corneille, Moliere and Racine. And he had 
looked out over the summits of the Alps, the snowy seats of re- 
publican liberty, the land of Tell and Winkelried. The journey 
had vastly widened his horizon and enriched his knowledge of the 
world. But it had done more. It had crystallized his philosophy 
of life. In the rounds of festivity with Bodeck he had observed 
the foibles and follies of high life and had come to the firm con- 
viction that the life of religious quiet and serious purpose is the 
higher ideal. At two places only in his long journey, at Ghent 
and Cambridge, had he found men of a spirit kindred to his own, 
who lived in daily devotion to christian duty; while on the other 
hand, in Orleans, Paris, Avignon, Marseilles, Lyons and Geneva 
he found thousands of his own countrymen wasting their time, 
energies and substance on the fripperies of life — dancing, fenc- 
ing and the like — accomplishments considered at that time es- 
sential to the education of a gentleman. 

It was with a sense of relief and release that Pastorius re- 
turned to the little group of Pietists in Frankfurt, his old friends 
of the Saalhof, and experienced anew that inner joy which sprang 
from their simple, earnest lives. He had now finally found associ- 
ations which satisfied the spiritual yearnings of his better self and 
was content to renounce all the glint and glare of the world. This 



102 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

quiescent attitude of soul is well described in the Beehive in the 
following part of a passage to be cited entire further on : 25 

"And forasmuch as J after this my Return was glad to 
enjoy the ancient familiarity of my former Acquaintances (rather 
than to be with the aforesd von Rodeck feasting, dancing, &c.) 
especially of those Christian Friends who frequently assem- 
bled together in a house, called the Saalhof." 

Tlir psychology of this change in Pastorius' spiritual life and 

ideals and his transition to the attitude of the Pietist and even of 
the Quietist is significant in the history of the religious move- 
ments of the time. The assumption that this change in the case 
of Pastorius was the more or less sudden and immediate result of 
his association with the Pietists seems unfounded, if we may trust 
his own statements. 28 

As early as the year 1692 Pastorius set forth the facts of his 
spiritual evolution in the preface to his account of Pennsylvania, 
which was printed as an appendix to his father's Beschreibung des 
H. R. Reiclis Stadt Windsheim, and later extended into the 
Beschreibung of 1700. It summarizes his religious evolution so 
well that we quote it here in English translation : 

"It is well enough known to my family' how, from childhood, 
I directed my course in this temporal life toward a happy eter- 
nity, and made it my concern in all my doings to understand the 
will of God, which alone is good, to fear his omnipotence, and to 
learn to love his unfathomable goodness. And, although I suc- 
cessfully completed the study of jurisprudence, together with the 
other branches of the Liberal Arts, thoroughly mastered the Ital- 
ian and French languages, and also took the so-called Great 
Tour through foreign lands, I nevertheless applied my greatc-t 
industry and efforts, at all times and places, solely to find out 
where and among what people and nations true devotion, the 
knowledge and fear of God, might best be met with and acquired. 
I found at the Universities scholars, faith-, opinions and -ret-. 
almost without number, so that it was a great bable and -how of 
vain wordly wisdom, of which the Apostle says: Scientia Inflat, 



15 Cf. p. 110. 

" Cf. Beehive, p. 223. 



The Founder of Germantown 103 

But I cannot truthfully write that I found in any place a pro- 
fessor who directed the mind of a boy or a pupil to the pure love 
of Jesus or the Holy Trinity. There is, indeed, no lack of Christ- 
ians in name and profession, who go about puffed up with 
worldly knowledge, and love the lust of the flesh, the lust of the 
eyes, and the pride of life (the trifolium of the Devil!), but of 
those who thought of working out their salvation with fear anil 
trembling, lived without deceit, and with all their heart turned to 
the centre of their existence, to God, the highest good, there was 
rara avis in terris. Nevertheless, I found, at last, in the Univer- 
sity of Cambridge and in the city of Ghent, some devoted men 
living in secret seclusion from the world and wholly resigned in 
spirit to God, who, in answer to my earnest inquiries, gave me 
many good instructions, and strengthened me greatly in my 
purpose. They also showed me, at the Princely Court of Ghent, 
Emperor Charles the Fifth's famous birth chamber (but four ells 
long and four ells wide) with the legend telling how a richly bound 
Bible was given to the new-born prince by his godfather, with 
this inscription in gold, bound in the book: Scrutamini Scripturas, 
which the Prince, moreover, read with diligence and learned 
therefrom that he must die depending on the merits of Je>u- 
Christ alone. 

I saw further on this journey of mine, at Orleans and Paris, 
Avignon, Marsailles, Lyons and Geneva, many thousand young 
Germans, mostly of the nobility, who are accustomed to follow 
the vanities of dress, speech, foreign manners and ceremonies, 
and incur incredible expense in learning to mount, to ride, to 
dance, to fence, to bear piques and standards, so that a great 
part of their German patrimony is expended on useless worldly 
vanity, while not a single thought is given to the love of God 
and learning to follow Christ, which is well pleasing to God. 
Moreover, if anyone attempts to say anything of the writings and 
divine meditations of St. Augustine, Tauler, Arnd, and other 
divines, he must be proclaimed a Pietist and a heretic ; and no 
one who is submerged in the worldly wisdom of Aristotle, will 
consent to be persuaded or chastened by the will of God. 

Accordingly after the close of my journey, I withdrew into 
the retirement of my chamber and recalled to mind everything 
which had passed before my eyes on the stage of the world, and. 
could not find any enduring pleasure in anything. I despaired, 
moreover, that any place could be found in my native land or all 
Germany for those to come after me, where one might abandon 
the old habit of empty opcris operati and enter the pure love of 
God with the whole heart, mind and strength and love his neigh- 
bor as himself. 



104 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

I reasoned thus with myself, whether it were not better to 
teach the learning which I had received by grace from the high- 
est Giver and Father of Lights to the new-found American peo- 
ples of Pennsylvania and thus make them partakers of the true 
knowledge of the Holy Trinity and true Christianity." 

It would appear from this document that Pastorius' spiritual 
awakening was the result of long years of quest for the truth and 
piety, and rather a typical illustration of the rise of Pietism than 
a product of Pietism after it took more tangible form under the 
influence of Spener; in a word, that Pastorius, like Spener him- 
self, was an exponent of the great religious awakening of the 
second half of the seventeenth century, the mature fruit of the 
labors of Tauler, Luther and Arnd. As a participant in the relig- 
ious events of his time, he would naturally have read important 
contemporaneous literature representing the various phases of the 
movement, but there is no evidence that he had allied himself with 
any separatistic sect before his return to Frankfurt in Novem- 
ber, 1682. He sought spiritual regeneration, not doctrinal 
reform. This naturally brought him into sympathy with the 
Frankfurt Pietists and kindred spirits elsewhere in Germany, Hol- 
land and England, and determined the course of his later years, 
leading him finally to seek a quiet religious retreat in the wilds 
of the New World. 



William Penn and the Quakers. 

While Pastorius was thus like hundreds of his time finding 
his way to a higher spiritual life along the way of introspection, 
the Quakers, moved by the same spirit, were quietly winning new 
believers in Holland and Germany by making more or less sys- 
tematic propaganda among the Mennonite communities as far as 
the Middle Rhine. The missionary labors of William Ames in 
Holland and Germany (1655-1662), of William Caton (1656- 
1665), of Stephen Crisp (1663-1684), of George Rolf, John 
Stubbs, John Higgins and William Moore, had all touched the 



The Founder of Germantown 105 

Mennonites of the Middle Rhine and most of them had extended 
into the Rhenish Palatinate, arousing the ire of the orthodox 
Lutherans and Catholics alike. In 1671 William Penn made his 
first visit to these regions in the interests of the Quaker faith, and 
in 1677 ne made a second visit in the same cause. It was this 
second visit which opened the way for the great German emigra- 
tion to Pennsylvania of which Pastorius became the pioneer. 

Penn set out July 26, 1677, with George Fox, Robert Barc- 
lay, George Keith, George Watts, John Furly, William Tailcoat, 
Isabelle Yeomans and Elizabeth Keith from Harwich to attend a 
General Meeting of Friends (Quakers) in Amsterdam, where a 
congregation or meeting had already existed for twenty years. 
At this General Meeting fifteen general resolutions were agreed 
upon, the third of which clearly defined the limits of Quaker ter- 
ritory and announced the definite policy of uniting all Quakers 
within this territory in the great Yearly Meeting at Amsterdam. 
The resolution runs as follows : 

"It is Agreed upon, that henceforth a Yearly Meeting be held 
here at Amsterdam ; unto which Friends in the Palatinate, Ham- 
brough, Lubeck and Frederickstadt, &c. be invited: Of which Meet- 
ing there shall be given Notice to Friends of the Yearly Meeting 
at London, to be kept always on the fifth day of that Week ; 
which is fully the third Week following after the Yearly Meeting 
at London." 27 

After this General Meeting in Amsterdam, George Fox and 
his party set out to visit Friends in Emden, Bremen, Hamburg 
and Frisia, while William Penn, accompanied by William Keith, 
Robert Barclay and Benjamin Furly, an English merchant then 
residing in Rotterdam, turned their steps to Germany to visit the 



" Cf. An I Account | of | W. Penn's | Travails | in | Holland and Ger- 
many, I Anno MDCLXXVII. | For the Service of the Gospel | of Christ, by 
way of Journal. | Containing also Divers Letters and | Epistles writ to several 
Great and | Eminent Persons whilst there. | The Second Impression, Corrected 
by I the Author's own Copy, with answers to some of | the Letters, not be- 
fore Printed. | London, Printed and Sold by T. Sowle, in White- | Hart- 
Court in Grace-Church-Street. 1695. (Pp- 8-9.) 



106 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Friends along the Rhine. They went by boat to Naerclen, thence 
by stage by way of Osnabriick to Herwerden in Westphalia, 
where they called upon the abbess of the convent there, Princess 
Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of Frederick V, Prince Palatine of the 
Rhine and niece of Charles I of England. On the 13th of August 
1 '■ Mil. Keith and Furly took leave of Barclay at Herwerden and 
continued their journey by way of Paderborn and Kassel, arriv- 
ing August 20th in Frankfurt-on-the-Main. They held a meeting 
at night at the house of Jacobus van de Walle and the next morn- 
ing, by invitation of Eleonora von Merlau, at the house of Widow 
Bauer von Eiseneck, with whom Eleonora von Merlau was then 
living. Leaving Frankfurt, Penn and his companions went to 
Worms and Kriegsheim (August 23), Frankenthal (August 24), 
back to Kriegsheim (August 26), Worms again (August 27), 
Mainz and back to Frankfurt (August 28). They held another 
meeting in the afternoon at the house of the "Noble Women" 
(Widow Bauer von Eiseneck and Eleonora von Merlau) and later 
at the house of van de Walle. Leaving Frankfurt they continued 
their journey clown the Rhine to Mainz and Hambach ( ?) (Aug- 
ust 29), Bacharach, Coblenz and Tressy (?) (August 30), Koln 
(August 31), Duisburg and Muhlheim-on-the-Ruhr (September 
2), back to Duisburg (September 3), Wesel (September 4), Em- 
merich and Cleve (September 5), Nimegen (September 6), Ut- 
recht and Amsterdam (September y). 29 

The religious importance of this visit of Penn and his Quaker 
companions to Frankfurt lay in the fact that it made a deep im- 
pression on the minds of certain members of the Pietistic circle, 
of which Spener was the central figure, giving a new impetus to 
their religious zeal. It appears, however, that Spener himself held 
aloof from the Quaker meetings and avoided meeting Penn. In 
his Journal, Penn. speaking of the visit to Frankfurt, says: 

"Two considerable Persons came and met us about half a 



M Cf. O. Seidensticker. William Perm's Travels in Holland and Germany 
{Pennsylvania Magazine, II. 281-282). 



The Founder of Germantown 107 

German Mile from the City ; informing us of several well affected 
in that Town. Upon which we told them the end of our coming, 
and desired to have a Meeting with them in the Afternoon, 
which we easily obtained at the House of a Merchant [van de 
Walle], one of the two that met us. The Persons that resorted 
thither were generally People of considerable Note, both of 
Calvinists and Lutherans." 29 

But not all of the attendants upon these meetings were as 
cautious as Spener. In some the enthusiasm rose to the pitch of 
martyrdom. This was particularly the case with Eleonora von 
Merlau, as Penn tells us in one of the finest passages of his Jour- 
nal: 

"Therefore said the Young Virgin [Eleonora von Merlau], 
Our Quarters are free for you, let all come that will come, and 
lift up your Voices without fear, for (said she) it will never be 
well with us till Persecution come, and some of us be lodged in 
the Stadthouse, That is the Prison" 30 

The visit of Penn and the Quakers in Frankfurt in 1677, 
stirring as it was at the time, might have remained only a religious 
episode, had not other more secular events given it a new signifi- 
cance. While it is possible that Pastorius was more or less influ- 
enced by the spiritual tenor of the life of the Quakers, as well as 
by that of the Frankfurt Pietists, during his journey with Bodeck, 
it is not likely that his interest would have gone beyond religious 
friendship and sympathy without some new impetus. The event 
which gave a new importance to these visits of Penn and the 
Quakers in the Rhine Country was the proprietorship of the Pro- 
vince of Pennsylvania granted by the King of England to William 
Penn, the great Quaker, in the year 1681, about the time of Pa- 
storius' journey to England with Bodeck. 

The fact that Penn had become proprietor of a great province 
in America and was now inviting his German friends to come and 



" Cf. An Account of Penn's Travels in Holland and Germany, etc. 
(1695). PP- 55-56. 

'" Cf. An Account of Penn's Travels in Holland and Germany, etc. 
(1695), p. 57. 



io8 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

settle in these new lands lifted him out of the role of a religious 
enthusiast to that of a provincial lord, offering a quiet retreat to 
the perturbed and persecuted of the Old World. Perm's Account* 1 
published in London in 1681, and published in Dutch 32 in Rotter- 
dam, and in German 33 in Amsterdam, the same year, came as a 
new message of glad good news to all the Quaker and Mennon- 
ite communities of Holland and the Rhine, opening the way to a 
new paradise of religious tranquillity beyond the sea. 

This new scheme of colonization in Pennsylvania was the 
subject of ardent discussion in the Pietistic circle at Frankfurt 
when Pastorius returned from his journey in November, 1682. 
Some of the circle had already decided to emigrate, and were 
making preparations for the journey. At first they kept the matter 



51 Some I Account | of the | Province | of | Pennsilvania | in 1 America; | 
Lately Granted under the Great Seal | of | England | to | William Penn, &c | 
Together with Priviledges and Powers neces- | sary to the well-governing 
thereof. | Made publick for the Information of such as are or may be | dis- 
posed to Transport themselves or Servants | into those Parts. | London : 
Printed, and Sold by Benjamin Clark | Bookseller in George- Yard Lombard- 
street, 1681. 

32 Een kort Bericht | Van de Provintie ofte Landschap | Penn-Sylvania | 
genaemt, leggende in | America ; | Nu onlangs onder het groote Zegel van 
Engeland | gegeven aan | William Penn, &c. | mitsgaders | Van de Privilegien, 
ende Macht om | het selve wel to Regeeren. | Uyt het Engels overgeset na de 
tot Loden gedruckt by Benjamin Clark, Boekverkooper in George 
Yard Lombardstreet. 1681. | Waer by nu gevoegt is de Notificatie van s' 
Konings Placcact | in date van den 2 April 1681, waar inne de tegenwoordige 
I Inwoonders van Penn-Sylvania, belast word | William Penn en zijn Erfge- 
named, als volkomene | Eygenaars en Gouverneurs, te gehoorsamen. | Als 
mede, | De Copyc van ecu Brief by den selven W. P. geschreven aan 1 zekete 
Regeeringe Anno 1675. tegens de Vervolginge | en voor de Vryheyt van Con- 
science, aan alle &c. | Tot Rotterdam. | Gedrukt by Pieter van Wynbrugge, 
Boek-Drukker in de | Leeuwestraat, in de Wereld Vol-Druk. Anno 1681. 

n Eine | Nachricht | wegen dcr Landschaft | Pennsylvania | in | America: 
I Welche | Jiingstens unter dem Grossen Siegel | in | Engelland | an | William 
Penn, &c. | Sambt den Freyheiten und der Macht | so zu behoriger | guten 
Regierung derselben notig | ubergeben worden | und | Zum Unterricht derer 
/ so etwan bcreits bewogen / oder noch | mochten bewogen werdcn / urab sich 
n darhin / zu begeben / oder einige Bediente und Gesinde | an diesen 
Ort zu senden / hiermit kund gethan wird. | Aus dem in London gedrucktem 
und aldar bey Benjamin Clarck | Buchhandlern in George- Yard Lombard- 
street befindlichem | Englischen iibersetzet. | Nebenst beygefiigtem ehemaligem 
im 1675. Iahr gedrucktem Schreiben des oberwehnten Will. Penns. | In 
Amsterdam | gedruckt bey Christoff Cunraden. | Im Iahr 1681. 



The Founder of Germantown 109 

concealed from Pastorius, but finally, seeing that he was seriously 
interested in the scheme, they gradually disclosed the secret to him. 
He speaks of three forms of information which they gave him 
of the scheme. First, they often spoke of William Penn, refer- 
ring doubtless to his religious views and his personal character. 
Second, they showed him private letters of Benjamin Furly, the 
great promoter of the scheme in Holland and Germany, who may 
have given them particulars concerning the matter contained in 
the Information and Direction 3 * published in 1681. Thirdly, they 
communicated to him also a "printed Relation," which, doubtless, 
refers to Penn's Account mentioned above. In the Res Propriae 35 
Pastorius speaks of "verschiedene relation schreiben," read by 
him, which would seem to show that he might have seen other 
printed matter, such as the Information and Direction, as well as 
Penn's Account. 

The earliest extant official document 353 - relating to a trans- 
action in connection with Pastorius is the authorization, or 
power of attorney, given to Pastorius by a number of the first 
purchasers of land in Pennsylvania, bearing date April 2, 1683. 
The document committed to Pastorius "the care and Administra- 
tion of all their Estate, lands and Rights which they lawfully ob- 
tained there of William Penn." He was to "conserve in the best 
form of Law the things themselves, the Possession thereof and 
other rights," "Order the tillage of the ground," "Hire Labour- 
ers, grant part of the land to others, take the yearly Revenue or 
Rents" and all other functions of administration, "all sorts of 
alienation and mortgaging excepted." 

A sum of money was given to the agent for this purpose, 
and he was to render a yearly account to his constituents or their 
heirs, but the constituents were "not to be obliged to any man by 
all his doings and contracts." The agent's compensation was to 

"Information and Direction [ to [ Such Persons as are inclined ] to | 
America, | more | Especially Those related to the Province | of | Penn- 
sylvania. 

35 Cf. Res Propriae, p. 6. 

Ma Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of Germantown. 



no Francis Daniel Pastorius 

be what is "reasonable" from "the expected Income or Rents in 
Pennsylvania." This most cautiously worded instrument was 
signed by Jacobus van de Walle, for himself and as attorney for 
Johann Wilhelm Peterson and his wife, Eleonore von Merlau 
(Petersen), Daniel Behaghel, Johann Jacob Schvitz, Caspar Me- 
rian. Francis Daniel Pastorius. 

The next record we have states that Pastorius bought in 
London (between May 8 and June 6, 1683), 15,000 acres of land 
for the Frankfurt company. This seems to be the status of the 
transactions at the time when Pastorius sailed for America on the 
ship America, June 6, 1683. 

The account of the events leading up to the departure for 
America are well summed up by Pastorius in the Beehive: 

"And forasmuch as J after this my Return was glad to en- 
joy the ancient familiarity of my former Acquaintances (rather 
than to be with the aforesd von Bodeck feasting, dancing, &c. 1 
especially of those Christian Friends, who frequently assembled 
together in a house, called the Saalhof, viz. Dr. Spenner, Dr. 
Schutz, Notarius Fenda, Jacobus van de Walle, Maximilian (by- 
named the pious) Lersner, Eleonora von Merlau, Maria Juliana 
Baurin, &c. who sometimes made mention of William Penn & of 
Pennsilvania, and moreover communicated unto me as well 
some private letters from Benjamin Furly, as also a printed Re- 
lation concerning the sd province, and finally the whole Secret 
could not be withholden from me, viz. that they purchased 15000. 
Acres of land in this remote part of the world, some 38 of 'em 
entirely resolv'd to transport themselves, families & all ; this 
begat such a desire in my Soul to continue in their Society, and 
with them to lead a quiet, godly & honest life in a howling wil- 
derness, (which J observed to be a heavy Task for any to perform 
among the bad examples & numberless Vanitates Vanitatum in 
Europe,) that by several Letters J requested of my sd Father his 



M In the Res Propriae, p. 7, we have the following additional detail- : 
"auch bereits einige gottfiirchtende Menschen [unter welchen Xtian 
rau Baurin,] sich dorthin zu transportiren entschlossen, u. allschon 

zusani gepackt hatten, entstund cine nicht geringe begierd bey mir, in ihrer 

Gesellschaft mit uberzusegeln, u. daselbst ( : nach iiberfliissig gesehenen u. 

gekostetcn Europaeischen Eitelkciten :) nebenst Jhnen ein still und Christlich 

leben zu fiihren." 







Rent Receipt of the Frankfurt Company. 

Issued by Pastorius to Heyfert Papen. 

(From the Original in the Library of Johns I [opkins University. ) 



TRANSCRIPTION. 

< ". . r 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 5ih Nov. mil n, 



Ichendsuntersrhr.ebeiierbekeni.evon Heyfert Papen empfangen z„ haben 
Zsh.lU d.l farthing, .,1s den Erbpach. vor seinem Los in Germ't bisz Iten 
August, d.szlaufTenden Jahrs verfallen, in, nahmen und als gevollmSchtigter der 



Frantz Daniel Pastoriu 



The Founder of Germantown in 

Consent & approbation, and at length Obtained the same, with a 
Bill of Exchange of 250. rixdollars ; Thereupon J sent a large 
Chest full of Books & other Rarities by me heretofore gathered 
as a free Gift to my brother Johahes Samuel Pastorius, and after 
One weeks Visit, wch J gave to Friends at Krisheim, to wit, 
Peter Shoemaker, Gerhard Henrix, Arnold Cassel, &c., J pre- 
pared myself for this the farthermost Journey, that J as yet ever 
had done or dreamed of. Anno 1683. the 2nd of April J set out 
from Francfort, came the 5th of ditto to Collein, where J was 

kindly received of David van Enden, Danniel Mitz and 

Dozen, the then Resident of the King of Denmark in the sd City, 
[This Dozen had strong Jnclinations for Pennsilvania, & desired 
me to prevail with his wife, but her Reply was that there they 
were carried in a Coach from one door to the other, but if they 
should happen to come hither, she was afraid that she must look 
after the Cattle, and milk her cows, &c] and the nth ditto all 
along upon the Rein to Oerdingen, from whence J went a foot 
to Crefelt and there did speak to Denis Kunders & his Wife, Dirk, 
Herman & Abraham op den Graeff, &c. who with many others 
came about Six weeks after me into the aforesd Province. The 
16th ditto J arrived at Rotterdam, Lodged with our Friend Ma- 
rieke Yettekueke ; saw here Benjamin Furly, Peter Hendrics, 
Jacob Tellner, &c. The 4th of May J sailed from Rotterdam 
accompanied by Tob. Lud. Kohlhans, and the servant, then with 
me, and came the 8th of ditto to London, taking our Lodging at 
John Hodgkins in Lombard street. After J had done my busi- 
ness with Hellmont & those J had letters for, J with Jacob Shoe- 
maker (who came with me from Mentz,) George Wertmuller, 
Jsaac Dilbeek, his wife Marieke & his two boys Abraham tk 
Jacob, Thomas Gasper, Cunrad Backer, (alias Rutter,) and an 
English Maid, called Frances Simson, went a board of a Ship, 
which had the name of America, (the Captain whereof was Jos- 
eph Wasey,) and being gone the 6th of June from Gravesend, 37 
we arrived the 7th ditto at Deal, and left England the 10th of the 
sd month of June, and saw the 16th of August this new World, 
arriving the 1 8th ditto in the Bay of Delawarre, and the 20th ditto 
at Philadelphia. Post Francofortum Fessus Desidero Portum. 
This our sd Passage described more at large, my sons may find 
in the abovesd Journal or Jtinerary in 8° as likewise many of my 
Transactions for & in behalf of Others in a Manuscript in 4 so 
that it is altogether needless to repeat it here. &c." 37a 

" In the Res Propriae Pastorius states that he arrived in Gravesend June 
3d- 

"a Cf. Beehive, p. 223. 



112 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

The most interesting facts about our early German settlers 
in America and the most difficult to obtain are those relating to 
domestic and private life. In the case of Pastorius we are for- 
tunate in having a record of many of these personal details in his 
own manuscript notes and memoranda, where we find the follow- 
ing relating to his life in Germany and his journey to the new 
world. 

"Children to whom I was godfather: 

1670. 25. July. Johann Caspar Mercklein's little son, to whom 
the name Frantz Jacob was given. 

1677. 6. Aug. the saltpeterboiler Michael Schmidt's little son, to 
whom the name Frantz Daniel was given. 

1678. 18. May I stood sponsor with Doctor Ludwig Hartmann 
for Johann Joachim Mercklein's little son, to whom the 

name Ludwig Frantz was given. 

Important Weddings I have attended : 

1663. 31. July, at my [step] brother Joh. Ludwig Johm's wed- 
ding in Ansbach. 

1675. 20. April, in Beyreut at the wedding of Georg Roth, Sec- 
retary of the Court of Fees, in that place, who married 
Adam Volckmann's eldest daughter, Anna Maria, my last 
stepmother's sister. 

6. July, best man at D. Grimm's [wedding] at Segnitz. 

1679. at Wolffgang Beyer's [wedding] in YVindsheim. 

12. August, at Joh. Martin Miiller's [wedding] in Frank- 

furt-on-the-Main. 

1680. 27. January, at [wedding] of M. Rhein and Je. Sultzer. 38 



* Cf. Res Propriae for the following original: 
Kinder, so ich aus der Tauff gehoben: 
1670. 25. Jul. Hn. Johaii Caspar Merckleins Sohnlein, deme der Nahm Frantz 
Jacob gegeben wurde. 

1677. 6- Aug. des Saltpetersieder Michael Schmidt's Sohnlein, deme der Nahm 
Frantz Daniel gegeben. 

1678. 18. May hub ich nebenst Hn. Doctor Ludwig Hartmafi Hn. Johaii 

im Merckleins Sohnlein, deme der Nahm Ludwig Frantz gegeben 

worden. 

Principale Hochzeiten, worauff ich gewest: 
1663. 31. Jul. Zu Onspach auff mein bruder Joh. Ludwig Johms. 
1675. 20 - Apr. Zu Beyreut auff Georg Rothens, Lehen Secretarius, daselbst, 



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The Founder of Gcrmantown 113 

In the case of Pastorius we have an accurate account 39 of 
the money which he received during his years of study and upon 
his departure for Pennsylvania, and the names of the persons who 
furnished it. He summarizes as follows : 

"NB. Von meinem L. Vatter hab ich von Zeit zu Zeit 

auff Universitaten u. sonst empfang 949 rthlr. 

und endlich, als pag. seq. noch 250 



1 199 rthlr. 

Auch von meiner stieff mutter Greulichen 15 

Von verschiedenen Fraunden, da ich nach Strassburg 

zog 1/ 

Von meiner stieff mutter Volckmannin 12 

Von Juncker Bodeck, als nach Pensilv. reiste 20 



Tot pereunt cum Tempore Nurni 1263 rthlr." 

In another part of the same manuscript Pastorius gives an 
inventory of the effects which he brought with him on the journey 
to Pennsylvania. The list is prefaced by a brief reference to his 
money in the form of a letter of credit. The original, showing 
he had £81 in American (English) money of the time, runs as 
follows : 

"Tota domus Codri rheda componitur una. 

Anno 1683. als ich aus Teutschland nach Pensilvanien ver- 
reisete hatte ich an paarem geld m. Martio, 270. reichsthaler nemb- 
lich 20. reichsthaler so ich von Juncker Bodeck kriegte, und 250. 
reichsthaler die mir mein Vatter mitgab, u. Jacobus von de 



welcher sich verheurathet an Adam Volckmans alteste Tochter Anna 
Maria, meiner letzten Stiefmutter Schwester. 

6. Jul. zu Segnitz auff D. Grimmens Brautfuhrer, welcher Nicolaus 

Eichen tochter Magdalen heurathete, die meine Mutter anno 1652. 35. 
Sept. aus der Tauff gehoben, u. mein Hebe Gespielin war. 

1679. . . . zu Windsheim auff Wolfgang Beyerns. 
12. Aug. zu Franckfurt auff. Joh. Martin Midlers. 

1680. 27. Jan. ibid, auff M. Rheinen mit Je. Sultzerin. 
" Cf. Res Propriae, p. 14. 



1 14 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Walle, einen Weertbrieff von gedm meinem Vatter Iiabende, 
tlieils selbst zu Ffranckfurt bezahlte, thcils (lurch Benj : Furly zu 
Rotterdam, und den rest durch Herman Olmius zu Londen be- 
zahlen liesz. 

Macht diese meine wenige Paarschafft in diszlandischem 
geld 81 : £. 

Ferner nahm ich mit mir an Silberwerck 

Ein Sackuhrgen, 88a so ich in Engelland eintauschte gegen deme, 

welches mir Frau Baurin verehrt hatte. 
Al einen gewcihnlichen lofel. 
Neun Dutzend glatte Knopf. 
Drey paar Hembder Knopf. 

An Messing &c. 

Einen Ring ex Mercurio coagulate 

Mein pettschafft mit silbern plattg F D P. 

Ein zusammenfaltende gold wag in kupferner Tos. 

Ein tabac Tos. Zwey Circuln. 

Ein Sonenweiser. Zwey Schnupftabac buchsgen. 

Ein bleyweis-feder. Schueschnallen. 

Ein Metallen Glocklein. 

An Zinn und Blech. 

Ein Butterbuchs, die mir Doctor Schutz zur reisgedachtniss 

gab. 
Zwey reib-eisgen. 6. Dutzend zinerne Knopf. 
Ein breit feder-rohr. Futteral zur Tabackpfeif. 
Ein dreyeckigte biichs. Hosen sacken. 

An Eisen. 

Zwey Schliisselring. Ein Schuesporn. Zwey Vorhang- 

schlosser. 
Stahlerne schueschnallen. 

An Messern &c. 

Ein taschenmesser mit schiltkroten hefft. 

Ein anders mit hirschbeinen hefft. 

Ein weisz messer u. gabel. Zwey federmesser. 

Drey Scheer-messer. Zwey Scheeren. 



3 ' a Now in the possession of John Pastorius Reiff, of Xorristown, Pa. 






■ 



fc«U 
-3 



/ 



f>a&£? ~ -i^l- 
f '£&/&% ------ 






iP+u^.ftG/a^f'jCr *£+Zy - 



l: 






4J« 

4:1* 



1L~ Za. 






Calendar of Pastorks' Life, 
(From "Res Propria;"), 



The Founder of Germantown 115 

An Bein und Horn. 

Ein helffenbein, papier zu falten. 
Zwey Zahnbiirstg. Ein rothlofelgen. 
Poudre beutel Haubt. Zwey biesem biixgen. 
Schreibzeug. Zwey Schnuptabac Tosgen. 
Etliche Karri. 

An Glasern. 

Ein Perspectiv. Zwey Fernglaser. 
Ein paar augen glaser. Ein Spiegel. 

An andern Dingen. 

Ein Flinten rohr, so mir Jacobus van de Walle verehrt. 
Ein Scheermess[er] -stein. Ein blau probstein. 

An Leinen Zeug. 

Zwolff neue, und etliche alte Hembder. 

Acht Schlaff- und Drey Paruquen miitzgen. 

Sechszehn lange Halsbinden. 

Zwolff weise- und acht gefarbte nastiicher. 

Sechs paar weisz leinen strumpf. 

Acht paar Socken. Ein lange Handqvell. 

An Kleidern. 

Zwey gestrickte Schlaffmiitzen. 

Zwey Hauben aus schwartzem Krep. 

Ein Haub von braunem Krep. 

Zwey graue Hut. 

Ein blauen Mantel. 

Ein braun tiichern langen Obberrock. 

Zwey lackene rock mit zwey paar Hosen. 

Ein tiichern- und Ein ledern Camisol. 

Ein weisz zeugen Camisol. Ein ledern Giirtel. 

Ein paar lederne Hosen. 

Zwey paar lederne strumpf. 

Zwey paar gestrickte strumpf. 

Ein paar Handschue. 

Zwey paar schue. Ein paar Pantofeln. 

Ein paar uberzihstiefel. 

Noch hatte ich eine schwartze reiskist ; Span. rohr. 
Ein beltzern kistgen. 

Ein bleyern Schreibzeug. Einen Schwarii. Ein Kehrbiirst. 
ledern federrohr. ledern Garn Tos. 2 Riech-biixgen." 



Ii6 Francis Daniel Pastorius 



CHAPTER IV. 

AGENT OF THE GERMAN COMPANY. 

The Voyage. 
The one absorbing desire of Pastorius in leaving his native 
land was that he might escape the vanities of the old world, and 
lead a quiet Christian life in the wilds of America. His disgust 
for the old life, which he was leaving behind in Europe, is strongly 
expressed in the farewell letter written to his father and friends 
from Deal, as he was embarking for the new world. The letter 
is dated June 7th, 1683, and runs, in English translation, as fol- 
lows : 

"After I had seen enough of the countries and provinces of 
Europe, and considered the impending motus belli and the disquiet- 
ing changes and disruptions of my native land, I yielded to the 
special guidance of the Supreme Being to journey to Pennsylvania, 
cherishing the hope that this my purpose might turn out to the best 
interests of my dear kinsmen, and to the advancement of God's 
honor (which is my highest aim), especially as the libertinism 
and sins of the European world are increasing more and more from 
day to day in such a manner that the righteous judgments of God 
cannot long be delayed. 1 

In all my doings I had taken this vanity and presumption to 
heart and considered their final issue with deep reflection, how life 
and limb, property and goods, ambition and lust, are subject to 
death and decay. But the soul once lost is lost forever. Semel peri- 
isse aeternum est. 

Accordingly I have entered upon this journey and passage 
across the great ocean under God's guidence the more cheerfully, in 
order to escape temporal and eternal ruin, and together with nine 
persons attached to me, in company with a number of respected 
families, sailed from Deal, the 7th 2 of June. 1683, in the hope that 



1 The impression of impending European disaster, so deeply engraved on 
Pastorius' mind, is not to be regarded as evidence that he entertained Chili- 
astic views of the approaching end of the world, but rather as a prophetic 
presentiment of the catastrophe which culminated in the French Revolution. 

A similar reflection is expressed in a letter written home March 7th, 
1684 (cf. Zurich A.). 

'This would seem to show that the letter was written immediately after 




Rathaus in Sommerhausen in 1903. 



The Founder of Germantown 117 

the Lord, who till this hour has so richly blessed me and commanded 
his angels to keep watch over me, will so rule my outgoing and 
incoming that thereby His most Holy Name may be praised in un- 
known places beyond the sea. 

I commit then my father and all the dear ones at home to the 
protecting hand of the Almighty, and as soon as the Lord shall 
bring me to Pennsylvania I shall give a more detailed account of 
all. But should it be his Holy Will to summon me on the way, I am 
ready with all my heart, and so on this account take leave of my 
father as befits a son, obediently thanking him again for all the 
love and fidelity which have been manifested in such superabund- 
ance. May God repay it in time and eternity. 

I recall having read in my tour the following epitaph : 

"Der ich bey frembder Grufft so manche Schrifft gelesen, 
Und deren gute Zahl in dieses Buch gebracht, 

Weiss nicht wo ? wan ? und wie ? ich selbsten werd verwesen, 
Drum gib ich Welt-Lust dir nun tausend gute Nacht." 3 

Should we not see one another again here below, we shall in 
Heaven. If, however, we shall fulfil the will of God here on earth, 
which I desire from the depths of my soul, I remain till death, 
My father's faithful and obedient 

F. D. P." 4 

Pastorius sailed from Deal on the 10th of June, 1683, and 
arrived in Philadelphia August 20th, 1683, six weeks earlier than 
the main body of the first German colonists, the Crefelders and 
others, who arrived on the 6th of October, 1683. He had with 
him nine persons: four males, two maids, two children and a 
lad. 5 One of the maids was a Hollander whom he had em- 
ployed in Deal after his arrival from London. He came over on 



Pastorius' arrival in Deal, when he expected the ship to sail at once. As we 
learn from the Genealogical Sketch (Beehive, 223), and other sources he did 
not sail for America until June 10th, 1683. 

s I who on foreign graves have oft inscriptions read, 
And many too of these into this book did write, 
Know not where, when, nor how I shall myself lie dead; 
To thee then, worldly joy, a thousand times good night. 
4 Cf. Umstandige geographische Beschreibung Der zu allerletzt erfundenen 
Provinfz Pensylvaniae, etc. 1700, pp 45-47: Copia Genommenen Abschieds 
Francisci Danielis Pastorii / von seinem Vatter und Befreundten. Aus Deal 
den 7. Junii 1683. 

* They were Jacob Schumacher, Georg Wertmiiller, Isaac Dilbeck with 
his wife (Marieke) and two boys (Abraham and Jacob), Thomas Gasper, 



u8 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

the ship America, which was commanded by Captain Wasey, and 
drew thirteen feet of water. There were some eighty other pas- 
sengers in the company. The journey was attended with much 
stormy weather and marred by the customary bad fare. A number 
of mishaps occurred during the voyage. The foremast of the 
ship was broken by the violence of the storm, the two carved lions 
of the ship's bell fell upon Pastorius, nearly breaking his back. 
On another occasion he fell during a severe storm and was con- 
fined to his bed for some days in consequence. He remarks in his 
waggish humor that these two falls reminded him emphatically of 
the first fall of our first parents, which was visited upon their 
posterity. Accidents befell some of those also, -who were with 
him. Georg Wertmuller had a serious fall, Thomas Gasper had 
a severe eruption on his body, and the English maid had an at- 
tack of erysipelas. Pastorius states that he had a small ship's 
hospital on board, although he alone of all the Germans had his 
quarters among the English passengers. 7 One of the sailors 
went crazy, and the ship was shaken by repeated attacks of a 
whale. 

The hardships of the voyage were increased by the poor 
and scanty fare which forced them to live "medice ac- 
modice." The allowance for ten persons was three pounds of 
butter a week, four measures of beer a day, two measures of water 
a day, two dishes of peas at midday, meat at midday four times 
a week, and fish for the midday meal three times a week. This 
they had to prepare with their own allowance of butter and save 
enough from the midday meal for supper. The worst of all was 
that the meat and fish were so salt and stale that they could 

Conrad Backer (nlia^ Rutter) and Frances Simson, an English maid. (Cf. 
Beehive, p. 223, and this work, p. m. 

" The original passage is : "Zwey ausgchaucne Loben der Schiffglocke," 
which evidently refers to the ornamental frame work of the ship's bell. (Cf. 
the poem to Thomas Lloyd's daughter. 

* Pastorius took quarters among the English passengers evidently in the 
hope of better service and associations, as he was travelling as a gentleman, 
or, at least, as a man of some consequence in his capacity as agent of the 
German Society. 



52 

O CL 

3 ^ 
& o 

OS g 

S» s 
3 5!? 



3 S 

y PI 







^^^^— ^^— 



The Founder of Germantown 119 

scarcely eat it. Pastorius himself had taken the precaution, upon 
the advice of a friend in England, to lay in some supplies before 
sailing, and in his account advises others either to procure their 
own provisions or to have a binding contract both as to quantity 
and quality of the food to be served on the voyage. He advises 
further that voyagers should, if possible, take passage on ships 
sailing directly to Philadelphia, as those landing in Upland are 
subjected to many annoyances. 8 

It was a very mixed company of passengers who came over 
on the America with Pastorius: A Doctor of Medicine 9 with 
his wife and eight children, a French captain, a Low German 
pastry cook, an apothecary, a glassblower, a blacksmith, a cabinet- 
maker, a cooper, a hatter, a shoemaker, a tailor, a gardener, yeo- 
men, seamstresses, etc., some eighty persons in all besides the 
crew. The oldest woman was sixty years of age, and the young- 
est child twelve weeks old. Pastorius states that there were with 
him Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists, Epis- 
copalians, and only one Quaker. He not unfittingly remarks that 
the ship might be likened to Noah's Ark. 

On the nth of August they cast anchor for the first time, 
and, finding that they were near the Great Sand Bank, they sailed 
a hundred miles out of their course to safe waters. On the 16th, 
to their great delight, they sighted America, reached the Delaware 
Bay on the 18th, passed New Castle, Upland and Tinicum Island 
on the 20th, arriving on the evening of the same day at Phila- 
delphia, after a voyage of ten weeks. 



* Amandus Johnson, Harrison Fellow in Germanics at the University of 
Pennsylvania, has suggested that Pastorius may still have remembered the 
Swedes unfavorably, because his grandfather Martinus Pastorius, had met 
death at the hands of the Swedes during the occupation of Erfurt in the 
Thirtv Years' War. 

8 Probably Thomas Lloyd, President of the Provincial Council of 
Pennsylvania. It appears that Lloyd and his first wife (Mary Jones, of 
Welchpool) had at the time of sailing for America nine children instead of 
eight, as stated by Pastorius. This may be explained by the fact that the 
youngest child, Deborah, was an infant. (Cf. Charles P. Keith, The Pro- 
vincial Councillors of Pennsylvania, pp. 16-17.) 



120 



Francis Daniel Pastorius 



The German Company or German Society. 

The group of German purchasers of land in Pennsylvania, 
for whom Pastorius was agent, was in the beginning rather an 
aggregation of individuals than an organized land company. 
It must be noted that Pastorius, in his earlier reports, speaks of 
his constituents as the German Company, or High German Com- 
pany or Society ("Hoch-teutsche Compagnia," "Hoch-Teutsche 
Societat," "Teutsche Compagnia," "Teutsche Societat," "Teui- 
sche Compagnia oder Societat"). The German Company or Soci- 
ety seems to have consisted of a group of sympathetic friends or 
acquaintances in Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Duisburg, Wesel and 
other places, who had come into contact with William Penn and 
the Quakers in the preceding years, and had purchased lands 
in Pennsylvania with the purpose of settling there, or at least 
of sending representatives to take up lands for them. Pastorius 
mentions the following as the most interested participants in this 
company in its beginning: Jacob von de Walle, 10 Dr. Johann 
Jacob Schiitz, Daniel Behagel, merchant, all three at Frankfort- 
on-the-Main; Dr. Gerhard von Mastricht at Duisburg, Dr. 
Thomas von Wolich 11 and Johann Lebrunu 11 at Wesel, Benjamin 
Furly at Rotterdam, Philipp Fort at London. These men also 
forwarded letters and wares for emigrants and furnished desired 
information and advice to those wishing to emigrate to Pennsyl- 
vania. 12 

The actual purchasers in the German Company or Society 
who first transferred the official management of their interests to 
Pastorius April 2d, 1683, may be seen in the following power of 
attorney in English translation in Pastorius' own hand : 



10 Pastorius gives the High German from "von" here instead of the usual 
and correct form "van," the name being Jacob van de Walle. The form 
"Wallen" instead of "Walle," which is sometimes found in German and 
transferred into English, is really the oblique case of "Walle," as proper 
names were then inflected. 

"Also written "Wylich," "Wilich" (or "Willich") and "Le Brunn." 

u Cf. Umstandige geographische Beschreibung, p. 35. For an account of 
the several individuals of the Company cf. S. W. Pennypacker's Germantoum. 




Clock Tower and Gate, Sommerhausen. 
(1903) 



The Founder of Germantown 121 

"At all times & in all things the Lord be praised ! 

Whenas Francis Daniel Pastorius U. J. Licent us , a German of 
Winsheim in Franckenland did signify his Jnclination to travel 
towards Pennsilvania, viz. that Province in America, which heretofore 
was called New Netherland, Jacob van de Wallen of Francfort Mercht. 
for himself & as Attorney of John William Petersen of Lubeck, and 
of his wife Johanna Eleonora van Morlaw, as also John Jacob Schutz 
of Francfort U. J. Licent us and Daniel Behagel & Caspar Merian of 
Francfort Merchants have trusted & Comitted unto him the Care & 
Administration of all their Estate, lands & Rights which they law- 
fully obtained there of William Penn Govern 1 ' in that part; So that 
the said Pastorius in the Name of the Constituents shall receive & 
Conserve in the best form of Law the things themselves, the Pos- 
session thereof and other Rights ; Order the Tillage of the ground 
& what belongs to husbandry there according to his best diligence, 
hire Labourers, grant part of the land to others, take the yearly 
Revenues or Rents ; and shall & may do all what the Owners may 
do in Administration ( : nevertheless all sorts of Alienation & Mort- 
gaging excepted). To this end a certain Sum of Money has been 
delivered to his trusty hands: Of all which he shall & will yearly 
give an account to the Constituents or their heirs ; but the Constit- 
uents will not be obliged to any man by all his doings & Contracts : 
What will be reasonable will be assigned unto him out of the ex- 
pected Jncomes or Rents in Pensilvania. This being thus done hath 
been subscribed by the Parties own hands, Confirmed by publick 
authority and Committed to divine blessing, Jn Francfort on Mayn 
a free City of the German Empire in the year of Christ according 
to vulgar account 1683. the 2d day of the 2d month comonly called 
April. 

(Seal) Jacobus vande Walle for (Seal) John Jacob Schutz 
myself & as Attorney of (Seal) Caspar Merian. 

John Wm. Petersen and 
his wife Johanna Eleo- 
nora van Merlaw. 
(Seal) Daniel Behagel. 

(Seal) Francis Daniel Pastorius. 
(Seal) That the aforesd Parties did agree to all the above Contents, 
and Jn my presence Sign, Seal and Acknowledge the same, 
J do hereby witness the Date as above mentioned, 

Christian Fenda Jmperial Approved & Jmatriculated 

Publick Notary here. 
Manu & Sigillo." 
Endorsed on the back in Pastorius' hand as follows : 
"A Translation of Francis Daniel Pastorius his Letter of Attorney." 



122 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

The Crefeld Purchasers. 

Another company of German purchasers (not members of 
this German Company or Society, the so-called Frankfurters, in 
its first inception, as it seems) had already purchased land in Penn- 
sylvania and were planning to make a settlement there. They 
were the so-called Crefeld Purchasers, some of whom had bought 
land in Penn's Province as early as March, 1682. The active 
spirit among these Crefelders was Jacob Telner, who had visited 
Pennsylvania in the years 1678-1681, and after his return to 
Europe had induced or agreed with his friends to buy extensive 
tracts of land in Penn's Province. Two groups of these Crefeld 
Purchasers appear in the Land Records. The first group included 
Jacob Telner 13 of Crefeld, dealing as merchant in Amsterdam; 
Jan Strepers 14 of Kaldenkirchen, and Dirck Sipman 15 of Crefeld, 



""This Indenture made the Second day of the fourth month called June 
in the four and thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second over 
England &c. Ano Dni one thousand six hundred eighty & three Between 
William Penn of W01 gl urst in the county of Sussex Esq of the [first] 
part & Jacob Telner of Amsterdam in the Province of Holland MrcbJ of the 
other pt. Whereas the said William Penn by his Indentures of Lease & 
Release bearing date the ninth & tenth day of the month called March for 
the Consideration therein mentioned did alien grant bargain sell release & 
confirm unto the said Iacob Telner his Heirs & Assigns forever the full & 
just proportion & quantity of five thousand acres of land every acre to be 
admeasured & computed according to the dimensions of acres mentioned & 
appointed &c." (Exemplification Records, VIII, 655). 

The name is also written "Tellner" in the records. 

The year 1683 should be 1682, as the first year of the reign of Charles II. 
was 1649. The most cogent argument against 1683 is the fact that William 
Penn was then in Pennsylvania. (Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of 
Germantown, pp. 54-55.) Pastorius gives the year 1682. (Cf. Grund- and 
Lager-Buch.) 

" The name is written also "Streepers," "Streipers" and "Streypers." The 
following passage from the indenture deed gives the essential data: 

"Whereas by my Indentures of Lease & Release bearing date the ninth 
and tenth days of the month called March in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand six hundred eighty two for the considerations therein mentioned I 
granted unto John Streipers of Kaldenkirchen in the county of Iuliers in the 
borders of Germany Merchant five thousand acres of land to be taken up in 
the sd Province &c." (Cf. also Exemplification Rec, VIII, 674L) 

" Cf. the following passage : 

"William Penn true and absolute Proprietary and Governor in Chief of 



The Founder of Germantown 123 

each of whom purchased of William Perm, on March 9th and 
10th, 1682, 5000 acres of land in Pennsylvania. These purchas- 
ers were evidently the first fruits of Telner's prospecting tour in 
Pennsylvania, and the contracts were executed while Penn was 
still in England. The second group of Crefeld Purchasers con- 
sisted of Govert Remckins 10 of Crefeld, Jacob Isaacs van Bebber, 17 
and Lenert Arets 18 , each of whom purchased 1,000 acres of Penn- 
sylvania land in June. 16S2. The indenture of sale to Remckins 
and van Bebber is dated June 10th and nth, 1683, and that to 
Arets is given in one case as June nth, 1683. The purchases of 
the first group of Crefelders were made before Pastorius had re- 
turned to Frankfurt from his tour with Bodeck; the purchases of 
the second group were made on the day and day after Pastorius 
embarked from Gravesend for America, but before the Crefelders 
sailed for Pennsylvania. 



the province of Pennsylvania and teritories thereunto belonging to all to whom 
these presents shall come sendeth Greeting. Whereas by my Indentures of 
lease and release dated the ninth and tenth days of March Anno sixteen 
hundred eighty two in consideration of one hundred pounds sterling money 
I granted five thousand acres of land to Dirick Sipman of Crevett in the 
county of Meurs on the borders of Germany &c." (Exempt. Record, I, 462.) 

18 The name is written by Pastorius in the Grund- und Lagcr-Buch as 
"Remckins," which is doubtless the correct form, although the form "Remke" 
also occurs, and the Exempt. Records have "Ranckes." Cp. this: "* * And 
whereas by my like Indentures of lease and release bearing date the tenth 
and eleventh days of June in the year one thousand six hundred and eighty 
three in consideration of twenty pounds J granted one thousand acres of 
land to be laid out in the said Province to Covert Banckes [Ranckes] of 
Crevelt aforesaid &c." (Exempt. Rec. I, p. 470.) 

" For the Van Bebbers cf. S. W. Penny-packer in the Pennsylvania Maga- 
zine for January, 1907. The following entry is found in the Land Records: 

" * * Whereas by like Indentures of lease and release bearing even 
date with the last above recited indentures of lease and release [9th and 10th 
of March 1682, Indentures to Dirick Sipman] in consideration of twenty 
pounds I granted one thousand acres of land to Jacob Isaacs Vanbebber &c." 
(Exempt. Rec. I, p. 473.) 

« Qf " * * Whereas by my Indentures of Lease & Release bearing date 
the tenth & eleventh days of June in the year one thousand six hundred eighty 
three for the Considerations therein Mentioned I granted to Leonart Arretts 
then of Crevelt in the County of Meurs in the borders of Germany Linen 
Weaver (but now of Germantown in the sd Province) the quantity of one 
thousand acres of land to be laid out in the sd Province" &c. (Exempt. Rec. 
I, p. 708.) 



124 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Taking up Land and Founding the German Town. 

The beginnings of the German settlement are best gathered 
from the Land Records and the Reports which Pastorius sent 
to his friends and constituents in Germany. A number of these 
letters, reports, etc., are still extant, entire or in part, many of 
them having been later incorporated or abstracted in the Utn- 
standige Beschreibung of 1700. These sources arranged in chron- 
ological order are : 

1. — A letter from Pastorius to his father and stepmother, 
dated March 7th, 1684, now found in the City Library of Zurich, 
Switzerland. It will be cited in the following pages as "Ziirich- 
A." 

2. — An Accurate Report from America, dated March 7th, 
1684, sent by Pastorius to his friends in Germany, a printed copy 
of which is found in the City Library of Zurich. It will be quoted 
here as "Zurich B." This report was incorporated in substance 
later in the Beschreibung, p. 41 ff. (See photographic reproduc- 
tion.) Cf. J. F. Sachse, Letters relating to the Settlement of 
Germantown, &c., pp. yj. 

3. — Pastorius' report to the German Society, dated the end 
of November, 1684. This is found in the Beschreibung, p. 16 ff. 

4. — Pastorius' report of January 7th, 1684, found in the 
Beschreibung, p. 39. 

5. — Pastorius' letter to Dr. Schiitz, dated May 30th, 1685 
(Beschreibung, p. 47). Also the replies of Dr. Schiitz, Jacob van 
de Walle and Behagel, Jan. 20/30, 1686. 

6. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated October 10th, 1691 
(Beschreibung, p. 49 ff). 

7. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated June 1st, 1693 
(Beschreibung, p. 54 ff). 

8. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated March 30th, 1694 
(Beschreibung, p. 64 ff). 



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J* 



Letter of 



Francis Daniel Pastorius to his Parents. 



The Founder of Germantozvn 125 

9. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated January 21st, 1694 
(Beschreibung, p. 70 f). 

10.— Pastorius' letter to his father, dated the last of April, 
1695 (Beschreibung, p. 68 f). 

11. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated March 1st, 1697, 
enclosing also a letter from Pastorius' two sons, John Samuel and 
Henry (Beschreibung, p. 71 ff). 

12. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated May 13, 1697 
(Beschreibung, p. 75 ff). 

13. — Contents of a letter of Pastorius' to Rector Georg 
Leonhard Modelius (Beschreibung, p. 77 ff ) . 

14. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated May 30th, 1698 
(Beschreibung, p. 81 ff). 

15. — Letter of Melchior Adam Pastorius to William Penn, 
January 20th, 1698 (Beschreibung, p. 94). 

16. — Penn's answer to M. A. Pastorius' letter, April 25th, 
1699 (Beschreibung, p. 96). 

17. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated March 4th, 1699, 
enclosing, as it appears, the second letter of Pastorius' sons to 
their grandfather (Beschreibung, p. 98 ff). 

18. — Melchior Adam Pastorius' answer to the letter of his 
grandsons (Reschrcibung, p. 103 ff). 

In addition to these we have other invaluable sources of 
information such as : 

1. — Old Land Record of Germantown (Grund- und Lager- 
Buch). 

2. — Pastorius Manuscripts (a collection of seventeen sep- 
arate manuscripts relating to the lands of the Frankfurt Com- 
pany, found in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania). 

3. — Original letter of attorney to Falkner, Kelpius and Jaw- 
ert (in the possession of former Governor S. W. Penny- 
packer). 



126 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

4. — Land documents in the office of Recorder of Deeds, 
Philadelphia, and in the Department of Internal Affairs, Harris- 
burg. 

5. — The Court Record of Germantown (Raths-Buch) in the 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 

It is possible from this score of letters and reports to con- 
struct a fairly full account of the part taken by Pastorius in the 
founding and early growth of Germantown. 

As has already been seen from the Genealogical Sketch, the 
German Company or German Society had purchased 15,000 acres 
of land in Pennsylvania. This purchase was made through Ben- 
jamin Furly, Penn's plenipotentiary agent in Rotterdam, before 
Pastorius sailed for America. Furly was also plenipotentiary 
agent at Rotterdam for the German Society, as appears in a con- 
tract dated June 8th, 1683, after Pastorius' departure from Hol- 
land for London. 19 These contracts ("verfertigte Documenta u. 
Contracten") which Furly had made out in Rotterdam, Pastorius 
took along with him to have them confirmed in England. Inas- 
much, however, as Penn had already sailed for America, August 
3. 1682, and the books in London had been closed, Pastorius could 
not finally settle the details of the agreement until he met Penn 
in Philadelphia. 20 

Accordingly, without unnecessary delay, on the 21st of Au- 
gust, 1683. the day after arriving in Philadelphia, Pastorius called 
on Penn and was heartily received both by the Proprietary and 



" Cf. the following passage in the deed of John Luken and his wife Mary 
to Eve Bellonge, 8th 3d mo. (May) 1697: 

"Fifty acres * * * granted by Benjamin Furly Agent & Attorney of the 
Franckfort Company at Rotterdam to John Luken * * * which sd deed 
beareth date the 8th day of the month called June Anno 1683." 

x Furly had inquired of Claypoole about this matter and received the 
reply that the location of the land lay in the power of Penn alone (cf. Clay- 
letter of January 24, 1682-3, Claypoole's Letter Book in Hist. Soc. 
of Pa.) 



The Founder of Germantown 127 

his Secretary, Johann Lehenmann. 21 Pastorius states that he 
entered into the most intimate friendship with Lehenmann. When 
the location of the land purchased by the members of the Ger- 
man Society, came up for discussion, Penn was disinclined to 
confirm the original agreement, which called for the following: 

1. — 15,000 acres of land together in one tract on a navigable 
stream. 

2. — 300 acres in the City Liberties, 22 between the Delaware 
and the Schuylkill. 

3. — 3 lots in the city of Philadelphia for the erection of 
houses. 

In reply to Pastorius' request for warrants, surveys, etc., 
Penn answered the three points in substance as follows : 

1. — That the lots in the city and the 300 acres in the Liber- 
ties could not be justly assigned to the Society, because they were 
not purchased till after he had left England and the books in 
London had been closed. Pastorius, however standing on his 
rights, urged that these Germans were the forerunners of all Ger- 
man colonists, and therefore due more consideration. Penn 
finally yielded, and issued a warrant for the survey of three lots 
from the share of William Penn, Jr., son of the proprietor, in 
the beginning of the city. The first and second lots assigned were 
100 feet wide and 400 feet deep. The third lot was the largest 
of all. There was room on each lot for two houses in front and 
two in the rear. These lots may be seen on the diagram of lots 
which Pastorius sent with his report. The condition of tenure 
of these lots was that at least one house be built on each lot within 
two years. 

On the first lot Pastorius and his hired man built a house 



21 The name occurs in the Colonial Records as Philip Theodore Lehnman 
and Ph. Thleman. Pastorius evidently has confused the name of Philip 
Theodor Lehnmann with that of his father, Johann Georg Lehnmann, farmer- 
general of Saxony. 

12 Called also "Liberty Lands" or simply "The Liberties." 



128 Francis Daniel rastorius 

"half under and half above ground," 15 feet wide and 30 feet 
long. As glass was scarce, the windows were made of paper 
saturated with oil. The cellar of the house was 7 feet deep, 12 
feet wide and 20 feet long. Over the door of the house Pastorius 
placed the following inscription : 



23 



"Parva domus, sed arnica bonis, procul este profphani." 

Pastorius boasted that this house, though small, had fur- 
nished shelter for twenty of the Crefelders during their sojourn 
in Philadelphia while houses were being built for them in Ger- 
mantown. 

2. — Penn objected to assigning to the Germans the 300 acres 
in the City Liberties because land there was offered only to pur- 
chasers who bought tracts of 5,000 acres before he left England, 
and the German Society was not among these. But Pastorius 
was again persistent, and presented a second "memorial" to Penn, 
urging the rights of the Germans. Whereupon Penn, because of 
his special fondness for the Germans, consented to grant them the 
300 acres in one tract, but declared he would extend this favor to 
no one else who bought land in the Liberties after the closing of 
the books in London, no matter who he might be! This land 
Pastorius began to till by planting Indian corn upon it. 

3. — The assignment of the 15,000 (or remaining) acres in one 
large tract likewise encountered objections on the part of Penn. 
Pastorius mentions two chief obstacles : First, that Penn did not 
wish to assign so much land in one tract, while a large amount of 
land was still vacant ; and, second, he objected to assigning the 
land on the Delaware, where all was taken up. This refusal nulli- 



B It may be freely rendered as follows : 

"Small is my house, but open to good men and closed to the evil." 
The motto is found in the Beehive among the extracts from the Itinerary. 
The form given here is from the Beschreibung, p. 23. The motto is modeled 
upon the following verse in Vergil's Aeneid, VI. 258: 

"Procul, o procul este profani." 
conclamat vates, "totoque absistite luco;" 




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ttaabaienJir-cnitae unbticbetiTteumbuiunmibmitanniiitbiaciiSriifuueiicn al$ein«mnamtlid)cu 

SOaUbetctfiatfeii. Si<-9aupi4aiTctatiiinil?6«.uiittic,3n. , et3Sra|Tc4=.Su( ; l'«ii • Ktc Satlliti b,U 

cine JjoWaitvon ?. Betem; !t. 

v. Sit ifinwobna belanaent/t an icb dMcbe nirbt bclTet abtbciicn, als in tic Sfcatfirfirpe unt ©'in 

aevrtctfftt.SaiiiuoiifcKiieitiit) unt tide gbriftenmtwK/ tbai iff) bicientonbectetiaropnhrctijr. 

3J«nt«niciit(tiibabi(b|(6oiiob«unv«bnt,taSticanbcrfa6icntcS(tiiffniil'tallcttiiiafniitCc:. 1 ifil'eii 

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OTo5«io»w«irni . S«iu(6«if(te$wW4« / rrrtfler *<n StfWrtflMfednc " • . 

1 1 iuoi binimajriatnloll ifi miuin<m2Bori mfiwi on Sruiirfen&otb. Snatwl t 5 <bt ( g 
fo[fi1)«>3)lniiB«r, unt antcrtfnficr6afftt5>erfoncn n«bi<r/w«iiftcirto<6 eerftofft 'Hiit) c«: . ■ \luu±ct 
Marti wi< 5»r<ii»t9»e6tnwirtjufciii«3t'tionfronraMnQJo(»fut*i!aoi«UKnijl un QfgflMftg 
011* ifcinOTaiwl iintfani<omit©ruii6t«;Hiarb<ii Mrfirtnn taSiipiiieuwaii 

M [.cimmii aiuik'Mi ,1'rtinuKMiKi ta«&lt«fi>«l: Difunt MtifUaicMCiumttn ivct (fitter 

l ' tl "' , 'noi 1 i ticftnal iiiia"»frorffKnSKnrtNiii«,fli will irfmi ai'i(6om(Btmrt)t^!f«ii«<ir juujnn. 
»«fi(((Kiiei(i*t-eo(6teiitf*tKiitoi«titt titttniM > -3«!» t:u l«nl I ttrobi ti nut [1* atro dftTJ6faiM 
latiiralifm iicnMiAefliciin »ran6fl*UM«/JS»l|tantt c*wci<i« it au(b<iiitn?iilriifcr,jff Cu-. 
mr\i \m\ W\m rcntctn wn Benin per cnorem ft jcnaimtcii SSiltciimtimStait 
atitM £Jie«(l(rWWcmit»orau9mf«nmni/»flKiitiejmi9«njwtj lober. UvMnt aufti ; 
<m unfit SAifTaifiibren ii» pr3feiitin< i^nc n<in @op|cS9r<int<wcin roilrncfjlii mirmitcii 
«it»iR!ftctbMabUii woiKiiiimotai* fol*(9«trcfiifi««9«benfie mit»« vm*un*fm$m:Ziui 
Bri*«'i5i<fn*fl«rcfwiiQJlK»rtii fttwarfiliit) ooniiab unt fAtben tbi ! 
mmiAciicriSnanicr. Bchoi tt(i ©omimrt saiiQ nacrcnt niiiftrtafifiii&K gflaain mild mi 014 
6rtcrf«niim»ramiIiiffliriKtti«sa(reKft6nfi(6bciitfcii. cnMnfcb(frt)»«t«( tic £AiwMit<Jiiii< 
terabit loallhictrtcbofiKii Rbnitwciflc ■?>«« 1 ■ 3<ofWilt<eiiiff<nbiti ZB.-priin taiiim 
Roiiiaei'iiniraiitcrJafcifnfij Biefemnuiifagteffi.^ciinOrclrtcribrcSFraci) iiimliifiim 
1 ihiiti K|(6i-f,2i. t(jm<taifoti(iu.O«obt.wkmi#Kn it.X)«mibr. (inmii 
HiaiinBtt6iiiaininiMiii£aiui. 3temnbcrlaiifF<nniid)t>iel<S 
ire iciicMnit <incin >£tAct ©rot tint Sninct Biercrwcifc rcortiimjBaiineiiKlSfgeii-cKiiiii 
wtitiwirt lint lie min)DiirflM*iienB* -I cut'dMiianii imn Sarij] NB.Jb) 

r< 5wAf& 'ft m-l inlifll unftaibi mccicf f Jrrcit-alttiie ta.V.i I 
'f Kitii'iit "latiir t«rentnT> / iiiu(i iiwn ftc'fo iti fu bd rcniiitK/m 

mil Mn ft ainaiimcn 2 &rifi«ii converfirt/unM i( ft a il anfangcii aw ibreii vein gaum )u ft(«6< ■ 

Baiiiiiincii'.iBsai'cgmifitiiiit urajififa wcliwrtfieBtiii • ikii iSIaiiI:Sitiffcii ju tatuCtn : 

J7"„ e r n . eoiig (incr nun vni($K mirniiilntlci tit 2raa,risintn jum tlnt«> 

Bfant imt HiriyetHiOcruiig/tagermiicnKnSaiuiiiitnbringcnwoite btaiOioftmbanKflinerail 
Iii'kii U<i nut wolic mi(&bCT«tai csfe»«iii2nli(mi k. Sairfji&mabtrwjWhK/ tafjii&miJt 
Mleraifebcn bcfaunif «r dc^cn cinai tatbev ftehtntoi €(6ivct(n taflertfaud 8<rru39«6an; m 
OTttnuiiaMcuwifetftiireiantroii On ncn triirtf. tfnuiitrr 

btobintaiinKinfln (Jnmin ten Siiaiiteweiii alio: i?rft<<ftcieineii3iiia<rBarciii iiiibbicfni 
iiniftiicr iinibjufcbcn obatirf;2Bail<niii!«imn9tferi< vc.&c. Sicft (cttcre pinaejeii fuiB «nrt 
KouoeiiOfli iinnimiant tint brtf en >vir unS tfor ifiiKii ganfi nrrtjt jti fiirtttrn tfm 

Tiina ftica mtr IcBtbin 'le^jti -JXtSen ra ift ti( lt(iia<iiKint< lOtrniainuna unfere .-(Mnuaw a» 
»Mtttoi»irrrine3iln«rnii6t»otommoiaoip«irIagror9cnfclccn *MfiM)<ttot$t&mttm. 
Stfut t(6« itobfwniirftlbUcii iric (Tninia(i<?r: jarwrrien! SSrtnii wtr G6nfI«imi*iprflH«n< 
rttftoauffriiiuntnKbrSKoiiiU «i< ftdnmiiti'4 w«tcn wir \ Da Di<fc.£<i>tm lircSti 

,ur ow in -■> anuiiec(a(r«n6<it©p??e«iiiiflril(n : pmttbctttamaUiimVmt^m 
n fr( in bietSrtcwarjualeiCbfpKSnfrtuiil) e SSuf/er ant Q5etBftr«i« bJpfRm CT<i(i 

to**S^fatom<iwMx<M**toto^fa^ tatnii(fi(tafiitarrn(2Dairnaujfiiw; 
un ,, V'-rV^ n<rvJi(t<i:-S?!.Vl«' riuinui* t(iOT.iM,(il.u:ili iiiMti.UMh'H j^ilirnHai iifrtMiif 
bit IrSn SflU r«6 «v«il tatna* )u ti\m\bw. U litffi S* S.Kiart '■'«' »»■' "«" ^"iJ* 
Jen t!^'<«!lin: l '..I'K fiu!«»cn Kftlffl S«m tr.ijdi t .inWji<.iiii?ii»t'rtamal«»/fr«rWniai*rrt# 

m^i^&«£Ten5tiS9^ 2fM2 

I mnin 1-ntnn inc (ft'c-ruibrtii alf «mnan<ops<ata<fab4rirtK JMitKr/rod^bfcfa 



*K( 5 ) o» 

n elfin Jtfetafiam'Jitiieftn c uufcts'PdC&fmaiuu srauitatf>CKitiU..l Krdi 

ii m n'i ip.u n'cht -'iD-.r.nt? '■•■■■"'•'"" u\tr v'Kcjcraumcicit .j.in,; omc o.. liant lifl |i ;• abet son 

2a>ju:it jaamirrtticiKiijiirajciTmiiMiHi. 

iw etfauffrciint nimb«r<ffinD: roirb IbirtKi! in tmalty JCrf a&ger&cit« nmilid) 2 
rimffjeften tati r citt 2l(f<r£bci)famintiiaiteiiKm «Stiid uubanmimfrfjifftciaxiiSSaffir. rfn 
ircniiinitai Hire' into vrt.irtjiiitti.it »tld)«tocStti<oianb<ifi >wifd)cit rem S<(a»arr< uno 
totoUd'u Drittms trcoiojin toStaW £aufcr tatatilf ju baiicn. aw id) nun nad) mcinei 
aiiotifimifi W 25- P fl1 ' l1 ""' 2B«rontf leljtanladjtc tra iert<8 56«il flbjuiiKfltn, tint in f 
jiifiuM.: anbiclK iv.ir ftni. cuicte.'uuimt ii$ anlnnaaio : 

1 £>i(bK!)fo|i iuKrcBtabf/ utiC C10 tt crhuiitrtr Jitters illlttO ,vr<;ch<it fo(d)< toll 9( 
n .. i0 ,'fiiKii nidjrjiifamen w(ii<ni'K<jrtaufFf/iiarfibem£t2B. p«mi allfrt)on bon i£n 

3CU1WB «b«t«i(l iinbtt«*iid)crjiiionteiiij<frf)loff<ii«?.ir<n/! • >Ka:<)bcni in) ibm abet repiafcmirrj 
biiS ifit tic '•oM.'uMct Mil alien Iciitfftcn nut taf-cro in tnchrcrc Soi'Nberauon ill jicbm !i . 'Mt <il 
urn jii Mong ta Stall t km io|j binKtciimntn run icaicc junsern >c obutl ,'lmbei! nbiiKlTen toftm 



&c, 12. II, 10. 9, 8. 7. 6. i 



fun 

toff 

Mi 

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JJabrmi loofetn 

imniKi 

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tit Sftfiita 1 
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prophani ' 2B<(fl!C 

Setter fiebmSdjubc .,., 

nun nvt tim'in (StaH San thumb. Hlle Oreo ;op (ml von be; •j?)nim-n geftubnt tic iff) nAd 
umbbaueiii mil itnt 3niiaiiifd)em Som betfetittcrlc. n'h. v*» ut iibcraiKS befrtjwerliitiuiit foffc 
bat alltiSianljiiumbbaiKii, »e(it«tritlod)iv«cj<!',bctf , '<blaiiffciiti:ii'i l fetc iViift mil isi&wchic 
juAttoimcfl mtnbriwt bitibsn: .'urn) tan man las crtfe 3abt in fold; imi inni feincn 3\ocf otct 
mffiiKS?* 11 !? 3' , *\<wifd)(otowk«b<!)(ud) seiieimci wtrB/5urrfif(* Sum fo 
lrtoit)nid)tro wool wmacft nod) etPttiat. 

»«.. v 1 !;,™ ',SJ ?'» WJ-'S"' M " '" f cr StabtSteo6ci( 6ab in) Wti 3D. fm bic u tia« > 
R(niRlatiiiHcthan«iiibfoiiletiin)iiratrt/ ta§».8itoimM«fau(rfoin){Krfvf0.t{:i it. cum 
»«Ki*i?, i , ™ "' "^ k " "^ UtM nxtten juriStaitiibc. t.it nid)t mtftr aufMefefjt wortoi/ 
iU6fM6,,slS|1,(1 ,^SS fcn m lM««n***iiffc?cwiifanfft«ufc 1 iiicina«fiintoi ivoi 
mortal tomu-Tait S,n ; w# * lS( "t l "tV" !(1 ' t « >™im *«4«i fa irti 1 abctmnl is < 

rem 3!<iifrt)fii mci-r ■ t r ,,A, -1 , ff ^ ; l ' 1 ' "foninim much ichUc leniltn abet fci 

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6iui(()(i[foSorjflC«K/fo6«tbaB6i«t*««3nW(inif((ieS«ninki<Crt</<inttiM<Mi4<i 
2trf« tieuberciiiefcalbeStunl unfit von (jiifSga Stabi entfcrnt fct)ii wctt<n j mi ,,i\. 

s;i'ii-;;:ice(t't\\'mrc!Tct!>al[<ii,au(6i'Dtc|lcmctc, ... mil [mm - tmtaimft 

nnbanta... enmc •-. 

j. XnlaiijeiibticfiinfFieljentaiifeiit'lct'erf a upt-difiiculfiun ncinWia)/ 

taftSB. fpamfic niftt .u*rn Kbfamni on etntni £tntt jjebeiittolte , ai:ffta# nicbt fc <jar^rciTt <}..!k ra 
iaiiCitunSl«[(t9miii<b(ii,4U<tni((itiiin£<(awatr«Sliip roefm itfil sun . auffi», 

ncmtiKuvrott'oi. 3(tmuo(6/nd($t(mi$i^nKjum6fftnnfotcolmflii) I wrgeftciittciig 

«*tms ufttrnnfetec Kutff^en OT a£fcf6min(iiigrft)a(ff fc^r pi- juttcctli(6 / fi ijt«ii«. 

VJcrft jurrettxn. iiintalcnSS. gi'itlr tciun 6cin3B.$mn$.£iai 

vretdH'tn vmimaer Nation (in nntcrts feriVccitf n ;c. &at£rfnirlefitIi(tehien2Barrn 
Hrr i ant 6et)fmnm<n ju ^abtn/tr ofcrn trir bi uncit 3a^r«i Stiff ireilHe S<iniilicii flufft ie funffi<icTt ficu 
fens Meters lieiieinreiiiii uemli(fi[rei)2c)wii't!ip«,KtttDiue6{nJf)fliip^4(fmi9oii;rcorjuCi(Cre?ti(k. 
rtite tjierftnt, jurccinien i omfaiUbcrnirt;ttrei|Vi.tgaiuiiieii reiKSrnid tgrtal et icon baiJania 
cimmcn'ictjtigeben. ) ^rtj imiucEiveni^en Orr* reoitt troitri'iuribrn baf trir cine (cranio tltine 
9ri , r , m(i«Mtm.untun8al(i)roimUrtUnt<rmiitii:M,ri)t<'1.'iiuh:t'i;ri(i , e::iii6d!Kn.^i!n(ennnMii 
cur^ ciuer in jt<6 fctb^ fret) tverten / um(> au&«ro ju f ommcii 'Vueignmiiimniiijiibringcii.rrftttceiier 
eigetibcftejunwn/eirfjlirtjfe&rtaturifcbeffotw je|!alifam(£r2B.y<ini ««tcfcea.«iitrn ju niitfajit/ 
tati vJrenrt) in tiefcin, vaiii-or alien SnglifrfKll ticjtrarcbeiitcraefatim abcrno/fjni(f)f $icr| 
Bcriftreii/iiiil)genjiffcfirii>!i<i3iflinuiifetni5teiien5ran(ten(anS cfii i;aiiiite(Jrticiniebeii:iii:<!di!t' 
fn)atft ) cnbeiU'ii write. 5*1" « end; aber ju bare fc tiel Saniiiten in fc tin i-.er ; 3eit ju tnnsponireii/ 
rrArenieineeimmafiiefjIirficiitarMrbaitene'gut tai»tieSreiiiiti'ni <iiirajrtati'~enb2ufrtf 

mciirt)aniiebmen,tmt ctiirt)eiiJ?aiigbaltiiiigeiuoiiibreiiaefegnefenIltetflii£ nnScreilllfcii Mum 
)a»icfiuifF<cbmtauimt Jitter* tiiueircnnr itiitioiitcrw'"rt\iifaiicnt< £nglif<fc« Oiarttauni tin* /u> 
(ommenm8aKn;jumalenSrfieni(t)tal[juferrbonbiefi3er(S(abtgcbentrii ncmbtnfi antei. 
fill, cberbalbte|« Salle, rroKlbfi<£rfeiblieui->;dii|; ubaiiiit/ tint «tncfKult£rtrfn)fl)filidjfctfMr|ifJ 
anjuertncnacfiiinct. SaSJanb natl'il tent Snip nijiftn tint |uni2D«iii&<wnti(ffimK« 

queautuiwartSaberebeiumtfrurtjtbar fcasTdjImimlicifi inf mai mitfemem Scl ifi aulftrrcann 
« fiel geregnet / unt gicirtitrol nidjtcbm©efabt uber leu gall lint Ei<inffiwcn«bfa8r«ifan/!f. 
S>icweiicnirtuumni(fc(iriiTaifimte »a*l6rJiSf«lfSjUfJunmtfrt)l<ff<iini8(6Kl wit tort) Jlcranfebr 
fciclgrtegenjaurt) ilber tiefeofftermefin(cfuiitfjel)«ntatifeiitiacf erf b<oz8.fpfuni6lttl.ncraHii6)(N 
tnintert ileters r.ertiill.biefigerJaiitfbciaHiiiMabjiniiciTeii foflcn iwufics Self irfj aber 
J^anbeiinmiiittcfbiSautferbalteiie eutc iXiaMiui^win'iertiiia'Td] umlieertjrancteii ein<f4mtu« 
<n (Secciimrtrtjtwen nifbi ju uberfrtjteiten. 2\iuiit t* aber tieanivi rKftroj gamifien anff.-i 
Ijuntert Titter? aiiiMiftn metfjie Mb irtj nebenfl tenSrefeltcrn i rrcldjc arfTicbeii tatifcitb gcfiaiffi wib 
flllbierfepente nidn aneinein Stiidj erlangenfoiinen ) fceWfauferit Mere nt cfn« Jowitftip anffiie> 
nommenirccraii fie trer lament , unl »irtr<»t«ifmt fcabm. SDiefc ©tattlcgre iit tffl»4.©<i»fc 
on / tint nennte fie (Bcrmantoirn; Sit ligt nun. Mr-vnen? ten Ha «n|f fhidptMraiSttfli wn« 
on ammitl)i.jfn*rimnaH«l[m/ttnri'i'!i -ill cben.iemcitet. X^iefefimiliei^tarnmbrbun rreilen JJ. 
spcnnniemaiiteiifeiiit'Poriioiiflbfcnvrbrt'aebeiiHi; foiitcrnnnlffeiialleiii Jctrnibn> rber fcfJtKii 
tciifaimntrebneiViinttiefeSnitbtfoiitetNitebii'eUtnirtei! reoruilterlic MrneHntfe taiaulfii'iftc 
n-eiStieSiiiberuireituleiiaebaieen/iinttviifiwii^erjiiniaiiieniiiiiernieiciirtaaibJienaiia^ 

n:iberlie&!iir,tbi , ii ,? 'reicfie-f.iiitb!e(en/iiiitniiiaei'(imiiiteiiOTiint in ofFctiilicfjen 3tiiainnieiimi ten 
cities Sflteloben rreifcnunbcrbebenbonncn. NE. 3B6gM'firt«(n«gmB«i5rtinHW wcitrtwi 
. .iitfiiaanbcroubeibrinai/n'CiiiurbiinteriilctcrejiKiaiieii/ inittaniicrt)faiieben fc nel£rbr«<bt 

" '£Of<incJbau?fcflttuii^I>«r<fr«nb/ WotttieSftrrf t.^tn rtii^uir/-cetfciifrrt»orw:(C^y ^'r/j^iif 
^atobettiiemaiHt itiibNtaueSrtnictlScrfcartimtiif) fringegen ftfctfcii M t:t, ™ m **£S** 

taf id>Srirt>mcrba:t<ii icje'eaurtlirenirerte rrtuen iciiciuir ibKni.XntttriintSI ,clt f '>',",,, 
rm/ffifflflSSj-nnhinatntfln. ^m.anaer <K ^..itirn;^ e™ v . u te 
fliibfrc wtriMtn terenltnietrverir.iueiirf::!^ al«idj letter! iiuniiirbnMii'tJr^. WWS 



Ills " SUvflii'liWU'f.liMCll. 

itii n b ">lUe i iuiibwertferii |! i «« aenMflet preiB >u'U'(jt ; aiiift mnp a i ten Kaufntaniu waartu 
tmrtit jr>jiffte 4<>.t>oii.ieu wcrl>en ; Of jirar c«nnit6tutt mtt fciefa 1104 hi s.ober 4- 3n&icnw«it» 
sSmfifiiinudK ; iriebteSecieritfiKtfamaeRKi&i wirS ; Bann 1. brinai jcbereteufommmigfoPtel 
M.iWft^r:tS«W4a(ftmitfi«,Jaiietdiiist3^r«l(6«wt«ff. ». Sfi allfict fe&rweaig 
« tft/mfttBOl tie SStgtcrbe tan'.a(i& 6«9 tttlen fo tiefio grSiTer ; 2>en i6.9io»cmb.wat3aKmnrcEtii 
uiiftmtCMiteMpSifl Diii*fl6«c*flum«tiipaar'Pftti*SKrf.tofcte. ;. San man aui Siefemiano 
1 otf VI i< «rt«K»©fttetna(8« (£iujeUduf aufituMii/K. 28. penn nucnnrt swat £auwwtab I ie 
fflcrfli imt ten 2}ei:iwa<fo sii ecabliwn . fiifoctctuitf terobalben rait fnvcrcr ©cieienotit^ute 




tie rauben Slortw'mt tfiel unaetmmmer. otem/'c... 
mebt mit mit aenommen / die i(t (ten t>onnrtf>cn batte tint allfnjDii cinen Sikw wt befommen. 
OTijiti()t<ntiW4u*<i.ii.!<>Sril(tS5«(6tt,uirtC(nai'nl<t.iciiKii5ii(6anf;«oieiitcii; tanrtmttgiu 
tcmSornjeitPerfauffnrertcii.-c. „-,.*.., 

gin iobaerber ratifein ^antnxtcf nut arcficm9iiii<eii anfanaen / mflflen rmtfrertmsmren 
nJitfflWrtenUiirenAiut^nu.jKfoniinaifoiiiKiiiiiiritrariWciirohcvprciueiui'cititctc Micptie 
ftUerbcrtewcmpaatSiljne.'c. aileinmntfe euigwijjSapitalofltwemptojirrwetoeni iacami ft* 
(fier(i<tVol*eraiW4,etfreutc©elMaiiK in furHcr^citcnic reicbe^rnte pemriad'en ttmrte (0 ju eiterm 
reifetiiCJacbtenifenbeimffclIe. Sic jweijnBtbyiie-Stiicr tint/ i.aufticjofcnin fcicfigtr Start &eauc« 
me Jbaui'er jitbaueiiwetitje (genet berbeiierrmib jabtitij 1 1. pro 100. fowiai gavoniKii roertcn. i.ew 
-tK3iti5«bteHn«enauiu(<.u - :i wofjtiunSSS.JJeniieinenriiifiriaenyiaBjinebenPetfvtciven, t ami 10 
tang »itMn<Stein6acfen/i(!iinr<tS8aufiiii(fiiut65[6etii. anoete-^airtnKtcttleiitniOseniiwpwBi 
eilioje 3abr jurftif bieibcn ' jc. :c. 

2tutftie4.3(aaenaeiiiditiefceDnu'enMcfeCtimvort: 1.755. Tenn(ia( cinen ante" @nnt )tt ei« 
net tedxfertiaen Oteaiemna aeleat/iintytibiicirt Pon 3cit ju 3eil iifamte Sewi;. 1. £att cr naanMp 
Iiif)e5teuniu1iafftmitaueiianat3:ii<euten0oiirefnciirn boiftaucb/ NemitSaloimorobfwwcbenoe 
Stritt'w(eitfi!llee('(?eiututc6eiiieSmiia[.eciiteiiijat.ui6aiiiiiitaijfaehoi-enwcvt(ii ). iwrtae* 
fcart)tet20.penn*oiuUimaolct|chraelicbttinbactobt/ geftaltfatnauc&MeflttciUaftet&flfftentrni 
»06n«bet«Micnmilffen/ta6ftetetaieiiDen»rei'eii3!eaeniehnofl)in<malP.aefei'en baKit. :irt)\ra& 
n«fttri'l(tli(6eiin6Jut(6ttinaente^;eiiirjerfancrctieKrii<be2 l ia:iiit«nefrtenfaati<rc5tt'ietetaii4C' 

tteitenen^euen 3abr6tnDieJf).JJ6beun^^lI^enl 'Jbvoii iim'erfXniinamiv?^ barbie wabtePbila' 
MltftiauntSrutet<5iebcnoa)ni(6(foreif6li^iiibi<rciiuiiifetii-V'l'[!are:obiaaiiiU(re'fcu.als^r | eiiK8 
DrtswunfttwunbumbterenSMorberunaa'sein aerteiietianW^Satfetrteucfferia bcinnGctW. 
4.Sie3irtiaiiet(Bi)iiteten?ta(iitim*otb{faeb(:ibene(ivasweniacsanaefftbret.p<tminbcrnaii(iut 
\ H$ii<f) jiebenetliCBeioo.CiJJciiweiKrintasJantein .v. 

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The Founder of Germantown 129 

fied that part of the contract of the German Company's purchase 
which called for land on a navigable stream, inasmuch as the 
desirable tracts of this size on the Schuylkill below the Falls, the 
only desirable region left, seem not to have been available, at least 
in the mind of the Proprietary. But in the case of this third 
tract, as in the two previous instances, Pastorius was persistent 
in urging the claims of the Germans. He argued that it would 
be prejudicial to the Germans and to their posterity to be scat- 
tered among the English ; that Benjamin Furly had shown them 
William Penn's autograph letter in Rotterdam, in which the orig- 
inal promise was made. Perm finally yielded a third time to the 
pleadings of Pastorius and issued a warrant for the land, making 
it a condition of tenure, that thirty families should be settled upon 
it within one year, in three townships, with ten families each, in- 
cluding the three families already there. 

These concessions seem not to have been finally made by 
Penn until after the arrival of the Cref elders on the 6th (or 16th, 
New Style) of October, 1683. It was evidently the plan of Penn 
to wait for the actual arrival of a considerable number of Ger- 
mans and then assign lands as the number and character of the 
new arrivals seemed to warrant. 

There was not a little vacillation on the part of the prospect- 
ing German colonists as to the wisdom of emigrating to America. 
This was particularly the case with the members of the German 
Company. At the outset it was evidently expected that a consid- 
erable number of the Frankfurt purchasers would actually settle 
in Pennsylvania. This is apparent from the correspondence of 
Claypoole and Furly, and from the letter of Pastorius to Dr. 
Schiitz in Frankfurt, dated November 14, 1685. 

In the early letters to Furly under date of January 24, 1682- 
3, May 15, 1683, May 18, 1683, Claypoole speaks of the prospec- 
tive German passengers of the Concord as "Franckfordrs,"-' 



"The passage in question in letter of January 24, 1682-3, runs: "As for 
thine and ye Ffranckfordrs land to bee sett out upon a Navigable River, that 
is only in ye power of ye Governour to doe," etc. 



130 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

"Ffranckfurtrs," 28 "Ffranckfords." 28 It is not till the letter of 
June 5, 1683, that we hear of them as "the people from Crevelt." 
This letter shows that Furly had sent a list of thirty-three per- 
sons (the so-called Crefelders) to Claypoole. 27 From this time 
on we find no further mention of the Frankfurters, which seems 
to indicate clearly that the great things expected of the Frank- 
furters or the German Company in the beginning of the corre- 
spondence were left for the Crefelders to carry out. 

\ iter the long ami annoying delays recited in the letters of 
Claypoole, the Crefelders finally set sail from Gravesend and ar- 
rived at Philadelphia on the 6th (or 16th, New Style) of Octo- 
ber, 1683. They numbered thirteen families, thirty-three full 
passengers in all. Their names are given by Pastorius 28 as fol- 
lows : Dirck op den Graeff, Abraham op den Graeff, Herman op 
den Graeff, Lenert Arets, Thones Kunders, Reinert Tisen, Wil- 
liam Strepers, Jan Lensen, Peter Keurlis, Jan Simen, Johannes 
Bleickers, Abraham Tunis, and Jan Luken. 

On the 12th of October, 1683, six days after the arrival of 
the Crefelders, Penn issued a warrant to Pastorius in behalf of 
the German and Dutch purchasers for 6,000 acres of land on the 
east side of the Schuylkill : 



a Cf. letter of May 15, 1683: "So it will be yett about 6 weeks, before wee 
leave England, which thou mayst advise ye Ffranckfurtrs, that they may be 
ready against the tyme," etc. 

20 Letter of Maj [8, 1683: "as J have a<l>, in my last that we 

were lymited to the 30th next month to be reai fie from Gravesend 

so that if the Ffranckfords do intend to goe in our ship they must be at 
Gravesend by that time," etc. 

1 1. Letter of June 5, [683. "J understand the people from Crevelt have 
agreed to goe in our ship and so have 287 Rthlr to remit thee for yi their 
freit," etc. 

28 Cf. Grund- und Lagcr-Buch, "Anspracli." Friedrich Kapp {Fran: Daniel 
Pastorius' Beschreibung von Pennsylvanien) made an effort to determine the 
forms of the names as found in Crefeld sources with the following result : 
Abraham op de Graeff, Dietrich op de Graeff, Hermann op de Graeff, Leon- 
hard Arets, Abraham Tunics, Reinhard Theisen, Wilhelm Strepers, Peter 
Kuirlis, Johann Bleikers, Jan Luycken, Tunis Kunders, Jan Simens, Jan 
Lensen. 




Warrant fur Survey ok Land for Dutch and German Purchasers. 
(Original in Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisbnrg, Pa.) 



Warrant fur Survey of Li its for Germans in Philadelphia. 
(Original in Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa.) 



The Founder of Germantown 131 

"William Penn Proprietary & Governr of ye Province of Penn- 
silvania | & ye Territories thereunto belonging. 

At ye Request of Daniel Pastorius in behalf of ye Germans & 
Dutch Purchasers yt J would grant ym Six Thousand Acres, to 
settle upon. These are to will & require thee forthwth to survey or 
cause to be survey'd unto him for ym ye said Number of Acres on 
ye Eastside of Skulkill River and make returns there of into my 
Secretary's Office. Given at Philadelphia, ye 12th Sbr. 1683. 

Wm. Penn. 29 

For Thomas Holme 
Surveyr General." 

On the back of the warrant is the following endorsement in 
German, in Pastorius' own hand: 

"Warrant vor ein Downship von 6,000 ackers." 

It was on this tract that Pastorius, twelve days later, on the 
24th of October, 1683, laid out the first German township and 
began the German settlement which he called Germantown, be- 
cause it was inhabited by Germans. It appears from the same 
documentary source 30 that the 6,000 acres were divided equally 
between the German Company or Society and the Crefeld Pur- 
chasers, each party receiving 3,000 acres. Thus the settlement 
of Germantown was effected by the union of the interests of the 
Crefeld Purchasers and the German Society. This is evidently 
what Penn has in mind when he refers to the "Germans and 
Dutch Purchasers" in the warrant. Then Zurich A gives us 
the further interesting information that Penn had set apart for 
the Germans, in addition to the 6,000 acres above mentioned, an- 
other tract of 12,000 acres, which he called New Franconia, 
("Neu Franckenland"), possibly with the expectation that this 
should become more distinctively a settlement of High Germans, 
that is, of the German Society proper, the so-called Frankfurters, 
who had promised to follow Pastorius to America. This seems 
the more likely inasmuch as the majority of the first settlers of 



"Philadelphia Old Rights, No. 1869 (Department of Internal Affairs, 
Harrisburg.) 

80 Cf. Sichcre Sachricht, Zurich B., p. 6. 



132 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Germantown, the Crefelders, bore for the most part Low Ger- 
man names, and came from near the Low German border. Pas- 
torius. however, in his report bearing the same date, March 7, 
[684, refers to this New Franconia as if it were to include the 
■whole German colony of present and prospective settlers. The 
original German translated into English runs as follows : 

"I could wish for my small part that we receive a small sep- 
arate province, and be so much the better able to protect ourselves 
from oppression. If one of you could release himself to come hither 
and bring with him so many families, your own best interests would 
be incomparably advanced thereby, particularly as he, W. Penn, 
only day before yesterday said to me that he would favor you 
above all the English settlers, in this case, who had previously pur- 
chased but were not yet here, and would grant certain privileges 
in our New Franconia (so he called the tract designed for us). In 
case, however, it is too difficult for you to transport so many families 
in such a short time, it would be well, in my judgment, which of 

course is not binding, that the friends of accept a few 

thousand acres and assist some households, from their rich abund- 
ance, to come hither in order that the 15,000 acres may be assigned 
to us together and without any English neighbors intervening; 
especially as he wishes to grant them too far from this city, namely. 
on the Schuylkill above the Falls, where he himself thinks of build- 
ing a house and establishing a Manor. The land next to the river 
i- quite hilly, and not ill-adapted to grape culture; but further in, 
it is level and productive. The worst is that it is impossible to pass 
the falls and the rocks with a boat (except when there has been 
much rain, and then not without danger). Inasmuch as I did not 
know what you would decide to do in this case, and yet much de- 
pends upon this matter; also concerning the oft mentioned 15,000 
acres with the cost of 28 pounds sterling, viz., 5 shillings of Eng- 
lish currency for every 100 acres, as charges for surveying, which 
money I have not on hand. I must wait for your decision in order 
not to transgress the limits of a faithful agent. In order, how- 
ever, that I may locate the three families which have arrived upon 
their 600 acres, I have united with the Crefelders ( who have bought 
18,000 although they cannot obtain them in one tract) and taken 
up 6,000 acres for a township, of which they have 3,000 and we 
3.000. This city I laid out the 24th of October and called it Ger- 
mantown." 

Tims the great German pioneer cherished the idea of a sep- 



The Founder of Germantown 133 

arate German Province within the larger Province of Pennsyl- 
vania, "a State within the State." in which the German colonists 
might have their own peculiar rights, institutions and mode of 
life. 

So it appears that without the Crefeld Purchasers, the found- 
ing of Germantown could scarcely have been effected, as Pastorius 
had with him neither the purchasers of his German Company or 
Society, nor settlers to take up the land which the Society had 
purchased. It was possible only by uniting the interests of the 
Crefelders and those of the German Society to secure a grant in 
one solid tract. The Crefelders had bought in all 18,000 acres of 
land, but could not obtain a grant for it all in one tract. Pas- 
torius, having encountered like difficulties in securing a large 
tract, and having three families representing the lands of the Ger- 
man Society, joined the two interests in order to accomplish in 
the form of a compromise the purpose of the two groups of set- 
tlers. 

Such were the arduous labors and devious ways through 
which Pastorius passed in founding the first German colony. It 
was his untiring patience, steady persistence, and masterful tact 
which won these important concessions from Penn in the face of 
the pronounced opposite policy of the Proprietary. Only a man 
well versed in the intricate science of law and acquainted with the 
conditions of both settler and Proprietary could have achieved 
such an amicable arrangement as that which Pastorius secured for 
the German township. 

The settlement, Germantown, was laid out with one main 
street, sixty feet wide, and cross streets forty feet wide. Three 
acres were allowed as the lot for each house ; Pastorius, however, 
had double that number of acres for his own house. The loca- 
tion of the lots is shown in an old map of Germantown of the 
year 168S. It will be seen from this map, as well as from the 
surveys, that this first German settlement was not located on the 
Schuylkill, as seems to have originally been contemplated, but 
some distance eastward toward Mill Creek, a small tributary of 



134 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

the Wingacocum. Tims the original agreement that the German 
tract should be on a navigable stream was, after all, evaded by 
Perm, who seems to have been inclined to circumvent or alter the 
original agreement with the Germans at every essential point. 

Step by step Germantown grew and throve so that Pas 
torius was able to report on the 7th of March, 1684, that twelve 
families, numbering forty-two persons in all, were living happily 
in the new settlement. It appears, from the next report from Pas- 
torius, in a letter to Dr. Schiitz in Frankfurt, dated May 30th, 
[685, that he himself was still living in Philadelphia, although he 
writes that his thoughts are now in Philadelphia and now in Ger- 
mantown. 

The first year in the new settlement was naturally one of 
great hardship and exposure. Pastorius offered temporary shel- 
ter under his own modest roof for some of the newly arrived 
Germans, and the rest found quarters elsewhere, according to 
tradition in "caves" 31 or rather probably rude huts, with cellars, 
until houses were ready for them in Germantown. The most 
pinching circumstances were the scarcity of money and provis- 
ions, and the lack of carpenters and other skilled workmen. 
These conditions are graphically set forth in the report of March 
7, 1684. 32 

The land transactions of Pastorius as agent of the German 
Company during the early years may be seen in the Grund- und 
Lager-Buch. Relatively few sales or rentals of land are recorded. 
A glance at this old record will give the impression that Pastorius 
opened the book with large expectations, but was obliged to leave 
nn ist of the great folios blank. The following transfers by Pas- 
torius for the German Company are entered : 

1. — The transfer of 50 acres to Paul Wulff, under date of 
July 29, 1685 (Grund- und Lagcr-Buch, p. 207). 

" Cf. Watson's Annals of Philadelphia. An exact description of those 
caves is given by Pastorius in a poem to the daughters of Thomas Lloyd. 
Cf. this work, p. 212. 

,J Cf. Sichere Nachricht (Zurich B.), p. 6 ff., in the photographic repro- 
duction. 



The Founder of Germantown 135 

2. — The transfer of 50 acres to Abraham Isaacs op de 
Graeff, March 15, 1686 (Grund- und Lager-Buch, p. 199). 

3. — The transfer of 25 acres to Isaac Dilbeeck by a deed 
dated May 27, 1686 (Grund- und Lager-Buch, p. 159). 

The following transfers were effected entirely or in part by 
members of the company on the other side of the Atlantic and 
were later confirmed and recorded in Pennsylvania : 

1. Fifty acres ***** were "granted by Benjamin Furly, 
Agent and Attorney of the Franckfort Company at Rotterdam, to 
John Luken, his heirs and assigns for ever, which sd deed beareth 
date the 8th day of the month called June Anno 1683" (Grund- 
und Lager-Buch, p. 105). 

2. — Johafi Willhelm Ueberfeldt deeded his 1,000 acres to 
Francis Daniel Pastorius, July 11, 1683. The deed was executed 
in Frankfurt-on-the-Main ( a copy in German and in English 
translation is found in Pastorius' hand among the Pastorius MSS. 
in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania). 

3. — "Thomas van Wylich and Jhon le Brun, both partners 
of the Franckfurt Company, by the third article of in Indenture 
made with Heyvert Papen the 23d of the 1st month March, 
1685," deeded 50 acres to Heyvert Papen (Grund-und Lager- 
Buch, p. 219). 

4. — Johann Jacob Schiitz, Jacobus van de Walle and Daniel 
Behagel made a contract with Johann and Arnold Cassel, who 
were to take up and cultivate 50 acres of land in Pennsylvania. 
This document is so explicit in detail that we print it here in the 
original German. 33 It is attested by the Imperial Notary, Chris- 
tian Fenda, at Frankfurt-on-the-Main. 



13 "Jm nahmen Gottes haben Johann Jacob Shiitz, Jacobus von de Walle 
und Daniel Behagel fiir sich und im nahmen derer Mitgenossen Pennsilvani- 
scher Compagnie zu Franckfurt am Mayn in Teutschland und Consorten, 
als Erbverleyer an Einem Theil mit uns Johann und Arnold Cassel, Vatter 
und Sohn, beyden ackersleuten, unseres alters respective 47. und 22, Jahr als 
Erbbestandern andern theils nach folgender gestalt contrahirt und geschlossen : 

N. B. — An interesting point in this document is the fact that the German 
Company (or Frankfurt Company) is called by those in Frankfurt the "Penn- 
sylvanian Company" ("Pennsilvanische Compagnie"). 



136 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

A.S will appear from these few entries there was little activ- 
ity in the sale of the land purchased by the German Company. 
Most of the transfers of land were made by the Crefeld Purchas- 
ers. These transactions are recorded also in the Grund-und La- 
ger-Buch. 

The details of the holdings of the members of the German 
(or Frankfurt) Company, and the manner of distributing lots at 
a later time, are given by Pastorins in the beginning of the 
Grund-und Lagcr-Buch. The account is here printed in English 
translation : 



Erstlich sollen und wollen wir uns sarht den unserigen und gehoriger 
Nothurfft, auff unsere alleinige kosten, so bald moglich, von hier iiber Engel- 
land nacher Pefisilvania in America begeben ; 2. Die von besagter Compagnie 
dortigen Sachwalter uns daselbsten im wald angewiesene Fiinftzig Morgen 
oder acker lands in bau bringen; Das darauff befindliche Holtz ausrotten, und 
bencithigte wohnung, scheuer und stallungen fur uns dasclbst auff unsere 
kosten anrichten, auch 3. Der Compagnie von jedem acker oder morgen 
Jahrlich Drey Viertel Schilling Englisch, hiesiges gelds funftzehen kreutzer, 
Erbpacht ( : welcher Zinsz am Ende des andern Jahrs vom tage unserer 
ankunfft in Pefisilvania das erste mabl gereicht werden soil:) crlegen. 4. 
Gegen solchen Jahrlich richtig eingeliefferten Erbpacht sollen und wollen wir, 
unsere Kinder und Kinds Kinder, so lang unser Geschlccht, Mann und Weibs 
linien weren, auff besagten von uns erbauten giittern bleiben und unvertrieben 
seyn. 5. Dafern unser geschlecht iiber kurtz oder lang gar absterben solte, 
so soil dieses land safht dessen besserung der obgesagten Compagnie, als 
Erb-lehnherren, wieder vollkomlich heimfallen. 6. Weilen wir die v.illige 
Mittel, uns selbsten allda in stand zu setzen, nicht haben, sondern theils von 
vorbesagter Compagnie uns vorgeschossen werden, alsz versprechen wir deme 
absonderlich hieriiber verfertigten Vergleich, unter Gottes hulffe, unver- 
briichlich nachzukomen. Alles getreulich und sonder Gefahrte : Dessen zur 
wahrcn Urkundt ist dieser Contract Dreymahl originaliter auff pergament 
unter beiderseits Contrahenten unterschrifft und pitschafften, mit Corrobora- 
tion des hierzu erbettenen Notarij Caes. Publici ausgefertiget. Signatum 
Franckfurt den 3iten Martij Anno 1686. 



Johaii Jacob Schiitz. () 

Daniel Behagel () 

Jacobus von de Walle ( ) 



Johannes und Arnold Cassell Q 

Jn fidem praemissorum attestire 

ich Christian Fenda, Keyl. ap- 

probiert. und immatriculierter 

offenbarer Notarius. 



Gepassirt in Court of Record den i()ten tag des 
8ten Monats 1697. 

Peter Schumacher Justice. 
Aret Klincken Justice." 



The Founder of Germantown 137 

"The whole Germantownship comprises according to the fore- 
going patent or land warrent 5700 acres. Of this 2675 acres be- 
long to the members of the Company as a whole, as first purchasers, 
viz., 

To Jacobus van de Walle 535 acres 

To Johan Jacob Schutz 428 acres 

To Johan Wilhelm Uberfeld 107 acres 

To Daniel Behagel 356 acres 

To Gorg Strauss 178 acres 

To Jan Laurens 535 acres 

To Abraham Haesevoet 535 acres 

2675 acres 
And further, 2675 acres belong to the first Crefeld Purchasers, viz., 

To Jacob Tellner 989 acres 

To Jan Strepers 275 acres 

To Dirck Sipman 588 acres 

To Govert Remkins 161 acres 

To Lenert Arets 501 acres 

To Jacob Isaacs 161 acres 

2675 acres 

Further, 200 acres belong to Frantz Daniel Pastorius. 
And finally 150 acres to Gorg Hartzfelder. 

In all 5700 acres. 
Of the above mentioned 5700 acres of land, there are 

In Germantown 2 75° acres 

In Krissheim 884 acres 

In Sommerhausen 900 acres 

In Crefeld 1 166 acres 

Then, after the 2750 acres or 55 city hereditary holdings in 
Germantown had been laid out and surveyed on the 29th of Decem- 
ber, 1687, and following days, the purchasers and hereditary lessees, 
to whom the remaining 2950 acres in the Germantownship belong, 
distributed the same by lot on the 4th of April, 1689, into the said 
three separate villages, the northernmost of which, adjoining Ger- 
mantown, was called Krissheim, the middle one Sommerhausen, 
and the furthermost Crefeld, as sufficiently appears from what is 
subjoined below : 



138 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

"To-day, the 4th day of the second month, anno 1689, those who 
still have land to take up in the Germantownship have drawn lots 
fi r the remaining 2950 acres and Peter Keurlis, Jan Liicken for 
his half, Abraham Tunnes, Gerhard Heinrichs, Peter Schumacher, 
Harms Peter Umstatt, Heinrich Sellen, Willjam Strepers for 100 
acres, Johannes Bleickers, Jacob Schumacher for 50 acres, Jacob 
Tellner, Kornelis Sjoert, Andrew Griskum, and Abraham op de 
Graeff for 25 acres, have received the first next portion to German- 
t< iwn as their lots and respective shares. Secondly, the Frankfurt 
Company has obtained by lot in addition to what it received in the 
furthest division, together with Frantz Daniel Pastorius for his own 
200 acres the middle portion. Thirdly, Tunes Kunders, Govert 
Remkins, Lenert Arets, Reinert Tisen, Jan Lucken for his second 
half, Cornelis Bom, Jan Strepers, Dirk op de Graeff, Herman op de 
Graeff, Abraham op de Graeff for his remainder, Jacob Isaacs, the 
Frankfurt Company for 287J/2 acres, Jacob Schumacher for 25 
acres and Willjam Strepers for 50 acres received by lot the last or 
furthest portion. That the foregoing drawing of lots took place 
openly and honestly, without deception or fraud, in the aforemen- 
tioned manner, we, the undersigned bear witness, with this sub- 
scription in our own hand. Done in Germantown the 4th of the 2nd 
month, 1689. 

Frantz Daniel Pastorius for himself and the Frankfurt Com- 
pany. Jacob Telner. Cornelis Sioerdts. Jacob Schumacher. Abra- 
ham op den Graeff. Hanns Peter Umbstatt. Hendrich Sellen. Her- 
man op den Graaf. Jacob Isaacs. 

Anno 1690, the 14th of the nth month ( January) the lines or 
boundaries were made through the said villages as is indicated in 
the preface of this book." 

The Reorganization of the German Company. 

The agreement or promise of the German Company or So- 
ciety to follow Pastorius, their agent, to America was not kept, 
and Pastorius evidently began to feel uneasy about the financial 
obligations which he had assumed as agent of the Si >ciety. There 
is an intimation of this uneasiness, or of his unwillingness to de- 
cide upon questions of policy in his report of March 7th. 1684. 
Accordngly, he wrote a letter on the 14th of November, 1685, to 
Schiitz, van de Walle, Behagel and Petersen, asking to be re- 
leased from the responsibility of accounting to the constituents 
and heirs. Although the original letter seems to have been lost, 



The Founder of Germantown 139 

we have the contents of it and the replies to it preserved in Eng- 
lish, a manuscript in Pastorius' own hand, which we give here : 

"The 14th day of November 1685. J did write to Jacob van de 
Wallen, John Jacob Schutz, Daniel Behagel & Win Petersen, that 
in case they would not free me of my Promise in their Letter of 
Attorney, viz, to be accountable to the Constituents & their heirs, 
J was not at all able nor willing so to do, but must lay down mine 
Administration ; for as much as they in like manner promised me, 
to follow me to this Province the next ensuing year after my de- 
parture out of Germany, the which was not perform'd by them : 
Wherefore J expect an Answer from them all, whether they would 
release unto me the sd mine Obligation or not? 

Whereupon they in One Letter Subscribed by them all an- 
swered as followeth. 

Francfort the 20/30. of June 1686. 

Dear Brother — We thank God for thy joyful Recovery and 
Preservation of all the rest ; Putting in so much no Mistrust at all 
in thy Fidelity & Diligence, that we, especially J for mine own per- 
son do approve thine accounts unseen : Nevertheless in case Jt is 
not against thee, only for a nearer Advice sake to send such ac- 
counts over ( : at least to make no ill Precedent to any future Suc- 
cessor, whom perhaps we dare not so fully trust without all Care : ) 
Jt will be very pleasing to & not against us to approve them in 
optima forma. 

J. J. Schutz. 

Jn the same Letter it followeth thus : 

My heartily beloved Friend & Dear Brother. To all that which 
our beloved Schutz hath written we assent in all parts without any 
exception, and our beloved Behagel will doubtless do the same by 
some lines ; And J do the same likewise in the name of John Wil- 
liam Petersen & his wife. 

Ja: v: Wallen. 

Further in the same Letter thus: 

My dear & beloved Friend. How greatly we longed for your 
Letter, you may easily think, because since your former from ul- 
timo May & 18th of June we had nothing written by you but the 
aforementioned from the 14th of Novemb. which we received the 
19th of June, and is fully answered by Friend Schutz, whereby you 
may see, that we do not only approve of what you have done, but 
request you to Continue and not faint, or let sink the Courage to the 
hurt of us all and of the whole business. 

Daniel Behagel." 



140 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

The result of this correspondence was the formal organiza- 
tion or reorganization of the German Company or Society, re- 
ferred to by Pastorius in the Grund- und Lager-Buch as the 
"Frankfort Company." The instrument, agreement or contract of 
this new corporation was printed in German in Frankfurt-on-the- 
Main. Three copies of it are known to have been in existence 
in Philadelphia : one originally among Penn's papers, but now in 
possession of Ex-Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker, at Penny- 
packer's Mills ; the other at the Historical Society of Pennsylva- 
nia, and the third, evidently Pastorius' own copy, as it is the only 
one having his signature, originally found among the Proud 
papers. In addition to the printed German text there is extant 
an English translation in Pastorius' hand among the Pastorius 
MSS. in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 34 

"In the Name and to the Glory of God! 

We underwritten witness & Confess hereby, Whereas we alto- 
gether have Jointly puchased Five & twenty thousand Acres of 
unseparated land English Measure in the American Province of 
Pefisilvania, Each of us having effectually paid his share, as appears 
by the Accounts thereof, vizt. 

Jacob van de Wallen 2500 \ 

Caspar Merian, Now Jacob van de Wallen 833 ' j > 5000. 

and Daniel Behagel 1666 $5 ) 

Lt. Johan Jacob Schutz 4000 ") 

Johafi William Uberfeld, Now Francis V 5000. 

Daniel Pastorius 1000 j 

Jacob van de Wallen 1666^5 

George Strauss, Now Johana Eleonora 

von Merlau, Wife of Johan Wm. 5000. 

Peters 166624 

Daniel Behagel 1660- 3 

D. Gerhard von Mastricht 166623 ~| 

D. Thomas von Wilich 1666^ > 5000. 

and Johaiies le Brun 1666^ j 

Balthasar Jawert 3333 '4 \ 

Johaiies Kemler 1666^3 J 500a 

" The original, dated Xov. 12, 1686. with Pastorius' signature and seal, is 
now in the collection of Mr. George C. Thomas, of Philadelphia. With Mr. 
Thomas' permission the page with the signature is reproduced here. 



The Founder of Germantown 141 

That we concerning this Estate for Ourselves, Our respective 
Wives, Children & heirs in the Name of God have Entered into and 
Agreed upon a Comunion or Society in manner & form following, 

1. The above said lands wherever they are or hereafter shall be 
Assigned Jointly and asunder, as also the Lots in the City, which 
over & above the aforementioned belong unto us, to wit four or six 
places in the City of Philadelphia, for to build new houses upon, and 
a matter of 300. Acres in the Cities Liberty Situate before & about 
Philadelphia, And the land which of late hath been bought upon the 
Skulkill for a Brick-kiln, together with all & every Edifices & other 
Improvements, which now are and hereafter shall be made in any 
place & quarter of all Perisilvania, as also Victuals, Commodities, 
Cattle, household stuff &c, which we have sent thither, or were 
bought or other wise acquired there ; And the present & future Real 
Rights & Priviledges shall now & hereafter be and remain Coffton 
in Equal Right, according to Every Ones above specified Share, 
which he hath in the said Company. 

2. All & every Expenses for the Cultivation, Improvement & 
Buildings ; Jtem for transporting of Servants, Tenants & other Per- 
sons, as also Comodities, Victuals, tools, &c. and there in the sd 
Province for Tradesmen & Labourers, &c. and universally all 
Charges of what Name soever, which hitherto have been spent in 
America and Europe, or hereafter at the next mentioned manner 
may be spent, shall be at Comon Costs after the rate of Every Ones 
Share. 

3. Per Contra all Profits, Revenues and whatsoever there is 
got, built, planted, till'd & brought forth, either in products of the 
Ground, Slaves, Cattle, manufactures, &c. nothing at all Excepted, 
shall be Comon among all the Partners pro rato of the number of 
Acres. 

4. Concerning the Affairs of this Company, the five head-stems 
( : every 5000. to be Accounted for a Head-stem, or as hereafter it 
may be otherwise Agreed upon, shall Consult among themselves, and 
by the plurality of Votes ( : each thousand Acres having ten Votes, :) 
conclude with all Convenient Speed. 

5. There in the sd Province there shall be always an Attorney 
for the Company, and in Case of his Decease, Absence & Unableness 
a Substitute be appointed unto him with a Salary in writing Exe- 
cuted by both Parties. Both these shall yearly under both their hands 
& the Companies Seal make an Orderly Inventory of all the Com- 
panies Effects there, Specifying the Cultivated & uncultivated 
acres, meadows, waters, woods, houses, the bounds thereof, as also 
the Servants, Tenants, Cattel, Fruits, Victuals, Comodities, Debts 
Active & passive, ready money, &c. and send the same over with 



142 Francis Daniel Pastoriits 

their Accounts of Costs & Profits, Receipt & Disbursement. De- 
crease & Jncrease in all particulars by one & an other following Ves- 
sel with a second ( iriginal, and likewise in manor aforesd Comuni- 
cate the State of things to him. unto whom at that time the Corre- 
spondency of the Company shall be Committed. 

6. Here in these parts there shall be always Ordained by the 
Plurality of Votes in Writing two Clerks of the Company either of 
the Companions or Strangers who shall attend the Companies Ac- 
counts & Correspondency in America, Open the letters which belong 
to them, and Comunicate the Contents thereof by way of Extract, or 
if need be, a Copy to the 5. Head-Stems ( : by and from whom 
further all and every Partners are to receive, do & perform their-: 1 
write down with short words, yet clearly & diligently in a Diary of 
the Pennsilvanian Affairs out of the letters coming from thence, or 
the Occurrencies happening here; make peculiar Memorandums of 
what is to be done & Observed, Adjust every Year ultimo Decembris 
the Accounts, together with the Revision of Jnventories and the 
Annotations of Jncrease & Decrease by Day and Date, as far as may 
be had by letters or Otherwise, And being approved of by the five 
Head-Stems or their Attornies Record them in a Book, and keep 
them under two Locks in a good Order according to their Table or 
Jndex, together with the Companies Documents and Original Writ- 
ings ascribing Day & Date, as also the Copies of the letter- which 
they send away, in a certain Place as the Company pleaseth, and 
now for the present time at Francfort upon the Mayn, where this 
work did first begin, and whereunto as yet the greatest part doth 
belong, and in all without the special Consent of the five head Stems 
not undertake nor dispatch any thing of Jmportance. Further they 
shall enjoy for all their labour some moderate Recompence from the 
Company: Moreover each head Stem may for himself & the Part- 
ner- thereunto belonging extract out of such letters what he pleaseth, 
but the Original shall be left in the Archive. 

7. Hereafter the Company shall sign their letters & Contracts 
with a peculiar Seal to be kept along with the aforesd Original Docu- 
ments ; and shall send an other Seal somewhat different in bigne-- & 
Circumscription to their Factors in Pennsilvania. there to make the 
like use thereof: Without such Seals no Letters or Contracts shall be 
sent in the Companies Name thither or hither, nor be esteemed firm 
& good. 

8. Jn Case any of us or of our heirs should go to Pefisilvania, 
or send an Attorney for himself aforehand to prepare him a Settle- 
ment, and would give him, or take along with himself, several proper 
things for his use, he or they may do the same at their Own C 
and Riske ; Afterwards after the rate of his Share for every thousand 



The Founder of Germantown 143 

Acres chuse for himself Sixty in One Tract uncleared land, So as we 
receive the same of the Governr., And therefor he shall pay Yearly a 
Recognition as Rent to the Company for every ten Acres One 
English Shilling; And if this land be not enough, but too narrow for 
him, there shall be further allowed unto him, proportionally to his 
Share, 60. acres as aforesaid in consideration of each thousand for 
the Moiety of the Price for wch. the Company useth to Let it at that 
time upon Rent unto Strangers; And in case he should still desire 
more land, if the Company can spare it, at the Price & on such Con- 
ditions as to a Stranger. Now upon these lands which one or the 
other settleth for himself alone in maher aforesd, he may act at his 
pleasure. And use & enjoy all sortfs] of Goods imoveable & moveable 
which we have in Corhon there before other Strangers : Nevertheless 
that all this be unprejudicial to the Corhon best of the Company. 
And those Companions which dwell in Pennsilvania shall pay the 
usual Rent, Wages, Payment or Value of all what they use of the 
Corhon things for themselves to the Companies Factor there, whereof 
they are at the following Repartition to receive back their share. 
But if the whole Company do generally find good to let go over any 
of their Companions for their corhon Service and at their corhon 
Costs, there shall in that Case be made a particular Agreement. But 
in every Case & in all parts whatsoever the Companions there & their 
heirs shall be Obliged no less than those in Europe to stand to this 
Contract and to the further Orders of the most Votes. 

9. Jf the Clerks or else one or more by the Companies appro- 
priation as aforesd should disburse money, such Debtors shall be 
Obliged to repay the thus disbursed principal Sum at the utmost 
within the space of One year with the yearly Jnterest of five per 
Cent, and therefore theire Share shall hereby in the best form of 
Law be Engaged as a Special Pledge. 

10. Jf any of us or Ours soon or late shall dye without wife & 
heirs begotten in Matrimony of his body, not having expressly & 
particularly declared by Testament or other credible Disposition in 
Writing, or by word of mouth, what he would have done with his 
Share of these Corhon Goods after his Decease, his Share shall 
accrue and be herewith Assign'd to the whole Company, proportion- 
ably to Each"s respective Share, and shall not be otherwise accounted 
than as if he had reserved to himself Only the use of such Goods 
for the term of his life, and presently in the beginning Jncorporated 
the true Property to the Company. And all Deceases of the Com- 
panions, and who are their heirs in this work shall by the Clerks then 
being in credible form either under the Attestation of all the nearest 
Relations of the deceased, or of other credible persons be advised 
with all speed, Or until the Certainty thereof the Name of the De- 



144 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

ceased be continued in Accounts & Books. And his Contingent wch. 
falls to him be kept in the Companies Cassa along with the Original 
Documents. 

ii. Jt's not lawful for any that is a Partner in this Company 
to alien his land or Right thereof all or in part to any without the 
Company, unless he have the Companies Consent, or at least made 
the first Offer to the same. But if one or other of us, our Wives, 
Children or whoever shall be hereafter a Partner of the Company, 
should be willing soon or late to alienate his share or Portion, and 
none of the Company to Acquire or buy the same, then & not other- 
wise the Seller shall have liberty to sell it to any other; yet with this 
Proviso, that always the Company, Or if they will not have it, any 
of the Company within three months after the Alienation is made 
known, shall have liberty to take to themselves that what is sold, 
paying down the Consideration Money, and for their profit to deduct 
or give less than such new Purchaser bought the Part aliened for 
Ten per Cent, of the Consideration Money, the Price whereof both 
Seller & Buyer shall be oblig'd to declare upon their Conscience. 

12. Jn case, which we do not expect, be it soon or late there 
should happen any Misunderstanding or Cause of Contention be- 
tween us Our heirs & Successors Concerning these Goods & what 
thereon doth depend, the same shall be determined among the Mem- 
bers of the Company, Or if both Parties do not account them 
wholly Impartially, by other two honest Persons unanimously 
Chosen by the differing Parties, And these two Chosen Persons shall 
have Power to take unto them the third, if they think it necessary, in 
form & manner hereafter described, vizt. the chosen Arbitrators on 
an appointed day & place in the presence of the differing Parties or 
their Attorneys after the Invocation of divine Assistance & ripe Con- 
sideration of the Matter shall determine the business by their Award 
according to their best Knowledge & Sentiment in case they cannot 
bring the Parties to a Composition : But if these three can not agree 
or find out the most Votes, they shall send for Advice to one or two 
of the head-partners, and then Conceive & pronounce their Award; 
To the Contrary whereof afterwards in no manner or ways any thing 
shall be done, acted or admitted by Right or Force of no Judge or 
Man in the whole World, in Europe or America: And if any should 
presume to Oppose himself hereunto, eo ipso ( : for by so doing:) he 
-ball Forfeit his whole Share, and besides pay a Fine of 200. rix- 
dollars to the publick Almonery ( or to the poor) ipso facto without 
any Exception or further Declaration. 

All faithfully & without Covin. Jn true witness this present 
Contract, to which all Partners after a ripe Consideration did unani- 
mously Consent, i- twelve times under all & every One- own hand & 
Seal set forth, and an Exemplar thereof delivered to Each, and one 



The Founder of Genua ntown 145 

laid up with the conion Documents. Given at Francfort upon Mayn 
the 1 2th. November Anno 1686. 

(Seal) Gerhard von Mastrich. (Seal) Johah Jacob Schutz. 

(Seal) Francis Daniel Pastorius. (Seal) Daniel Behagel. 

(Seal) Thomas von Wylich. (Seal) Jacobus van den Wallen. 

(Seal) Johan Le Brun. (Seal) Johari Wilhelm Petersen. 

(Seal) Johannes Kemler. 

(Seal) Balthasar Jawert. " 34a 

The reorganization of the German Company seems to have 
had little effect upon the affairs of the company in Pennsylvania, 
if we may judge from the entries in the Grund-und Lager-Buch, 
which doubtless is a faithful record of the transactions of the 
company under the direction of Pastorius, who against his will 
continued as agent of the company after the reorganization until 
the year 1700. 



Release of Pastorius as Agent of the German Society. 

Meanwhile, a number of the original members of the com- 
pany had died, and some of the survivors, apparently dissatisfied 
with the state of their affairs in Pennsylvania, concluded to re- 
lieve Pastorius of the agency, and agreed to issue a letter of at- 
torney to Daniel Falkner, Johannes Kelpius, both in Pennsyl- 
vania, and Johannes Jawert, son of Balthasar Jawert, of Liibeck, 
one of the principals of the company. 

The reasons for this Letter of Attorney are quite fully set 
forth in the document itself in the following passage in Pastorius' 
translation: 

"And yet, because of the death of some heads of the sd Com- 
pany, & the between Jrruption of the French War, as also chiefly 



3 ' a This is the translation made by Pastorius. It is endorsed on the back in 
his own hand: "A Translation of the Francfort Companies Contract of 
Society.'' 



146 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

because of the absence of the Governour, & the unableness of the 
sd Our Factor, these Our affairs in the sd Province are come to a 
Stop, the more mentioned Mr. Pastorius having also desired by & in 
several of his Letters to be discharged of his Administration &c." 

There were apparently other reasons for this transfer of the 
agency of the company to these new hands. First, because of 
the interest which Jawert had in the company, and the fact that 
his son was emigrating to America and could look after af- 
fairs; secondly, because Falkner was on friendly relations with 
some of the company, as appears from the fact that he is men- 
tioned in the deed of gift of Catharine Elizabeth Schutz as one 
of the beneficiaries. Just what reason there was for appointing 
Kelpius, the dreamy hermit of the Wissahickon, is not apparent, 
unless it was because of the religious sympathy existing between 
him and Johann Wilhelm Petersen. 

The reference in the document to the inability ("unable- 
ness") of Pastorius to continue as agent, and the fact that the 
affairs of the company had "come to a Stop" is not necessarily to 
be construed as indicating any incapacity or laxness on the part 
of Pastorius, but is easily explained by the fact that during the 
years 1698 to 1700 he was engaged in teaching school in Philadel- 
phia, and for this reason could not give his undivided attentiton to 
the affairs of the Company. 

The translation of this letter of attorney in Pastorius' quaint 
English and in his own hand is still extant, and is printed here in 
full: 

"We subscribed do manifest & Confess herewith, Whereas 
we Joiningly have bought five & twenty thousand Acres of 
unseparated land in Pennsilvania. according to the documents 
& Jndentures thereof, with peculiar Priviledges & Rights, And 
therefore in Vertue thereof the 12th of November 1686. by a 
peculiar Writing haveing formed a Society, & for the Cultivation & 
Administration of the sd land have Jmpowred Mr. Francis Daniel 
Pastorius. J. U. L. according to the Letter of attorney bearing 
Date the 12th of April 1683. And yet because of the death of some 
heads of the sd Company. & the between Jrruption of the French 
War, as also chiefly because of the absence of the Governour, & 



The Founder of Germantown 147 

the unableness of the sd Our Factor, these Our affairs in the sd 
Province are come to a Stop, the more mentioned Mr. Pastorius 
having also desired by & in several of his Letters to be discharged 
of his Administration ; That we for such end do Conferr full Power 
& special Authority on Mr. Daniel Falkner & Johahes Kelpius, as 
Jnhabitants for the present in Pensilvania, and also on Mr. Jo- 
hanes Jawert the Son of one of our Principals, nominally Mr. Bal- 
thasar Jawert of Lubeck, who hath resolved to transport himself 
thither, thus and in such wise that these Our three Plenipotentiaries 
Joiningly or in Case of death of one or the Other, they or he who 
remains, shall have in the best form the Administration of all our 
goods we have there of the lands in the form & where they are 
Joiningly or separately assigned unto us, or shall be assigned, sur- 
veyed & set out, and of the City-Lots by reason of the five & twenty 
thousand Acres being Competent to us, viz. the 4. or 6. Places in the 
City of Philadelphia, and of the 300. Acres situated in the Right 
& Liberty of the City before & about Philadelphia, And of the land 
bought by the Scullkill for a Brick-kiln And of all & every erected 
Building & other Meliorations, and of what hath been sent thither, 
or bought there, or otherwise got of Victuals, Comodities, Cattels, 
household-stuff, tools, Servants, Tenants & of other Persons, &c and 
therefore to call to an account in Our Name the sd Mr. Pastorius, 
who hitherto hath been our Plenipotentiary, and to take of him 
herewith all such Our Estates & effects, and in Case any of them 
should be alienated without our knowledge, above all things to 
vindicate them ; So then in general or special, as it can be done best, 
to dispose, exchange, sell & receive the money for them, and here- 
upon to quit, transact, make Jndentures & Documents, Assurances, 
& in Suma to do & leave every thing what we Ourselves could or 
might do or leave, if we were then & there personally present, Cum 
potestate Substituendi, et Substitutionem toties quoties revocandi, 
cumq Clausulis rati, grati, omnibusq' alijs illius loci & fori neces- 
sarijs et Consuetis. And in Case our aforementioned Plenipoten- 
tiaries should want Any larger Pozver then herein is Contained, the 
same we advisedly do grant herewith unto them, & do decently Jm- 
plore the Governour in Chief and Magistrates of the sd Province, to 
regard them as such, and to grant them upon their request their 
Magisterial aid, in Case they should want the same ; On the other 
hand Our Plenipotentiaries Joinedly & Separately are directed to 
the two Principals in Francfort on the river of Main, vizt. the heirs 
of Jacob van de Walle & Daniel Behagel both deceased, to acquaint 
& give an account unto them timely of every one of their trans- 
actions, and to address unto them Moneys or Comodities, to Corre- 
spond with'em and to expect, if need, further Orders & Jnstructions 



148 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

of them in the Name of the whole Company, wherewith they shall 
further in this Case Communicate and get their Consent. Lastly 
we grant unto them herewith special Power to appropriate fifty 
Acres of Our land in Germantown for the benefit of a Schoolmaster, 
that the Youth in reading, writing & in good manners & education, 
without partial Admonition to God & Christ may be brought up and 
Jnstructed. 

All faithfully & without Fraud, Jn true Witness whereof we 
have with our own hands Subscribed & Sealed this Letter of At- 
torney, and caused the same to be made under & by publick Author- 
ity. Done in Francfort on the River of Mayn, the 24th day of 
January 1700. 

(Seal) Catharina Elizabetha Schutzin Widow. 

(Seal) the Widow of Jacob van de Walle deceased. 

(Seal) the Heirs of Daniel Behagel deceased. 

(Seal) Johannes Kemmler. 

(Seal) Balthasar Jawert. 

(Seal) Johan: Wilhelm Petersen d 

(Seal) Gerhard van Mastrich. 

(Seal) Johafies Le Briin. 

(Seal) Maria van de Walle Widow of Doctor Thomas 
van Willig with her Copartners. 
The above and within written is a True Copy of ye originall 
Letter of Attorney as ye same is Recorded in ye Rolls Office at 
Philadelphia in Book D. 2. vol 4. page 104 &c. 
Examined by me 

Richd. Heath Dep. ibm." 

This transfer of the agency of the reorganized German Com- 
pany to Falkner, Kelpius and Jawert terminated Pastorius' official 
connection with the company's affairs. At the end of August, 
1700, the new agents, after the arrival of Falkner and Jawert. 
entered upon their duties. Pastorius turned over to the new 
agents the company's land, house, barn, stable, corn (grain) in 
and above ground, cattle, household goods, utensils, etc., and also 
arrears of rents and other debts due the company, amounting in 
all to some £230. Kelpius, however, more inclined to mystic 
dreaming than to business, and evidently s< .<>n convinced that he 
could not be party to the acts of Falkner. resigned his office as 
co-agent, declaring himself "civilly dead" (civiliter mortuus), 
delivering his authority to the society and to Falkner to act in 
conjunction with Jawert in his stead. The deed of assignment 



The Founder of Germantown 149 

is witnessed by Godfried Seelig and Johann Hendrick Sprogell. 
Jawert was disgusted at the shameful conduct of Falkner ( who, 
among other things, "played the sot") and posted a notice on 
the meeting-house in Germantown warning the public against 
transacting business with Falkner as agent of the company. On 
the 20th of March, 1705, Falkner and Jawert gave a letter of 
attorney to George Lowther, who attempted to conduct the 
affairs of the company and on the 26th of March, 1706, affixed 
a notice on the meeting-house in Germantown summoning those 
having business with the company to appear before him Friday, 
April 5th, at the house of Joseph Coulson in Germantown. 

Henceforth Pastorius' interests in the German Company are 
chiefly of a personal character, as one of the original members. 
According to his own statement, he was appointed to act with 
Hans Henry Meels as attorney for the 4000 acre donation made 
by Catherine Elizabeth Schiitz. The letter of attorney is dated 
November 4, 1704. There is no record of his having received 
any compensation for his seventeen years of service as agent for 
the German Company. 

The affairs of the company rapidly grew worse. As is usually 
the case in such land crises, an adventurer appeared in the person 
of Johann Heinrich Sprogel, who, arriving from Holland, claimed 
to have bought out the company's interests before sailing. Falk- 
ner, deep in debt, joined Sprogel and retained David Lloyd by 
fraudulently turning over to him 1000 acres of Benjamin Furly's 
land, and quietly secured from the Court of Philadelphia County 
the famous or infamous "Writ of Ejectment" 35 dispossessing the 
German Company of their 25,000 acres of land. The pleas were 
made before Joseph Growdon, Samuel Finny and Nathan Stan- 
bury, Esqs., Justices of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadel- 
phia County, January 13, 1708. 36 

The injustice of this decision was strongly urged by Pasto- 
rius both in his brief, The Case of the Francfort Company's Rusi- 

* A copy of this is to be found in Pastorius' hand in the Pastorius MSS. 
in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 

M The documents relating to this case were first printed by Hon. Sarmul 
W. Pennypacker in his Pennsylvania Colonial Cases, Philadelphia, 1892. 



150 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

ness briefly Stated, and in his more elaborate statement of the 
case entiled Exemplum sine Exemplo, written in 1611. In 1 713, 
the 26th of the 4th month, Pastorius and Jawert brought the 
matter before the Friends' Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia, 
calling David Lloyd seriously to account for the part he had 
taken in the matter. 

The charges brought in by Pastorius and Jawert against 
Lloyd were discussed at six monthly meetings that same year. 

At the meeting of the 29th of the 3d month, 171 3. it was 
decided that "Anthony Morris, Win, Hudson and Pentecost 
Teague or any one of them are desired to acquaint David Lloyd 
with the contents of the sd letter [of Jawert]." 

At the meeting of the 26th of the 4th month, 171 3, we have 
this notice : "David Lloyd still continuing his request for a Cer- 
tificate the sense of the meeting is that David Lloyd should appear 
at our monthly meeting to give them satisfaction in relation to the 
complaint of Daniel Pastorius & John Jawert." 

At the meeting of the 31st of the 5th month, 17 13. Lloyd 
stated that Falkner and Sprogel had certain powers, but "not so 
Effectual to make the sd title without the help of the Court of 
Common Pleas;" that the Council had desired him (Lloyd) to 
draw up a record and that he saw Falkner prove his amount at 
Court by oath and saw a letter which he believed to be Furly's and 
an agreement in Dutch or German in Sprogel's possession. 

On the 25th of the 6th month, 171 3, the matter was referred 
to Nicolas Walln, Anthony Morris, Wm. Hudson and John 
Warder or any four of them for further consideration. 

On the 30th of the 8th month, 1713, the meeting still not 
satisfied added Samuel Preston to the committee. 

On the 27th of the 9th month, 1713, David Lloyd protested 
his innocence and said he was sorry if any offense had been given 
by his conduct. The meeting left the matter with this very suspi- 
cious minute : "However, it seems to the meeting to be that which 
is not of a good report and therefore desires David Lloyd that he 
may forbear to have anything further to do towards strengthening 
the parties concerned therein." 



The Founder of Germantown 151 

After having gone over the matter with careful scrutiny, 
I find no reason to impugn the account given by Pastorius in both 
of his papers, and I print the shorter of the two here as his epit- 
ome of the whole case : 

"The Case of the Francfort Company's Business briefly Stated. 

Jacob van de Walle, Caspar Merian, Johan Jacob Schutz, 
Johan William Uberfeld, Johan William Petersen and Daniel Be- 
hagel having purhcased 15000 acres of land in Pennsylvania, gave 
Ano 1683. the 2d of April, and the 5th of May to Francis Daniel 
Pastorius two letters of Attorney, to administer the said land, 
wherein they promised him a reasonable Salary out of the Jncomes 
and Rents thereof. Ano 1683. the nth of July Johan William 
Uberfeld conveyed unto the sd Pastorius by a certain Deed of Sale 
his 1000. Acres, which he had purchased of William Penn, sending 
him the Original Lease & Release under the sd William Pen's hand 
& Seal. 

Anno 1686. the 12th of November the abovesd Vande Walle 
(having bought Caspar Merian's share,) Schutz, Petersen and Be- 
hagel together with other five persons, viz: Gerhard van Mastricht, 
Thomas Willigh, John Le Brun, Balthasar Jawert and John Kemler, 
(who purchased 10000 Acres more,) made a Contract of Sale, 
inserting also the sd Pastorius's Name for 1000 Acres ; So that the 
whole Content of their land is 25000 acres, and the Partners in all 
ten. 

Jn this Contract of Society among other Covenants & Articles 
they agreed, that those of the Partners who transported themselves 
into Pefisilvania may take up some land for themselves out of the 
sd Tract of 25000. Acres for a certain Recognition or Rent, &c. 
Jtem, that if there should happen any Misunderstanding or Cause 
of Contention between them, their heirs & Successors, concerning 
this Estate and whatever depends thereon the same shall be deter- 
mined by two honest persons unanimously chosen by the differing 
Parties, and that these two chosen persons shall have Power to take 
unto them the third, if they think it necessary, &c. 

Anno 1700. the 24th of January the Widow of Jacob vande 
Walle, the Widow of Johan Jacob Schutz, the heirs of Daniel Be- 
hagel, the widow of Thomas Willigh, John Kemler, Balthasar 
Jawert, Johan William Petersen, Gerhard van Mastricht and John 
Le Brun, (nine partners beyond Sea,) being often requested by the 
aforesd Pastorius, to put an other in his place, gave a Letter of At- 
torney to Daniel Falkner. Johannes Kelpius & Johannes Jawert to 
act Jointly, or in Case of death of one or the other, then the Sur- 
vivors or Survivor, &c. 



152 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Eodem Anno 1700. the 1st of March Catherin Elizabeth Schu- 
tzin (widow of Johan Jacob Schutz,) by a Deed of Gift Freely 
gave the 4000 Acres, which her husband had purchased with her 
own money, unto such pious persons, as Daniel Falkner & Arnold 
Stork shall think meet, which sd Stork Substituted Francis Daniel 
Pastorius & Hans Henry Meels by his Letter of Attourney, dated the 
5th of November 1704. proved & Recorded at Philada. 

Jn the aforcsd year 1700. at the end of the 6th month (August, ) 
Daniel Falkner & Johanes Jawert being arrived here, began along 
with Johannes Kelpius to administer the Company's affairs, to whom 
the sd Pastorius delivered up the land, house, barn, Stable, Corn in 
& above ground, Cattel, household goods, Utensils, &c and besides 
in Arrears of Rents & other Debts due to the Company about 2$oi. 
hoping, they would do Business with better Success, than he sig- 
nified to the Partners in Germany, that he was able or capable to do 
himself; J Hit soon after Johanes Kelpius declared, [that] he would 
not act as Attorney for the sd Company, calling himself Civiliter 
Mortuus: Whereupon Daniel Falkner plaid the Sot, making Bone- 
fires of the Company's Max in open street, giving a Piece of eight 
to one Boy to shew him in his drunken Fit a house in Philada., and 
to another a Bit to light him his Pipe &c. Inso much that his Fellow 
Attourney Johanes Jawert affixed an Advertisement on the Meeting 
house at Germantown, that no body should pay any Rent or other 
Debt to the Company unto the sd Falkner. Yea and the then Bailiff 
and Burgesses of the Germantown Corporation acquainted the sd 
I ' iinpany of the ill Administration of this their Attourney here, in a 
letter, which (as they afterwards did hear,) miscarried. 

For this reason of Deficiency of Power none would buy any 
land of the sd Falkner, and so all was still and quiet, till John Henry 
Sprogel, (a cunning and fraudulent Fellow, as appears by several 
letters, sent from Holland after him,) arrived in this Province, 
who one time would say, that his father had some Interest in the 
Francfort Company, (which is utterly false;) and an other time, 
that he bought the Companies Estate of Gerhard van Mastricht 
and the rest when in Germany, and that the French took away his 
writings ; ( which is no more true than the former. ) For after he 
was taken he still for some weeks did lye in Holland, and so might 
either have had other Deeds from them, or at least a letter from 
any of them, to signify unto their Attornies here, that he bought the 
land, which he never bought one acre of, as since the sd van Mast- 
richt did write. 

[Meanwhile the sd] Falkner pretending to have a Special Power 
to Sell, and being ebts together with the sd Sprogel be- 
friended themselves with David Lloyd by means of a thousand 
Acres of Benjamin Furly's land, accomplished their horrible Plot, and 
without the least knowledge either of Johannes Jawert or Francis 



The Founder of Germantown 153 

Daniel Pastorius, and also without any Warning given to the 
Tenants in Possession, in a Court held for the County of Philada. 
Ejected the Company out of their 25000. Acres of land, they hon- 
estly purchased in Perisilvania. The like Trick he the sd Falkner 
intended some time before, imploying ( ieorge Lowther, who brought 
that Jnstrument, which he calls a Special Power, into the German- 
town Corporation Court, in order to have it acknowledg'd & Re- 
corded ; But the sd Court disapproved the same, Because the sd 
Paper was only Signed by two (and those the youngest) of the sd 
Company, neither did it revoke the former Letter of Attorney given 
to Falkner, Kelpius and Jawert, Signed by all the nine Partners 
living in Germany; But is only a Declaration of something in the 
sd Letter of Attorney, which of itself is plain & manifest. Moreover 
the sd Falkner could not prove the sd Jnstrument according to the 
Law of this Province, And where has he ever proved the same 
Viva voce of at least two Witnesses ? Had David Lloyd not shewed 
himself so Pragmatical in this Case, but let Daniel Falkner by his 
lame & insufficient Explanatory Letter Convey the Company's land 
to Sprogel, they might easily long ago have recover'd the same, and 
many honest men in high & low Germany, who are sincerely Jnclin'd 
to Truth, Peace, Righteousness & Christianity would not be Occa- 
sioned to think so strange of this the Pennsilvanian Lawyers Way 
of Ejectment sine die; especially when they hear, that One called a 
Quaker had a hand in it: And the sd Pastorius might at least have 
obtained somewhat of a Salary for his Service done unto the sd 
Company Seventeen years and a half, and what he disbursed of his 
own during that time. 

Now the Company being thus miserably dispossest of all their 
Estate, as afore mentioned, the sd Pastorius once with Arnold 
Cassel went to David Lloyd, and Complaining of the Wrong, also 
desired his Advice, presenting him a small Fee, which he refused 
to take ; but told him, that he the sd Pastorius & Joharies Jawert 
were not included in the Ejectment, which they knew already. And 
when the sd Pastorius further asked the sd David Lloyd, what was 
best for him to do? David drawing his shoulders, told him, that 
his land (viz. the 1000. Acres) was Jnvolv'd in that of the Company, 
and that he must seek for it at Sprogels. Which Counsel he the 
sd Pastorius scrupled to embrace, 1st not to Prejudice the Com- 
pany's Case by his so doing, and 2dly by reason that he was fully 
assured of Sprogel's unjust Occupation; 

For Joseph Growden, (who at the abovesd County Court was 
Judge upon that Bench,) himself owned before the Lieutenant 
Governr. and his Council, when Johanes Jawert exhibited his Peti- 
tion to that Board, that the Court has been Surprised by the Law- 
yers, whom Falkner and Sprogel had all Feed, except only Thomas 
Clark, who rising as if he would speak some thing to the Matter, 



154 Francis Dauic! Pastorius 

was taken by the Sleeve and Whispered in the Ear, Be Quiet, you 
shall have Forty shillings, &c. as he likewise then and there did 
relate it Openly. 

And if David Lloyd dare Justify this barbarous .Manner of 
Proceeding, and Spoiling of Widows and Orphans, it's more than 
any can do that professeth Truth, and unless he really repent, and 
endeavour to have Restitution made to those who so deeply Suffer 
he certainly [will] be answerable for it at the great day of Judg- 
ment. Francis Daniel Pastorius." 37 

The following poem found in the Beehive is a quaint little 
anthem of praise written by Pastorius on the fall of David Lloyd: 

"A Cedar tall, Who seem'd to reach the Skies, 
Of late did fall, And in the dirt there lies 
My violets with my sweet Primerose stand ; 
The which begets A thankful heart and hand. 
J praise the Lord, Who kept my Wife and Sons, 
And did afford His Mercies more than once : 
Yea oft'ner yet By thousand Million times, 
Than J have set Words in all former Rimes. 
Not words alone, But letters great and small, 
We were undone, Had God not kept us all." 

Pastorius' Land. 

Two tracts of land were owned by Pastorius while he was 
agent of the German Company. One of these, consisting of iooo 
acres, he purchased of Johann Willhelm Uberfeldt. July II, 1683. 
This was an interest in the German or Frankfurt Company 
and was subject to the fraud which befell the Company's lands at 
the hands of Falkner and Sprogel. The other tract owned by 
Pastorius was given him by William Penn as a present and con- 
sisted of 200 acres in the Liberties. The warrant :;s for this land 
is signed: 16th 5th month. 1684. These 200 acres were located 
in Sommerhausen, which was named after Pastorius' birthplace 
on the Main. He sold this tract the next year ( as he says after- 
wards, "unwisely") to William Strepers and Abraham Tunes for 

"An adverse estimate of Pastorius' merits as Agent of the German 
(Frankfurt) Company is given by J. F. Sachse in The German Pietists of 
Pennsyhania, p. 3ooff. 

M Cf. Old Rights, Philadelphia. "P" No. 1868 (Department of Internal 
Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa.). 




SURVE\ OF PASTORII s' LAND. 
(Original in the Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa. I 



The Founder of Germantown 155 

40 pounds, which he spent for the German Company/'' 1 This land 
is situated in the present Chestnut Hill and represents an enor- 
mous value with the modern improvements — another instance of 
lost opportunity in land speculation ! 

The 1000 acres, which Pastorius bought of Uberfeld, he 
left in the estate of the German (Frankfurt) Company as he 
himself admits "unwisely." Daniel Falkner, the later agent of 
the Company, had the names of himself, Arnold Storch and Gorg 
Miiller substituted for that of Pastorius in the Manatawny Patent, 
which was afterwards granted to complete the quota of acres 
coming to the Company. 40 At last, however, in 171 3, a tract of 
893 acres was granted to Pastorius to indemnify him for this 
injustice on the part of the agent of the Company. The grant 

runs thus : 

"By the Commissioners of Property. 

At the Request of Francis Daniel Pastorius that we would 
Grant him to take up Eight hundred Ninety and three Acres of Land 
in this Province at the rate of Seven pounds Per hundred to be paid 
to the Proprietor : These are to Authorize thee to Survey or cause to 
be survey'd to y e said Ff D. Pastorius the Said quantity of Land in 
this Province that has not been already Survey'd nor taken up nor is 
Sealed by the Jndians. And make Returns thereof into the Secreta- 
ries Office. Given under our hands and the Seal of the Province at 
Philadelphia the fifth day of the Sixth Month August A D 1713. 

Richard Hill 
Isaac Norris 
James Logan. 
To Jacob Taylor Surveyor Genl." 



" Cf. Res Propriae, p. 23 : 

"Als Land betreffend, war ich niemals sehr begierig darnach ; dieweil 
der Weg zum Himel nardurch nicht gefunden wird. 

Jedoch nahm ich die 200. ackers an, die mir Wm. Pen in der German- 
township zulegte, nahm sie in Sommerhausen auff, u. verkauffte sie unweiss- 
lich an Wm. Strepers und Abraham Tunes vor 40.£ disslandn gelds, so ich 
meist zur ffrn. Compagnie nothdurfft ausgab." 

10 Cf. Res Propriae, p. 23: 

"Die 1000. Ackers, die mir Johaii Willhelm Uberfeld verkauffte, liesz 
ich auch sehr unweiszlich unter der Compagnie land liegen, bisz hernach- 
mals Daniel Falckner an statt miener oder gedn. Uberfelds sich selbst, 
Arnold Storch und Gorg Muller in das Manatanische Patent einsetzen liesz 
da doch keiner von ihnen dreyen nie einig fuss od acker lands in gedr. Com- 
pagnie gehabt haben." 



156 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

CHAPTER V. 

BURGHER AND SCHOOLMASTER. 

The part which Pastorius played as Agent of the German 
Company, the so-called Frankfurt Company, was by no means 
the most important service which he rendered to the newly- 
founded German Town. He was far more useful to die settle- 
ment as burgher, lawgiver, schoolmaster, scrivener, and writer of 
both prose and verse. It is in these varied activities of the man 
that we see his true importance as the great German pioneer in 
America. 

In the early annals of Germantown Pastorius has left last- 
ing testimonials to his indispensable services as a burgher. The 
first five years of its existence the German settlement had no cor- 
porate form, but grew on as a more or less close community. In 
these years Pastorius was the virtual official factotum, as he man- 
aged the affairs both of the German Company and the Crefelders. 

The first year was one of great privation and not a little 
suffering. Provisions were scarce and had to be brought some- 
times all the way from the Swedish settlement in Upland. The 
colony met with an unexpected economic hindrance at the very 
outset. It was made up largely of weavers who knew but little 
of tilling the soil. Their products were in little demand, because 
the newcomers had brought with them a good supply of wear- 
ing apparel. This is seen from the slight sales at the Fair held 
Nov. 16, 1684, in Philadelphia, where the Company netted a little 
over ten thalers. 1 This lack of market for their wares brought 



1 Pastorius gives this account in his Beschreibung, p. 17: "Es seyc den 
ov. [1684] zu Philadelphia Jahrmackt gewesen / da aber in der Societat 
Kauffhause wenig iibcr 10. Thaler seye geloset worden / aus vorgedachtem 
Gcld-Magel / und weilen die Neu-Ankommenden aus Teutsch- und Enge- 
land meistentheils so viel Kleidcr mit sich bringen / dasz sie in einigen 
Jahren nichts bedorffen." Cf. also the earlier form of this statement in 
Sichere Nachricht ausz America, p. 7. 



The Founder of Germantown 157 

on a serious money famine, which Penn began at once to relieve 
by uniting with the industry of weaving that of agriculture, with 
emphasis upon grape culture. Pastorius as early as November, 
1684, writes the German Company that they shall send over a 
quantity of grape cuttings and all sorts of field and garden seeds. 2 
We have also from Pastorius the interesting information that 
Penn had already planted, before 1684, a vineyard of French 
grapes, and that Pastorius himself had brought over with him a 
number of grape cuttings, which were all spoiled by the salt water, 
except two that had luckily survived. In addition to the lack of 
money and market for the products of the loom, came the great 
need of skilled craftsmen and husbandmen, the first to fell the 
forest and build houses, the second to till the soil. Pastorius 
wrote home to the Company that workmen and peasants were 
most needed of all classes of colonists. As he looked out from 
the settlement, whichever way he went, it was "a way into the 
primeval forest" ("Itur in antiquam silvam"). What wonder 
he wished for a dozen strong Tyrolese to lay low the thick oak 
trees ! 3 

Although Pastorius faltered during these first years, he was 
an unfailing factor in the life of Germantown. His close personal 
association with William Penn drew forth the constant concern 
of the Governor for the little German colony. It was doubtless 
the friendship and aid of Penn which held the Germans together 
in this trying period of the new settlement. 

The following verses of Pastorius show his own state of 
mind : 



= "Und weilen fiir jetzo der Gouverneur William Penn hauptsachlich 
intendire die Weberey und den Weinwachs zu etabliren / so solle der Com- 
pagnie belieben / cine Quantitat Weinfexer hineinzuschicken / wie auch aller- 
hand Feld- und Garten-Samen." (Beschreibung, p. 17.) 

3 "Arbeitsleut und Bauern sind erstlich allhier am nothigsten und wun- 
sche ich mir wol ein Dutzent starcke Tyroler / die dickeu Eichenbaum 
nieder zu werffen; dann wohin man sich nur wendt / da heissts: Itur in 
antiquam silvam, es ist alles nur ein Wald." (Sichere Nachricht, p. 3.) 



158 Francis Danic! Past otitis 

" rwas he [Th. Lloyd] and William Penn, that caused me to 

stay. 
In this, then uncouth land and howling wilderness, 
\\ herein I saw that I but little should possess, 
And if I could return home to my father's house, 
Perhaps great riches and preferments might espouse, etc." 

As early as 1686 the community of Germantown had become 
strong enough to build a church. Pastorius mentions this fact in 
his chapter "On the Religions of the Province," without telling 
us what the character of the worship was. 

"We built here in Germantown, anno 1686, a little church 
for the community, not aiming at an externally large stone struc- 
ture but rather that a temple of God (which we believers ourselves 
are) should be built, and we all together may be pure and un- 
spotted." 4 

Notwithstanding this reference to the simplicity of the struc- 
ture of their houses, we find them planning very early to erect 
permanent buildings. As early as March 7, 1684, Pastorius, after 
having asked the Company in Germany to send over a supply of 
field and garden seeds, pots, kettles, an iron stove, bed covers, 
mattresses, a piece of Barchet and Osnabriick linen cloth, the last 
named for sale at a profit, remarks that a tanner might find 
profitable employment, and speaks of two things as most neces- 
sary : 1, building commodious houses on the Germantown lots, 
and, 2, erecting a brick kiln, for which Penn had promised the 
requisite ground ; for so long as they could not burn bricks they 
must build houses of wood. 3 

A good description of Germantown about this time is given 
by Richard Frame in A Short Description of Pennsylvania, &c, 
Philadelphia, 1692. Frame ranks Germantown next to Philadel- 
phia and continues in these verses : 



' Cf. Bcschricbung, p. 34. The original passage is in German : 

"Wir haben allliier zu Germanton Anno 1686, ein Kirchlein fur die Ge- 
meinde gebauet / darbey aber nicht auf ausserliches grosses Stein-Gel dude 

: en / sondern dasz der Tempel GOttcs (welcher wir Glaubige selbst 
sind) gebauet werde / und wir allesant heilig und unbefleckt seyn mogen." 

"Cf. Sichere Nachricht, p. 7. 



The Founder of Germantown 159 

"The German-Town, of which I spoke before, 
Which is, at least, in length one Mile and More, 
Where lives High-German People, and Low-Dutch, 
Whose Trade in weaving Linnin Cloth is much, 
There grows the Flax, as also you may know, 
That from the same they do divide the Tow ; 
Their Trade fits well within this Habitation, 
We find Convenience for their Occupation, 
One Trade brings in imployment for another, 
So that we may suppose each Trade a Brother; 
From Linnin Rags good Paper doth derive, 
The first Trade keeps the second Trade alive : 
Without the first the second cannot be, 
Therefore since these two can so well agree, 
Convenience doth approve to place them nigh, 
One in the German-Town, 'tother hard by. 
A Paper-Mill near German-Town doth stand, 
So that the Flax, which first springs from the Land, 
First Flax, then Yarn, and then they must begin, 
To weave the same, which they took pains to spin. 
Also, when on our backs it is well [wor]n, 
Some of the same remains Ragged and Torn ; 
Then of the Rags our Paper it is made, 
Which in process of time doth waste and fade; 
So what comes from the Earth, appeareth plain, 
The same in Time returns to Earth again. " 5a 

As we learn from the Charter, granted at a later date, the 
community was presided over by a Town President, 6 a form of 
government transplanted evidently from Germany. 

In the year 1689 William Penn granted Francis Daniel Pas- 
torius, civilian, Jacob Telner, merchant, Dirck op de Graef, linen- 
maker, Jacob Isaacs, Johannes Cassel, Heivert Papen, Times Cun- 
ders, Herman Bon and Dirck van Kolk, all of Germantown, yeo- 
men, a Charter for the "German Towne." The Charter 7 was 
signed and sealed with the Lesser Seal by Penn in London the 

° a From the unique copy in the possession of the Library Company of 
Philadelphia. 

8 Cf. Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. I, p. in. The president at the time 
the charter was granted was "Herman Isaacs Optegraaf" (op de Graeff). 

1 Cf. "Charter Granted to the Inhabitants of Germantown, in 1691" 
(Pennsylvania Archives, I, in ft'.). The original is in the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania. 



160 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

"12th, 6mo, Agt. 1689," and sent to Thomas Lloyd, Keeper of 
the Great Seal in Pennsylvania, and was recorded the 13th of the 
3d month, 1 69 t , in Patent Book A. Fol. 277. This Charter pre- 
scribed the general form of government adopted for the towns of 
the Province and named the following as the first officers : Francis 
Daniel Pastorius, Bailif ; Jacob Telner, Dirck Isaacs op de Graeff 
and Tunes Kunders — Burgesses; Abraham Isaacs op de Graeff, 
Jacob Isaacs, Johannes Cassel, Heyvert Papen, Herman Bon and 
Dirck van Kolk — Committeemen. 8 

The Seal of Germantown was made, probably from the de- 
sign furnished by Pastorius, between the years 1689 and 1691, as 
may he inferred from a letter of Pastorius to his father in Wind- 
sheim, dated October 10th, 1691, in which the seal is described as 
folli >\vs : 

"The above mentioned Council [of Germantown] now has a 
seal of its own, upon which is a Tri folium having a grapevine on 
leaf, a flax blossom on another, and a weaver's spool on the third, 
with the inscription: I'ininn. Linnm & Tcxtrinum. This is to show- 
that the people of this place live from grapes, flax and trade. " sa 

The Charter of Germantown provided ( 1 ) for a General 
Court, to he made up of the Bailif, Burgesses and Committee- 
men. 9 which "shall have power to make and they may make, or- 
dain, constitute and establish such and so many good and reason- 
able Laws, Ordinances and Constitucons as to the greatest part of 
them . . . shall seem necessary and convenient for the Gov- 
ernment of the said Corporacon;" (2) for a "Court of Record 



* "Francis Daniel Pastorius of German Towne, Civilian, to be the first 
and present Bailiffe; and the aforesaid Jacob Telner, Dirck Isaacs Opte 
Graaf and Tennis Coender to be the first and present Burgesses; And the 
aforesaid Abraham Isaacs Opte Graaf. Jacob Isaacs, Johannes Casselle, Hey- 
wart Hapen [Papen], Herman Bon and Dirck Vankolk the first and present 
Committee men of the said Corporacon." — Penn Archives 1. in. 

1 The original German passage in the Beschreibung, p. 51, runs as follows 

"Obgemeldt angeordnetes Raths-Collegium hat nun auch eigenes Jnsigel/ 
worauff nach Ausweis des Abdrucks cin Trifolium, tiff dessen einem Blatlein 
ein Weinstock/uff dem andern eine Flachs-Blume/und uff dem driti 
Webers-Spuhle abgebildet / cum Inscriptions ; Vinum, Linum & Textrinum. 
Anzuzeigen/dass man sich diss Orts mit Weinbau/Flachsbau/und Hand- 
wercksleuthen mit GOtt und Ehren ernehren solle." — Beschreibung. 

'"which said Bailiffe, Bui and Committee nun shall be called the 

General! Court of the Corporacon of German Towne" (Pennsylvania .!> 

I. III-IT2). 




* 





















Title Page of the "Record of the^General Court of Germantown" or the "Raths-Buch" 

begun by Francis Daniel Pastorius in 1691 (Manuscript in the possession of the 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania i. 



The Founder of Germantown 161 

to be held every Six Weeks in the yeare" by the "Bailiffe, Bur- 
gesses and Comonalty of German Towne" . . . "before the 
Bailiffe and the three oldest Burgesses of the said Corporacon, 
and the Recorder for the time being." 

The Record 10 of the General Court is still in existence in a 
fair state of preservation. It is now the property of the Histor- 
ical Society of Pennsylvania. The minutes are kept partly in 
German and partly in Dutch and cover the period from 1691 to 
1706-7. In the record we can trace the several activities in which 
Pastorius served his countrymen in Germantown. As has al- 
ready been seen, Pastorius was named by the Charter as the first 
Bailif of Germantown. The following references to him are 
found in the minutes of the Court Book : 

On the first day of the tenth month, 1691, a so-called "new 
election" was held at which Pastorius was chosen Bailif. In 
order to show the full machinery of the Corporation, we print the 
results of this election from the Court Book: 11 

Neuwe waal 1691, i der ^r genant xbr. 

Burgemesters, Scheffen v. Deputirte. / Committee men 

Belief Frans Daniel Pastorius I Dirck Jacobs op d. Graeff. 

(1. Reiner Tissen ) Dirck Sell t en ] 

k Abraham op d. Graef \ Peter Schumacher de junger 
Burgesses ( Jacob Isacks Vjan Duden 

(4. Lenert Arets \ Aret Khncken 

^Isack Dilbeck 

Rekorder : Arnold Kassel / 

Stadt v. Gericht Schreiber Paul Wulff I der 9 der -~ 1st zum Wege- 

Bott v. Schreier Wolter Siimens ) , 

uuil v. *.»- j / meisters gekossen : 

Konstapel Peter Keerlis [KeurhsJ \ 

Rentmeister F. Daniel Pastorius / Hansz Peter Umstet 

Schrief, Vijt Sgerkis \ Isack Scheper 

/ Johannes Bleicker[s] \ Hanss Millarn [?] 
. j William Streper [s] I Huffert Papen 

Fens Besichtger j Hindrick Bookwo i t / Tonniss Kunders 

Dirck Keyser 1 Abraham T[issen] 



10 The title is: The Generall Court Book \ of the Corporation of \ Ger- 
mantown. I oder I Raths-Buch \ der Germantowyiischen Gemeinde, \ ange- 
fangen den 2ten tag des \ten Monats, Anno 1691. Original in the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania. 

u Cf. Raths-Buch, page inserted out of order. 



162 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Sept. 15, 6 mo., Pastorius made an accounting for the Cor- 
poration showing that it had £_' 18s. i}4d. outstanding debts and 
d £1 is. Gd. 1 '- This same session he was chosen Collector of 
Rents (Rentmeister). 13 

Anno 1692 on the first of December Pastorius was elected 
Clerk ("Statt-und Gerichtschreiber oder Clark"), while Dirck 
Jsaacs op den GraefF was chosen Bailif. On the 23d of the 12th 
month, 1692, Pastorius made an accounting to the General 
Court and Paul Wulff and Jan Liicken were appointed to ex- 
amine and audit it. The 7th of the 1st month, 1692-3, it was 
ordered that the appraised estate of Gisbertje Williams be sold 
at public auction in the presence of Dirck op de Graeff [Bailif], 
F. Daniel Pastorius [Clerk], and Anthony Loof [Court Crier], 
at Reinert Tisen's House at one o'clock in the afternoon. 14 

On the 24th of the 2nd month, same year, it is recorded that 
the General Court bought for Pastorius a copy of the Charter and 
of the Statutes of the Corporation and Laws of Pennsylvania for 
20 shillings; 15 and that Jacob Telner and F. Daniel Pastorius 
should request the Governor for the confirmation of the Charter 
of Germantown, as friends in Philadelphia deem that advisable. 16 

In the year 1693, Pastorius was made Justice of the Peace. 



,: "Sep. 15 6-m verrcchnete Daniel Pastorius dasz die gemeinte an alten 
.... ausstehenden schulden zu fordern haben 2 lb. 18 sz. i'/ 2 pensz 
. . . . ngegen schuldig sey an andere 1 lb 1 sz 6 d." 

13 ". . . [w]urde darauff gedachter Pastorius von der General Kuert 
ram Rentmeister . . . disz Jaar gekosen u. zu gl ich decretirt dasz denen 
welche an die . . . etwas schuldig sint, ein bezahlung zeit soil angesagt 
v. > rden . . . von denen Justises oder 6 wochen Kuert denen freistell . . 
n straffen . . dasz Rentmeister ampt erlegen sollen." 

" "Ferner dasz den i7ten dieses Monats dieselbe [Giiter der Gisbertje 
Williams] in prsesentie Dircks op de Graeff, F. Daniel Pastorii und Anthonij 
Loofs umb 1. uhr nachmittag an Reinert Tissens Haus offentlich sollen 
vcrkaufft und ausgehoht werden." 

""D. 24ten des 2ten Monats [1692-3I. . . . 

Dito kauffte die General Court vor Fr. Daniel Pastorius eine Cope: 
Charters der Statuten dicser Gemeind und Pensilvan. Gesetz p 20 Schilling." 

" "Jtem dasz Jacob Tellner und Fr. Daniel Pastorius bey dem Gour. 
umb Confirmation unseres Charters soil anhalten, als Freunde zu Philada. 
solchcs rathsam zu seyn erachten." 



The Founder of Germantown 163 

The occasion of this appointment is given by him in a letter to 
his father, dated June 1, 1693. This was the first time a tax of 
any kind was levied for military or other purposes. A tax was 
now levied to defray the travelling expenses of Benjamin Fletcher, 
the newly appointed Governor, who was sent over to direct the 
affairs of the Province, while Penn was on trial in England. Gov- 
ernor Fletcher confirmed the Germantown Privileges anew and 
constituted Pastorius a Justice of the Peace or IrcnarcJia in the 
County of Philadelphia, as the newly appointed Justice pedanti- 
cally termed himself. Fletcher then continued his journey to 
New York, where he took charge as Governor and Military Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the English Islands and Colonies in Amer- 
ica. 17 

On the 19th of September Dirck op de Graeff, Jan Liicken 
and F. Daniel Pastorius were ordered to make an inventory of the 
estate left by Herman Trapmann. 

Dec. 1, 1693, Pastorius was again elected Clerk and made 
Collector of Rents. It is interesting to note the fees allowed for 
making the inventory of Trapmann's estate : Dirck op de Graeff 
received l / 2 crown, Jan Liicken, l / 2 crown, Anthony Loof, 6 shil- 
lings, Fr. Daniel Pastorius, 4 shillings and for extra clerical ser- 
vice, i8d. ls At the same session Pastorius and Peter Schu- 



" This most interesting passage is found in the Beschreibung, pp. 54-55. 
and runs as follows in the original : 

"Ja wir haben so lange Jahr fiber keinen Heller weder Kriegs- noch 
andere Contributionen zu entrichten gehabt / bisz etwa vor 5. Wochen im 
Namen des Konigs Wilhelmi III der neue Gouverneur / Benjamin Fletcher / 
zu Philadelphia ankam / mit Koniglicher Ordre und Vollmacht diese Land- 
schafft zu verwalten / bisz William Penns Rechfertigung in Alt-England 
via Juris, ausgefochten seyn wird. Deme wir zu Ersetzung der Reise-Kosten 
den 240sten Pfenning, scmcl pro semper eonsentiret. Dieser hat unsere Ger- 
mantonische Privilcgia, Krafft deren wir unser eigen Gerichte und Raths- 
Versammlung halten dorffen / uffs neue bestattiget / und mich zum Irenarcha 
oder Friedens-Richter in der Philadelphischen Grafschafft constituiret / 
worauf ei- mit seinem Volck wiederum von hier ab / nacher Neu-Yorck 
verreiset / woselbst er ebenmassig Gouverneur / wie auch Kriegs-Generalis- 
simus fiber alle Englische Insuln und Colonien in America ist." 

18 1. Dec. 1693 . • • 

"Dito wurde von d gen. Court an diejene die mit des vertrunkenen 
Herman Trapmans Hinterlassenschafft bemfiht gewest zugestanden, wie 
folgt, nembl an Dirck op de Graeff l / 2 . Cron, an Jan Liicken l A. Cron, an 
Anthonij Loof 6. schilling, an Fr. Daniel Pastorius 4 schill. u. noch wegen 
fernern schreibens 18. d." 



164 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

macher, Jun., were ordered to have a stock built for the punish- 
ment of criminals. 19 

On the 5th of the nth month (January), the General Court 
appointed Dirck op de Graeff and Pastorius to inquire as soon as 
possible of Thomas and David Lloyd in Philadelphia, whether the 
Charter of Germantown did not exempt the Germantowners 
from county taxes; and on the 6th of the 5th month (July 6, 
1694), Dirck op de Graeff and Pastorius were ordered again to 
inquire into the same matter. 20 In the minutes of this same ses- 
sion we have an interesting and important item relating to the 
Grand- unci Lagerbucli.- 1 On the first of December, 1694, 
Paul Wulff was elected Clerk, but declined without good cause 
to act and was fined £3 by the General Court, an instance of 
how seriously these Germans regarded the vox populi at this 
early period of our Pennsylvania history. Paul Castner (Kast- 
ner) was chosen in Wulff's place and Pastorius was directed by 
the General Court to keep a record of all marriages, births and 
deaths in the German Township in a special book, for which 
service he was to receive the usual fees, so long as the Court find 
no reason for appointing another in his place. 22 

When Paul Castner found it impossible to accept the clerk- 
ship for reasons of conscience, Pastorius was chosen in his stead. 
In the same minutes we find that Pastorius was to receive £4 
for his clerical services during the year 1694-1695. 23 



" Noch wurden Fr. Daniel Pastorius und Peter Schuemacher Junr 
verordnet einen Stock umb die iibelthaters darin zu setzen, zu bestellen." 

x "Den 6ten des Sten Monats [1694] wurden Dirck op de Graeff u. 
Frantz Daniel Pastorius nochmals abgefertigt, zu Philada. genau zu erfor- 
schen, ob uns dr Charter von denen County taxen befreye odcr nicht?" 

11 "Dito wurde resolvirt, dasz Frantz Daniel Pastorius ds register vor 
die Contracten etc. als ein lagerbuch einrichten, u. anfangen solle, u. Er dar- 
vor gebiihrl bezahlt werden." 

33 Anno 1694 den ioten December .... 

"Dito wurde von der gen. Court verordnet, dasz Frantz Daniel Pasto- 
rius alle Heurathen, Kindergeburten, u. Todesfall, die in der Germantown- 
ship vorfallen in ein absonderl. buch einschreiben, u. darfiir die lands iib- 
liche Fees haben solle, so lang als die gene. Court keine wichtige ursach 
finden wird, einen andern an seine Stell zu erwehlen." 

""Den 17. December entschuldigte sich Paul Castner in der damahlig 



The Founder of Germantown 165 

At the next election, Dec. 2, 1695, Pastorius was again elected 
Bailif and Tunes Kunders was chosen Recorder and Antony 
Loof in Pastorius' place as Clerk. It is interesting to note here 
that Loof's minutes are kept in Dutch and illiterate German, 
which is in striking contrast with Pastorius' smooth German style. 

In the minutes of Jan. 25, 1694-5, we learn that the record 
of births, marriages and deaths was to be kept in the English 
language. 24 Two other items of general interest appear in the 
minutes of this session — one the granting of a license to Johannes 
Pettinger to keep an inn ; 25 the other a resolution to hold a fair 
annually the 13th and 14th of the 3d month and the 9th month of 
the year. At the following session of the Court of Record, Pas- 
torius was appointed to represent Heifert Papen, who could not 
attend because of the confinement of his wife.- 1 '' 

In the next election, Dec. 1st, 1696, also, Pastorius was 
elected Bailif. In the minutes of Loof we have the important 
item that the General Court directed Pastorius to copy all the 
previous Record neatly in English. This was probably due to the 



gen. Court, dasz Er gewissens halben das Raths- und Gerichtschreibers Amt 
nicht bedienen konne. Wurde darauff von der gen. Court einmiitigl mit 
Frantz Daniel Pastorius verglichen, dasz dieser der Gemeinde Lagerbuch 
einrichten, u. bisz den iten December ario 95. als Raths- u. Gericbtsschreiber 
dienen solle vor 4 lb. laut dariiber gemachten accords. . . . Unterzeich- 
nete Arnold Cassel u. Aret Klincken auff der Courts ordre 2. Vergleich ge- 
macht mit Fr. Daniel Pastorius." 

■' Den 2Sten des Xlten Monats 1694-5. 

". . . . Die Geburten, Verheurathungen und Todesfall sollen nach 
Verordnung der ersten in diesem Jahr gehaltenen Session in Englischer 
Sprach eingeschrieben werden." 

25 "Den 3ten des 6ten Monats wurde auff Johanes Pettingers Versuch 
zugestanden, dasz Er Herberg halten moge, u. soil Jhme der Bailiff desz- 
halben eine Licence ertheilen. 

Dito wurde beschlossen, dasz jahrl den I3ten u. I4ten Tag des 3ten und 
9ten Monats eine Faire oder offentlr. Jahrmarck solle gehalten werden, u. 
solches an den Drucker nach Neu Yorck zu schreiben, umb hinfiiro in die 
almanach zu setzen." 

39 Den 8ten Octob. 

". . . Auch soil Frantz Daniel Pastorius in heutiger Court of Record 
an Heifert Papens platz ( : als welches Frau im Kindbett u. kranck darnieder 
lag : ) ds Recorder Amt bedienen." 



l66 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

fact that the minutes kept by Wulff and Loof presented a very 
motley, not to say almost illegible, appearance in the Raths-Buch, 
as some specimens of Loof's minutes given here in the footnotes 
will show. 27 

In 1697 at the December election Pastorius was elected both 
Recorder and Clerk, and Reinert Tisen took his place as Bailif. 
The minutes now appear in Pastorius' handwriting. On the 8th 
of December Pastorius was again made Collector of Rents, and 
directed by the Court to examine the accounts of Lenert Arets, 
the previous Collector. The next and last item of 1697 relating 
to Pastorius states that Jacob Delaplaine was elected Recorder 
and Clerk in Pastorius' place, as the latter intended to move to 
Philadelphia in the next few days. 28 

The name of Pastorius does not re-appear in the Raths-Buch 
until 1700. During the years 1698- 1700 he was teaching in the 
Friends' School in Philadelphia. On the 2nd of December, 1700, 
he was again elected Clerk of the General Court of Germantown. 
At the same session Daniel Falkner was elected Bailif. Almost 
immediately upon his return to Germantown, Pastorius seems to 
have been enlisted again to take steps to obtain the confirmation 
of the Germantown Charter, 2 ''' and also to obtain release from 
paying county taxes for the Germantown Corporation. 30 



" 1696. 26. 10m .... 

"wt iter is geordert von die Generale Court, dasz Fransz D : Pastorus 
geordert sey alle biszhero Record sauber vndt rein in English abzuschrei- 
ben 

Dito geordert Mannen. om order te stellen under bet volk in tijt van 
brandt. Jan Lintzen, Peter Schuemacher, Frans daniel Pastorius." 

" 1697 den 8ten des iten Monats .... 

"Jtem wurde Jacob dela Plaine an Daniel Pastorius stell zum Recorder 
und Clerk erwehlet, weilen dieser nechster Tage nach Philada. verhausen 
will." 

M "Den 3oten Septemb. 1701. wurde geordert. dasz die Confirmation 
unsers Charters [in einem] Request bey der nun sitzenden Assembly soil 
gesucht werden; wie audi durch [linen Request] bey dem Gouvr. unsere 
Naturalization in Engelland zu erwerben &c. Daniel [Pastorius] soil gede 
requesten an behorige Ort einliefern, u. ds nothige Geld darzu von [dem 
Rent]meister empfangen." 

"At the session of the Colonial Council, 5th of 1st mo. 1700-1, Pasto- 



The Founder of Germantown 167 

At the session of the General Court, Dec. 1, 1701, Pastor- 
ius was re-elected Clerk, 31 and Dec. 17th, 1701, James Delaplaine 
and Daniel Pastorius were directed to go to Philadelphia to con- 
fer with the Secretary about granting Jan Lens a license to keep 
an ordinary ; and Pastorius was commissioned to demand of 
Thomas Fairman, when occasion offered, the Draft of the Ger- 
man Township. 

At the session of Dec. 30, 1701, a minute was adopted, en- 
dorsing the opening of a school in Germantown, and naming 
Aret Klincken, Paul Wulff and Peter Schumacher, Jr., as over- 
seers of the school, with authority to take up a subscription for 
the period of two years, and, if the subscription warrant, to en- 
gage a schoolmaster. 32 The minutes of the session of May 9, 1702, 
show that Justus Falkner and Pastorius were delegated to confer 
with Edward Farmer concerning the cost of the Road to Phila- 
delphia. 33 At the election of Dec. 1, 1702, Pastorius was re-elected 
Clerk of Germantown, and on the 5th of the nth month was 
chosen Collector of Rents. At the session of the 5th of the nth 
month it was ordered that the clerk bring in all the books and 
documents relating to the Corporation of Germantown at the next 
General Court. When the question of a change in the method of 
keeping the records of the Court of Record came up, Oct. 25, 
1703, Pastorius and Daniel Falkner were appointed to inquire 



rius presented a petition to this end. The petition was recognized as one 
of great importance for the future policy of the colony and, after being dis- 
cussed at length, was deferred till another Council day for full consideration 
(cf. Colonial Records, II, 13-14). 

"Clerk: Franz Daniel Pastorius. 

2 "Den 30. Decemb. 1701. wurde vor gut befunden, hier in Germantown 
eine Schul anzurichten, und sollen Aret Klincken, Paul Wulff u. Peter Schu- 
macher Junr. Auffseher darvon seyn, 11. die in einem Brief? vorgeschlagene 
Subscription befordern ; und nach dem diese ausfallen wird, mit einem 
Schulmeister accordiren ; Diese Subscription u. Schul soil zwey Jahr wah- 
ren." 

"Den 9ten des 3ten Monats (:May:) 1702 .... 

"Das Request wegen des Philadelphischen wegs soil noch so lang nach- 
bleiben bisz Justus Falckner oder Frantz Daniel Pastorius der darzu en- 
forderten Kosten halber mit Edward Farmer gesprochen." 



1 68 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

of the Governor and Council at their next sitting, whether the 
Germantown record should be kept in accordance with the new 
instructions. 3 '* This same year, Dec. I, 1703, Pastorius was again 
elected Clerk. The minutes of Dec. 31, 1703, show that some at- 
tempt was made to bring order into the rent records, as Hans 
Heinrich Mehls, Tunis Kunders and Frantz Daniel Pastorius 
were instructed to transfer the rent accounts from the two exist- 
ing books into one, so that the accounts could be consistently con- 
tinued from year to year. At the session of the 22nd of the 2nd 
month, 1704, these three men handed over the revised rent 
accounts in one book in folio to the Court, showing the receipts 
and disbursements to Dec. 31, 1703, and containing an index or 
list of taxables of the Germantown Corporation. At the session 
of the 20th of the 12th month, 1704-5, Pastorius was elected 
Recorder, and Paul Wulff chosen Clerk in Pastorius' stead, with 
the provision that Pastorius receive the ordinary fees and Wulff a 
half crown or 2s. and 6d. for each Court. On the 12th of Sep- 
tember it was ordered that Pastorius should copy the records in 
Paul Wulff's hand neatly in English. 35 

November 23d Paul Wulff, Lenert Arets and Daniel Pastor- 
ius were appointed to audit Aret Klincken's accounts of the Cor- 
poration. 

On the 2nd of December, 1706, Pastorius was again elected 
Clerk, and on the 7th of the nth month, 1706-7, chosen Com- 
mittee man in Peter Schumacher's stead and also Collector of 
Rents in the place of Aret Klincken. At this same session 
Pastorius was appointed one of five assessors to levy an extra tax 
of £30 on the Corporation, as it would seem, partly because of 



84 "Den 25ten October 1703. wurde ordinirt, dasz Frantz Daniel Pastorius 
und Daniel Falckner sich beym Gouverneur und Counsel, so bald sie sit/en, 
erkundigen sollen, ob wir unsere Courts of Record allhier zu Germantown 
auff die alte weis mogen forthalten oder ob wir nach der neuen Jnstruction 
mussen habilitirt werden." 

M "Den I2ten September .... 

Wurde verordnet, dasz Frantz Daniel Pastorius, die iibrige Records unter 
Paul Wulffen Hand, nicht minder dan hiebevor den 26. December 1696. Er dazu 
versucht und gestellt worden, sauber und rein in Englisch einschreiben solle." 



The Founder of Germantown 169 

the method in which Klincken had kept accounts. 30 Pastorius is 
particular to note in the minutes that he had received from 
Klincken neither rent nor accounts, but that the Corporation still 
owed him, Pastorius, £2 and 14 shillings. 37 As the Germantown 
Corporation lost its Charter, which indeed seems never to have 
been satisfactorily confirmed, in 1707, the Raths-Buch was 
discontinued after this year, leaving no record that Pastorius was 
ever repaid the £2 14s. due him from the Corporation. 

Although the Raths-Buch breaks off here, this record of the 
brief span of fifteen years is sufficient to show the significant 
part which Pastorius took in the affairs of Germantown and to 
make evident the fact that he was not only the agent of the 
German Company, but even after he was succeeded by Daniel 
Falkner, Johannes Kelpius and Johann Jawert, he was regarded 
as the leading man, who could bring things to pass. 

In like manner the Records of the Court of Record 38 of 



** "Dieweilen hiesige Corporation ziemlich viel schuklig, und verschiedene 
nothige Kosten erfordert werden zu fortsetzung des Gemeinen Wesens, als 
soil ein Tax von 30 £ oder mehr angelegt werden, und verordnet nunmah- 
lige generale Court vor Assessors William Strepers, Cornelis Sioert, Jan 
Doeden, Aret Klincken und Frantz Daniel Pastorius, dass sie alle u. Jede 
Einwohner u. Besitzer oder Eigener einiges lands in der Germantownship 
sollen taxiren nach dem Werth ihres real und personal Vermogens, und 
sothanig ihr Assessment nebenst denen Nahmen derjenen Mans personen, 
so ihre Nahrung in gedr. Township gewinnen, an nechste Court of Record 
einbringen." 

37 "P. S. Wiewohl ich Frantz Daniel Pastorius an statt Aret Klinckens 
zum Rentmeister erwehlt worden, habe ich doch von ihm weder der Ge- 
meinde Rent- od Rechnungs Buch, noch einig pfenning gedr. Gemeind an- 
gehend, empfangen, so dasz dessfalls gantz klar bin, u. die Germantownische 
Gemeinde noch an mich schuldig 2 £ 14 Schill. 

" So far all efforts to find the original minutes of the Court of Record 
have been fruitless. The only form of it, which seems to be extant, is a 
very inaccurate manuscript copy found in the Historical Society of Penn- 
sylvania. It has the following title: 

"The Records of the Court of Record held in the Corporation of Ger- 
mantown from the first day of the eighth month Anno 1691 and thence for- 
ward from time to time to II. 12 mo 1706-7." 

The Record opens thus: 

"Anno 1691 The sixth day of the eighth month the first Court of Record 
was held at Germantown in the public meeting house before Francis Daniel 
Pastorius Bailiff, Iacob Felner [mistake for Telner] Dirk Isaacs op de 
Graef and Herman Isaacs op de Graef, three eldest burgesses, Isaac Jacobs 



170 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Germantown show that Pastorius was an important factor as at- 
torney in the conveyancing of property for the Crefelders as well 
as engaged in various other capacities. There are numerous 
entries in the minutes showing that he acted as attorney for many 
of the citizens as well as for the German Company before the 
Court of Record. 

Pastorius seems to have been made Justice of the Peace as 
early as 1686 and member of the Assembly in i687. S8a 

Pastorius and his fellow townsmen were not only zealous 
for the growth of the settlement but scrupulous about their legal 
status as citizens of the Province and subjects of the Crown. As 
early as the 7th of the 3d month, 1691, some sixty High and Low 
Germans of Germantown declared their allegiance to King Wil- 
liam and Queen Mary, and fidelity to the Proprietor of the Prov- 
ince. All seems to have gone on smoothly in the German Town- 
ship until 1705-6, when the conduct of the affairs of the German 
(or Frankfurt) Company assumed a more serious aspect and the 
civil rights of the Germans were felt to be insecure. Accord- 
ingly a petition was laid before the Colonial Council asking for 
the naturalization of those surviving Germans and others, who 
had promised fealty in 1691, and about a hundred others by spe- 
cial act of Assembly, and the sanction of the English Crown. 30 
This petition was laid before the Council on the 15th of 3d month, 
1706, and favorably considered, as the following minute will 
show : 

"A Petition of Joannes Koster, and about 150 other high and 
low Germans, to the Govr. and Council was read, setting forth, that 
the Petrs., with many other aliens to the kingdom of England, by 
the Encouragement of the Propr. had Transported themselves into 
this Province, & by their Industry had changed the uncultivated 



van P.cbber, Recorder. Paul Wulf. Clerk, Andrew Soupli, Sheriff, Van 
[mistake for Jan] Lukcn, Constable." 

" a Cf. Officials of the Three Original Counties of Pennsylvania. 

w Cf. Patent Index Book. A & A\ (Department of Internal Affairs, 
Harrisburg, Pa.). 



The Founder of Germantown 171 

Lands they had purchased into good settlemts., & for Twenty two 
years past had behaved themselves as Liege & Loyal subjects of 
England, that above 60 of the said Ptrs. at one time, viz : the 7th 
of ye 3 mo., 1691, had in open Court, promised allegiance to K. 
William & Q. Mary, & fidelity to the Propr., besides many Others 
who had done the Like, &c. that such as have not already obliged 
themselves are ready to do it when they shall be admitted. They 
therefore request, that (seeing they are not at present believed to 
be secure in their Estates) for remedying the unhappiness they may 
be engaged in, if they be still considered as foreigners, the assem- 
bly may be convened with all Convenient speed, & a Bill recom- 
mended from this board for naturalizing all & every of the said 
Ptrs., that they may have an undoubted right to hold, enjoy, alien- 
ate, sell & dispose of any of their Lands, as the natural born sub- 
jects of England may or can do in this Province, & also that they 
may be capable of Electing & being elected, to serve in Assembly 
& other Offices ; also, that some of the Petrs. being Mennists, who 
(with their Predecessory for above 150 Years past,) could not for 
Conscience sake take an Oath, the same provision may be made for 
them by a law, as is made for those called Quakers in this Prov- 
ince, and that the said Law may be sent home with the rest, past 
by the late Assembly, in Order to obtain the Queens Royal Appro- 
bation. 

Which Petition being argued and Considered, It is Resolved, 
that it is highly reasonable the Petrs., and all others in their Cir- 
cumstances, should be rendered Secure in their Estates and Titles 
to their lands in this Province, the value of which is generally, but 
the effect of their own labours, and in pursuance of some parts of 
the prayer of the said Petition leave is given to the sd. Petrs., to 
procure the attorney Genl. to draw up a bill for that purpose, to 
be laid before this Board, where it shall meet with all due Encourage- 
ment." 40 

Nearly four years later the Bill was presented to the Coun- 
cil, which had the following minute entered, September 29, 1709, 
stating that : 

"The Govr. acquainted the board, that last night the 
Speaker attended with several members of the House, brought him 
the Bill for naturalizing the Germans, which he now desired to pass, 
and accordingly he was pleased to give his assent to the said bill, be- 



40 Cf. Colonial Records, II, 24iff. 



172 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

ing Intituled an Act for the better Enabling of Divers Inhabitants of 
the Province of Pennsylvia., To Hold and Enjoy Lands, Tenemts. 
and Plantation in the same Province." 41 

This joint action of the Governor, the Assembly and Colon- 
ial Council naturalized about 150 Germans of the colony, among 
whom were many of the original settlers with Pastorius' name 
at the head of the list. 42 Thus the founder of Germantown was 
also the first of his countrymen to become a naturalized citizen — 
the crowning test of loyal citizenship. 

PASTORIUS AS SCHOOLMASTER. 

It was but natural that Pastorius, who had studied at the 
best German universities of his time and acquired the best the 
age had to offer, should be found at the head of the educational 
enterprises of the Province of Penn. The concern for educating 
the youth of the Province had been manifest in the economy of 
Penn and early found the approval of Pastorius, who in 1684 
under date of March 7th, wrote to his constituents in Germany 
the following words : "This city I laid out on the 24th of October 
[1683] and called it Germantown; it is situated 2 hours on foot 
from here [Philadelphia] on fruitful soil and on pleasant 
streams, of which I spoke before. This I had to do because 
\V. Penn will not grant any one his portion apart, but all must 
dwell together in townships or towns, and this not without good 
reasons, among which the most important is, that in this way 
children can be kept in schools and far more readily instructed 
to good purpose, neighbors also can offer one another the friendly, 
helping hand, and in unison praise and exalt the goodness of God 
in the public meetings." 

The Provincial Council at its session on 26th of the 10th 



u Cf. Colonial Records, II, 493-494. 

" This list is so inaccurately printed in the Colonial Records that many 
names are unintelligible to any but the expert, who must be able not only to 
read the original but also must know the correct forms of the names them- 
selves in German. 



The Founder of Germantown 173 

month, 1683, took steps to engage Enoch Flower to teach the 
youth of Philadelphia. This was of the nature of a Pay School. 
In 1689 a form of Public School was established under the direc- 
tion of George Keith. At the meeting of the Provincial Council, 
Feb. 12, 1697-8, Samuel Carpenter, Edward Shippen, Anthony 
Morris, James Fox and David Lloyd petitioned the Council "That 
a School be set up & upheld in this town of Philadelphia, where 
poor children may be freely maintained, taught & educated in 
good Literature, untill they are fit to be pict out apprentices, or 
capable to be masters or ushers in the said School." 43 

This petition was duly considered by the Council and granted 
at the same session. The overseers of the school were constituted 
a corporate body, which was "To have continuance for ever, by 
the name of the Overseers of the publick schoole founded in Phil- 
adelphia, at ye request, costs & charges of the people of God called 
Quakers." It was evidently in response to this demand for 
public instruction for all classes that the services of Pastorius 
were solicited and secured as the following facts set forth. 

Pastorius first appears in the school records of the Friends' 
Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia in 1697. On the 31st of the 
10th month, 1697, we nn d the following minute : 

"A paper for the encouragement of a free school was this day 
read, whereupon Samuel Carpenter & James Fox are desired to 
treat with Daniel Pastorius and Thomas Makins concerning the 
same, and that they desire the friends of the town to meet together 
this day week about the first hour at this meeting house to con- 
sider further of it, & that Daniel Pastorius & Thomas Makins be 
present." 

Again at the monthly meeting held the 28th of the nth 
month, 1697, we have the following minute: 

"Samuel Carpenter makes report to this meeting that several 
friends met together according to the desire of the last monthly 
meeting to treat with Daniel Pastorius & Thomas Makin for keep- 
ing a public school, and the friends then met, agreed with them, 



' Cf. Colonial Records, I, 531-532. 



1 74 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

provided this meeting approves of the same, that the monthly meet- 
ing engages to pay them forty pounds each yearly, during the 
time they continue in the said School, friends providing a School 
house, which being approved of, The Money is to be raised by way 
of Subscription and Samuel Carpenter & James Fox are desired to 
gel the subscriptions & bring them in the next monthly meeting. It 
i- agreed also, that they shall begin the School the first of the first 
month next, and that Samuel Carpenter & James Fox do acquaint 
them of it. And that preparations be made for the School in the Inner 
Chamber, over the Meeting-house, and they are to be paid out of 
the Stock before money be raised for the keeping of the School, 
and when raised to be repaid again. And a Subscription paper to 
be drawn up by Samuel Carpenter & David Lloyd according to the 
proposals which were ready at the last meeting." 

At the Monthly Meeting of 1698 we find a minute of the pay- 
ment of the first ( ?) half year's salary : 

"Anthony Morris being desired to receive the subscriptions for 
the School from Pentecost Teague & John Busby who were desired 
to Collect the same. He make- report to this meeting that he hath 
paid Daniel Pastorius & Thomas Makins the ballance of their half 
Years salary due the 5th of the 7th mo. last." 

A similar minute is found of the Monthly Meeting of the 
28th of the 2nd month, 1699: 

"John Busby makes report that He & Hugh Durbrough hath 
Collected of several of the Subscribers about £48. ..and that they 
have paid it to Anthony Morris who hath paid off Daniel Pastor- 
ius and the two Schoolmistresses salaries." 

Finally, the following minute of the Monthly Meeting of the 
29th of the 1st month, 1700, marks the end of Pastorius' services 
as teacher in the Friends' School of Philadelphia : 

"Griffith Owen having recommended John Cadwallader as a 
person very fit for an assistant in the School, (Francis Daniel Pas- 
t< >rius being gone)." 44 



"Reference is made in this minute to "former neglects." Just who was 
responsible for the neglects does not appear in the records. 



The Founder of Germantown 175 

The inference may be drawn here that Cadwallader was to 
take Pastorius' place although Pastorius' name was always men- 
tioned before that of Makin in the previous minutes. 

Some records remain to tell us of the kind of school Pastorius 
taught in Philadelphia and of the manner and method of his 
teaching. The subjects taught were doubtless those prescribed 
by the Resolution of the Provincial Council in December, 1683, 
for the school taught by Enoch Flower, the first schoolmaster of 
Philadelphia: 

"At a Council held at Philadelphia, ye 26th of ye 10th month, 
1683. Present : 

Wm. Penn, Proper. & Govr. 

Tho. Holmes, Win. Haigue, Lasse Cock, Wm. Clayton. 

The Govr and Provll Councill having taken into Serious Con- 
sideration the great Necessity there is of a Scool Master for ye In- 
struction & Sober Education of Youth in the towne of Philadelphia, 
Sent for Enock flower, an Inhabitant of the said Towne, who for 
twenty Year past hath been exercised in that care and Imploymt 
in England, to whom haveing Comunicated their Minds, he Em- 
braced it upon these following Termes : to Learne to read English 
4s by the Quarter, to Learne to read and write 6s by ye Quarter, 
to learne to read, Write and Cast accot 8s by ye Quarter ; for 
Boarding a Scholler, that is to say, dyet, Washing, Lodging, & 
Scooling, Tenn pounds for one whole year." 45 

The spirit of the school and the jurist-schoolmaster is well 
reflected in a letter of one of the patrons, Phineas Pemberton, and 
in Pastorius' reply to the letter written on the back of the same 
sheet. Both letters are dated April 12th, 1698, and here printed 
in the quaint style and orthography of the time. 

Letter of Phineas Pemberton to Francis Daniel Pastorius. 

"My friend 

Ff. D. Pastorious these are to apologize for my little girles have- 
ing as they tell me broke the rules of the Schole divers times even 
to the meriting of Correction in coming too late in the morning 
J wold not willingly that any of mine shold be exemplary in faling 



43 Cf. "Minutes of the Provincial Council" (Colonial Records, I, 91). 



176 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

short of theire duty in pformance of those decent & necessary orders 
that are appointed for the scholers to observe and keep but my 
weakness has been such that theire brother & sister were so Jm- 
ployed about me for some time they cold not come at all and after 
they began to come not to be spared to forward them in a morn- 
ing as they ought to have been but as J recover J hope they will 
be better served & so better fitted to observe theire time in coming 
& in the meane time J hope these may find that favor as to Jmput 
it rather to our neglect of them then they of theire duty wch we 
will endeavor to amend as fast as we can is all at prsent from thy 
real friend 

Phineas Pemberton. 
The 12th 2 mo., 98." 

Pastorius' Reply to Phineas Pemberton's Letter. 

"Dear Friend Phineas! 

Though thy two little ones never were spoken to for coming 
too late, yet they seeing others corrected for that fault, are (as it 
seems ) afraid ; which argueth their good disposition, and that the 
very shadow of the rod will do more with them, than the spur wth. 
others. J am glad to hear by the sd. thy children, thou dost re- 
cover so well, & get a little more strength day by day, which J 
heartily wish, the Lord may augment to the full. No more at pres- 
ent but ye Cordial salutation from thy sincere friend F. D. Pastor- 
ius. 48 

The 12th of 2d. 1698." 

Another glimpse into the schoolroom of Pastorius is to be 
gained from an experience of Israel Pemberton, one of the 
pupils, dating from the same year and showing that what Pastor- 
ius had written in the letter given in full about the use of the rod, 
took another turn three months later : 

Introductory remarks of Israel Pemberton to his copy of the 

original letter. 

"About the 10th day of the 4 month 1698, ffrancis Daniel 
Pastorius a german one of the school master- at Philadelphia took 



"The original MS. containing these letters is in the possession of 
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 



The Founder of Germantown 177 

occation (upon a small difference that did arise between me and 
another scholar) to beate me very much with a thick stick upon my 
head untill the blood came out & also on my armes untill the Blood 
started through the skin & both were so swelled that the swelling 
was to be seen so that it caused my cloths to stand out & the flesh 
was bruised that it turned black and yellow & green my father com- 
ing to town on the 13th day of the 5th mo: & my sister acquainting 
him how J had been vsed took me away from ye school the 14th 
day of the 5th mo: & the 15th day sent me into the Country from 
whence J writ these following epistles." 47 

The letter which follows is addressed to Makin, who seems 
to have been on more agreeable terms with this particular pupil, 
at least. There is no doubt that "another" in the letter refers to 
Pastorius. It is likewise to be supposed that the stripes inflicted 
by the German schoolmaster were slightly magnified by his 
pupil, Israel Pemberton. Nevertheless the punishment must have 
been severe, or the otherwise rule-loving father would not have 
taken his son out of school. Judging from the contents of the let- 
ter and the severity of the punishment we may suppose the "dif- 
ference" between Israel and his schoolmate took the form of an 
outright fisticuff. It is also interesting to see the character of the 
more vigorous discipline based on the old doctrine, "Spare the 
rod and spoil the child," of the German school and schoolmaster 
reflected in Israel's description: "Rough answers," "without hav- 
ing the liberty to speak one word in my own defence." The 
subscript of the letter exhibits a good spirit in Israel after all and 
gives us a fine trace of the German schoolmaster's personal ap- 
pearance. We learn also incidentally that Pastorius taught 
Latin in this school and that too in this case to a boy of thirteen 
years. 

"Ye 22th day of ye 5th mo. 1698" 
"Deare master 

Thomas meakin Lest through mistake the abuse J Receiued at 
the schoole being noised abroad should be taken to be thee J made 

"Cf. Pennsylvania Magazine, xxviii, 109, for an edited print. (Original 
in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.) 



178 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

bold to write these few lines for the clearing of thee thy Jnstruc- 
tions were so mild and gentle as that J never Received one blow 
or stripe from thy hand during my stay there tho my dullness at 
times might have given thee occation for if J wanted Jnformation 
with boldness J cold come to thee being always friendly Received 
but from another J always found Rough answers where J Quickly 
left to trouble him not finding the kindnes as from thee & Jndeed 
what he did for me from first to last is to be seen in that little Lattin 
book J write at his first coming which J have forgot at schoole behind 
me if thou would be pleased to send it by some of the boatmen to 
be left at Samll Jenings when thou meets with it J shall take it as 
a kindnes J do say it was not my Jntent to have let it be known but 
the anguish of the blows & being Jnwardly opprest with greife to 
think how J was used with out having the liberty to spake one word 
in my own defence did so chainge my Countenance that my sister 
presently perceived it who was restles untill J had discovered the 
occation who rested not there but would see & when she saw was 
also so grieved that she would shew me to some others tho J en- 
deavored much to diswade her but shee would not but did cause 
me to [be] seen by H: Carpenter & Tho: whartons wife, but con- 
terary to my mind tho he never shewed any respect to me as a 
scholar but still frowned upon me the Reason J know not for J 
never Jntended to vex him & therefore never made use of him & 
thou being out of schoole he took that oppertunity so to Thrash 
me & J observed that he generaly shewed his disposition more when 
thou was out of schoole for whileit thou was in he seldome went 
into those extrames as at other times this is only priuate to thy self 
for J desire not to Jnjure him J would willingly have stayd Longer at 
the schoole but my sister having told my father how things were & 
the tokens of his correction still remaineing upon me tho about five 
weeks since & are still to be seen & so sore as that J cannot endure 
any thing to press against it he wold not leave me tho J desired it 
but J will forbeare to say any more about it Lest J shold too farr 
sterr up what J would have at an end but J Love thee & desire to be 
with thee & to spend the rest of my schooling under thee, but 
whether it may be so or no J know not yet J desire it with my love 
end these Lines who am thy scholar 

Jsrael pemberton." 



Israel Pemberton's Letter to Richard Johns. 

"13th day of the 6 mo 1698" 
"I perceive by thyne that D. P. Sowerness still remaines the 
first time J saw him J told my father that J thought he would prove 



The Founder of Germantown 179 

an angry master he asked me why so J told him J thought so by 
his nose for wh he called me a prating boy but J find J had some 
skill for J have not onely the witness he gave me of it but J vnder- 
stand others see it. Tho they have not felt so much of it as my self." 

Letter of Richard Johns to Jsrael Pemberton. 

"Auguest ye 5th 6 mo [1698] 
my Deare Companion 

And plesent schoolfellow J P 

Thy letter J received dated ye 22d [ ?] of ye last m|o and 
was hartily glad to hear of thy welfare and also to renew our 
former friendship which shall never be violated one my part and 
altho our former sociaty suffers an ecclipse by parting with the 
yett I comfert my self that my stay will not bare any long date 
after the, truly my master Pastorus unkindness makes me whish 
for ye yeare up and Then J hope J shall be at liberty to Jnjoy the 
pleasure J have formerly had in thy company, fully Intending Jf J 
Live till September to set [ ?] ye falls and so to take my sollemn fare- 
well of thee my friend and all ye rest of your family who are the only 
persons J am acquainted with Jn Those parts till which shall take 
leave and remain Thy assured friend 

Richard Johns. 

Mother Js in health Margret and Hannah were much pleased wth 
thy notice of Them wiching they were Big annuf to write to prissilla. 

A copy of a letter which J received from Richard Johns the 12th 
day of the 6th month 1698." 

Postscript of Israel Pemberton to his Copy of Richard Johns' 

Letter. 

"J cannot but sorrow at times to think of my remoual and the 
occation of it for J long to be with thee againe tho som times J 
smile to my self to think how J told my father when first J saw him 
J doubted he would prove an angry master he asked me why so 
J told him J thought so by his nose he called me a prating boy 
but J find J had some skill for he has since confirmed it to me with 
a wittness if he Loved me its more then J know because he never 
shewed me any of it however J love him & desire thee Remem- 
ber my Love to him if thou please: J am afraid J am ouer bold 
therefore crave thy excuse &. so fare well dear master:" 48 



48 Cf. Pennsylvania Magazine, xxviii, 109-110. 



180 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

In a letter of Thomas Makin to Phineas Pemberton pro- 
testing against his sending Israel Pemberton, his son, to another 
school, dated Philada. 28:2mo, 1699, Ave learn that Pastorius 
did not teach arithmetic, at least not to Israel Pemberton. 

"Philada. 28: 2 mo 1699. 
Esteemed ffrd 

J am something concerned to hear that thou intends to place thy 
Son here to another School having formerly come to o'rs tho' thou 
hast been pleased alreadie to clear me from that which J suppose is ye 
chiefest motive of thy So doeing; yet J can not but resent it as some 
diminution of my Credit, since thou first comitted him to my Paeda- 
gogie, now to putt him to another, who J suppose will sett him to 
learn all Arithmetick de novo, so that a considerable time must needs 
be taken up in going over that wch J suppose he well understands 
alreadie. Jf thou may think o'r School is too throng, that he may be 
promoted so well as elsewhere, be assured that J have not Jmploy 
half enough for Arithmetick, which Ff : D : P : never undertakes. He 
began to understand y e Rules of Practice (ye only Rules for bus- 
iness) before he was taken away last Surlier, wch J would undertake 
to make him thoroughly capable of as soon as another. As for thy 
great Resentment of Ff: D: P: J have spoken to him to write to 
thee also, if possible all we can may prevail to reclaim thee from thy 
sd Jntentions. wch that it may prove successful is y e earnest desire 
of thy respect full Friend & Countryman 

Tho. Makin." 



It appears from an extant congratulatory poem, that Israel 
Pemberton returned to the school and joined his schoolfellows in 
the congratulation in Jan., 1699/1700. The poem is here printed 
from the Beehive: 

"Genetliacum I or | An hearty Congratulation. 

Since Children are the Lords Reward, 

Who get them may rejoice ; 

Yea Neighbors upon this regard 

May make a gladsom Noise. 

Therefore us thinks we dwell so near 

Dear Governour, to thy Gate, 

That thou mayst lend an Far to hear. 

What Habes Congratulate. 

God bless the Child ! 1 : we young ones cry:) 



The Founder of Germantown 181 

And add from time to time 
To William Penns Posterity 
The like ! Here ends our Rime. 
But fervent Prayers will not end 
Of honest men for thee, 
And for thy happy Government, 
With whom we all agree. 

Zechary Whitpaine. Jsrael Pemberton. Robert Francis. John 
White. Samuel Carpenter Jun r . John Sam. Pastorius &c. 

For themselves and in the behalf of their School-Fellows. 

Philadelphia the 29th day of the Xlth mo. Anno 1699." 

Pastorius lived in Philadelphia part of the time at least dur- 
ing his period of teaching at the Friends' School and left his house 
in Germantown vacant. His children went to school in Philadel- 
phia, presumably to the school in which their father taught. This 
we learn quite incidentally from a letter written by them to their 
grandfather, Melchior Adam Pastorius, in Windsheim and dated 
Philadelphia, Mar. 4, 1699. In this letter we learn that the school 
was kept eight hours every day except Saturday afternoon (and 
Sunday), and between the lines we read a sign of relief at the 
thought of this "last day of the week," when there was no school 
in the afternoon. The very interesting passage of the letter runs 
as follows in English translation : 4n 

"We often wish we were with you, if only you were here in 
our house in Germantown, which has a beautiful orchard, and is 
now standing empty, as we are living in Philadelphia, and have to 
go to school 8 long hours every day, except the last day of the 
week, when we may stay at home in the afternoon." 

The next record of Pastorius is found in the Raths-Buch of 
Germantown, where, as we have seen, he is mentioned again in 
1700. It seems more than likely that Pastorius was the originator 

19 Cf. Bcschrcibung, p. 102. The original passage is in German : 
"Wir wiinschen gar offt bey dir zu seyn /ach dass du hier warest und in 
unserm Hause zu Germanton wohnetest / welches einen schonen Obsgarten 
hat / und der Zeit leer stehet / indeme wir zu Philadelphia wohnen / und 
taglich 8. Stunden lang in die Schul gehen miissen / ausgenommen den 
letzten Tag in der Wochen / da wir Nachmittag daheim bleiben dorffen." 



1 82 



Francis Daniel Pastorius 



of the proposal to open a school in Gennantown, which was ap- 
proved by the General Court Dec. 30, 1701. This school was 
opened on the nth of Jan., 1702, and taught by Pastorius. The 
first Overseers for the year, 1702, were Aret Klincken, Peter 
Schumacher and Paul Wulff. These were the original sub- 
scribers to the School : 



Anton Loof, 
Peter Schumacher, 
Paul Wulff, 
Jacob Simons, 
Jacob Delaplaine, 
Jonas Potts, 
Isaac Schumacher, 
Levin Herberdink, 
Johann Bleikers, 
Gerhard Ruttinghusen, 



Dirck Jansen, 

Dirck Jansen, der Knecht, 

Johannes Umstett, 

Heifert Papen, 

Jan Lensen, 

Peter Bon, 

Hermann Bon, 

Dirck Keyser, 

Claus Tamson, 



and two nthers whose names have not been deciphered. 50 

This school was open to boys and girls. The voluntary 
tributors gave from 2 to 10 shillings a year. Those who paid 
tuition gave from 4 to 6 shillings a week. The names of the 
patrons who sent children to the school the first year were : 



Aret Klincken, 
Reinert Tysen, 
Times Kunders, 
Wilhelm Strepers, 
Paul Kastner, 
Renier Hermans, 
Abraham op de Graeff, 



Christian Warmer, 
Arnold van Vossen, 
Johann Cunrad Codweis, 
Cornelis Sivert, 
Aret Kiister, 
Jan Doeden. 
Lenert Arets. 



It will be seen from this list that very few of the original 



50 An important source for Pastorius' activity as teacher of the School 
in Germantown was his Cash-Book, which was consulted some years ago by 
both O. Seidensticker and S. W. Pennypacker, but seems to have disap- 
peared since that time. The above account is based on Seidensticker's 
original notes from the Cash-Book printed in the Der Deutsche Pionier, 
III, 56ff. The present writer will be very grateful for any information as 
to the Cash-Book. 



The Founder of Germantown 



183 



voluntary subscribers sent children to the school the first year, the 
most of them contributing evidently to encourage the undertak- 
ing. In connection with this day school there was also an even- 
ing school for those who could not attend during the day. In 
the year 1702 the following attended this evening school: 



Paul Engel, 
Peter Scholl, 
Matthis Kunders, 
Matthis Keurlis, 
Samuel Kastner, 
Jacob Engel, 
Hanna Siverts, 



Agnes Kunders, 
Peter Keyser, 
Peter Keurlis, 
Wilhelm Gerits, 
Johannes Gerckes, 
Jan Kunders, 
Andreas Hartzfelder. 



The growth of the Germantown school is clearly indicated 
by the increased list of patrons for the year 1706-1708: 



Tunes Kunders, 
Jan Liicken, 
Lenert Arets, 
Jacob Gottschalk, 
Heinrich Sellen, 
Paul Engel, 
Aret Klincken, 
Jacob Schumacher, 
Thomas Potts, Sen., 
Jan Neus, 
Paul Kastner, 
Arnold van Vossen, 
Richard Townsend, 
Wilhelm Strepers, 
Abraham Tunes, 
Cornelis Tisen, 
Peter Schumacher, 
Cornelis Siverts, 
Griffith Miles, 
Isaak Schumacher, 
Paul Wulff, 
Herman Tunes, 
Jan Lensen, 



W. Baumann, 

Benjamin Armitage, 

Wilhelm de Wees, 

Cornelis de Wees, 

Samuel Richardson, 

Conrad Rutter, 

Jonas Potts, 

Jan Doeden, 

Jan de Wilderness, 

Paul Kiister, 

Paul Ruttinghusen, 

Benjamin Morgan, 

Christian Warmer, 

Christopher Witt, 

Georg Schumacher, 

Joseph Coulson, 

Isaak van Sintern, 

Peter Keyser, 

Aret Kiister, 

Cunrad Tansen, 

Hans Heinrich Mehls, 

Cunrad Riitters (Rutter?)" 

Jiirgen Jacobs, 



1S4 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Dirck Jansen, Willi. Hosters, 

Matthis Milan, Hans Graef, 

\ nt on Loof, Hans Neus (Jan Neus?j 

Walter Simons, Heinrich Kassel, 

Howel James, Peter Keurlis, 

James Delaplaine, Richard Huggin, 
Anthony Klincken. 

It would seem strange that a community like that of Ger- 
mantown, with a highly educated man like Pastorius at the head, 
should not have had a school before 1702, nineteen years after the 
settlement of the town. Seidensticker 51 thought it likely that an 
evening school existed before 1702. It seems more likely that 
the instruction of children was given in the meeting even from the 
earliest assembling in private houses till the building of the 
church in 1686. 52 The minute in the Raths-Buch of Dec. 3, 1701, 
seems to preclude the actual existence of a separate community 
school before that time. 53 It is quite likely that the opening of 
the Germantown school was directly stimulated by the renewed 
effort to improve the Friends' School in Philadelphia, where 
Pastorius had just finished an engagement as teacher in the 
Friends' School. For there is no longer any question that Pas- 
torius taught for the Friends and not in a private school of his 
own in Philadelphia as was considered possible by Professor Sei- 
densticker. 54 

The question was raised by Professor Seidensticker whether 
Pastorius taught in German or English in the Germantown school. 



'''Cf. Dcr Deutsche Pionier, III, 56. 

12 Cf. Beschreibung, p. 34. 

1 \ passage in the Letter of Attorney given to Falkner, Kelpius and 
Jawert Jan. 24, 1700, seems to corroborate this view : 

"Lastly we grant unto them herewith special Power to appropriate fifty 
Acres of Our land in Germantown for the benefit of a Schoolmaster, that the 
Youth in reading, writing & in good manners & education without partial 
Admonition to God & Christ may be brought up and Jnstructed." 

" Cf. MS. copy of Seidensticker's Biographical Sketch of Francis Daniel 
Pastorius among the D. P. Bruner papers loaned me by Mr. Abram Bruner 
of Roanoke, Va., after Mr. D. P. Bruner's death. 



The Founder of Germantown 185 

There seems little reason for supposing that the language of in- 
struction was German, although teacher and pupil alike no doubt 
often spoke German, as most of the pupils were from German 
families. But the fact that the General Court as early as 1696 
had ordered the minutes of the Raths-Buch to be copied in English 
by Pastorius is evidence that they already recognized the neces- 
sity of using the official language of the Province in business in- 
tercourse, and it is hardly likely that they would have taken an 
opposite policy by establishing a strictly German school, especially 
as the pupils, who spoke German at home, needed a knowledge 
of English above all else. Then too the fact mentioned by Seiden- 
sticker, that the titles of Pastorius' school books, 03 which were 
evidently intended as aids in his teaching, are in English, would 
seem to show that the instruction was given in English. The 
other works of Pastorius of a pedagogical character but with 
German sub-titles are of a more advanced character and scarcely 
designed for use in the school. It is not unlikely that Pastorius 
taught some of the subjects of his other English books in the 
school, as for example The Young Country Clerk, The Good 
Order and Discipline of the Church of Christ, particularly to the 
more advanced boys of the school. 

It is not stated how long Pastorius taught the Germantown 
school, but it seems likely that he continued the school as long as 
lie was able to teach, at least till 17 18. We know from the Res 
Propriae that he was teaching as late as 17 16. 

Although Pastorius was educated in the humanities and 
deeply read in the scholastic literature, his contact with the reali- 



'"' Cf . the following books by Pastorius : 

1. A New Primmer, &c. 1698. 

2. Lingua Anglicana or Some Miscellaneous Remarks Concerning the 
English Tongue. 

3. Lingua Latina or Grammatical Rudiments. 

4. Collection of English Rhymes, Alphabetically Arranged. 

5. A Breviary of Arithmctick and Arithmetical Hotch-Potch. 

6. Formulae Solennes or Several Forms of such Writings as are vul- 
garly in Use, whereunto an Epistolography is annexed. 

7. Vademecum or the Christian Scholar's Pocket Book. 



1 86 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

ties of the new world convinced him of the need of a new edu- 
cation, which should have more regard for the rcalia. He even 
goes so far as to regret the great outlay, which his father had 
made for his now somewhat useless preparation for life. As 
early as 1699 in a letter to his father, he set forth this changed 
attitude in significant detail — a point of view far ahead of his 
time and anticipating the educational revolution of the nineteenth 
century. The German part of the letter in question is given here 
in English translation with the Latin passages unchanged as they 
appear in the original : 

"As for other matters this colony still increases daily in popu- 
lation and human wickedness, nevertheless I hope the condition 
of things will never become so inhuman as in those European uni- 
versities, at which one must learn for the most: part nothing but 
dcdisccnda. Multi enim Professores inutilibus quaestionibus & 
acutis tricis nugalibus tempus terunt, & dum discentium mentes in 
supervacaneis quaestionibus detinent, impediunt eas nc ad solidiora 
aspirent. Nituatur explorare quid sit Jupiter & Vulcanus, sed non 
quid sit Christusf Conantur quoque sanctissimum Verbum Dei 
Aristotelicis Syllogismis illuminare & defendere, quasi vero Spiri- 
tus ille Sanctus (qui solus verus Author & Dictator scripturae est) 
per damnatum Ethnicum & in Inferno ejulans Ingcnium Aristotelis 
posset reformari out illustrari. 

Others passed the precious time with nothing but useless ques- 
tions and indagationibus, an vera sit ilia Inscriptio sepulchralis in 
Monte Fiascone: Propter Verbum est est Dominus mens mortuus 
est. Others look for the ablative case in the Greek declensions, but 
for what purpose they need it. they themselves '1" not know. 

Indeed nowadays the students are beginning to drink one in 
every ten of their number to death, and to send him into the Hell- 
ish realm of Satan, which is in very truth greatly to be lamented, 
and it were to be sought of God, that the eyes of professors as 
well as students might be opened, so that they might know how 
vain it is to boast of the light of the Gospel and yet remain in such 
abominable works of darkness. 

Accordingly I pity my dear brother Johannes Samuel, if he, 
having learned piety and the fear of God from his dear parents 
and tutor, should afterwards lose them again at the universities 
and experience so much dediscinda with the extreme peril of his 
soul, and T would much rather advise him, as a true brother, that 
he learn some respectable practical trade, in which he could serve 



The Founder of Germantown 187 

God and his fellow Christian, the which, although it is regarded 
little and despised among you, is notwithstanding more in accord 
with the divine order and Apostolic teaching than all scholastic 
speculation; for in the main the highly versed are highly perverse 
& scientia mundana Mat. Such lofty haughty spirits wish after- 
ward to live in great state; for this they need large sums of money, 
which they try to obtain to the harm of their neighbor, in order 
that their wives and children may be able to strut around a la mode. 
In opposition to this the humble people taught of God say with 
Antonius: Non data non cupio, and think it well with Palingenius, 
contcntum vivcre parvo, cum quibus concordat, S. Paulus Hebr. 
13. v. s-"™ 

Pastorius himself regretted that he had devoted the precious 
time of youth to obstruse scholastic learning rather than to the 
more practical rcalia. He expressed this in strong language, in 
reflecting upon his early education : 

"I myself would give several hundred rixdollars, if I had de- 
voted the precious time, spent in learning Sperling's Physic, Meta- 
physic and other unnecessary sophistical argumentations and dispu- 
tations, to engineering and printing, which would now be more 
serviceable to me, and more useful and interesting to me and my 
fellow Christian than all such physic and metaphysic and all Aris- 
totelean Elenchi and Syllogismi, by means of which no savage or 
unchristian man can be brought to God, much less a piece of bread 
be earned." 57 



M Cf. Beschreibung, pp. 98-100. 

"Cf. Opening of the Bechstein Library, Addresses, p. 34; also Beschrei- 
bung, pp. 72-73- 



188 Francis Daniel Pastorius 



CHAPTER VI. 

PASTORIUS IN PRIVATE LIFE. 

It is natural to inquire into the private life of a public man 
at any time, but it is particularly instructive to do so in the case 
of a man of the most liberal education, when he steps from the 
aula of the university into the wigwam of the wild man in the 
primeval forests of the New World. 

The motives leading to this apparently abrupt change of con- 
dition were not altogether single, nor without reflection and prep- 
aration in the case of Pastorius. The dominant motive was the 
desire to escape the turmoil of the Old World by finding a quiet 
refuge in the West. This was the attitude of the Quietists of that 
time, and common to Pietist, Mennonite and Quaker alike — the 
spirit that lives on in these sects, especially the German Quietists 
of Pennsylvania, to the present day. Closely linked with this 
selfish desire was the higher motive of bearing the message of 
Christian truth to the Red Men of America. 

All efforts to find a picture of Pastorius or any member of 
his family have proved futile. It is possible to reconstruct an 
outline sketch of his appearance from scanty notes found here 
and there in his works and in the letters of Israel Pemberton, 
already given above, particularly the following: 

"J long to be with thee againe tho som times J smile to my self 
to think how J told my father when first J saw him J doubted he 
would prove an angry master he asked me why so J told him J 
thought so by his nose." 

While this does not tell how the nose of the schoolmaster 
turned, it is quite in keeping with the description which Pastorius 
gives of himself in his Medicine Book: 



The Founder of Germantown 189 

"The Compiler of this little Manuscript is a Melancholy- 
Cholerick Complexion, and therefore (juxta Culpepper, p. 194) 
gentle, given to Sobriety, Solitary, Studious, doubtful, shame-faced, 
timerous, pensive, constant & true in action, of a slow wit with 
obliviousness : &c. 

If any do him wrong, 

He can't remember't long." l 

This self-analysis would seem to warrant the schoolboy 
metaphor of Israel Pemberton, when he speaks of his teacher, 
D. P. Pastorius, as "D. P. Sowerness," in his letter to Richard 
Johns. la 

The first five years of Pastorius' life in Germantown were 
busy with the work of settling the German colony, and, in spite 
of moments of despondency and discouragement, the jurist- 
pioneer seems to have been fairly contented with his lot in the 
little German Town. He saw, one after another, new houses 
rise in the clearing, and the smoke of comfort and contentment 
rise from freshly built chimneys, heralding the progress of the 
German settlement. 

It was a lonely life for the agent of the German Company with 
his little personnel of servants in these far-off western wilds, but 
with no companion to share the fears and hopes of the passing 
years. What memories of his early years still lived in his fancy, 
we do not learn from his personal notes or reminiscences. 
Whether any fair figure out of his student days still passed like a 
guardian spirit athwart his dreams, he does not tell. But one 
fugitive song has come down to us in his writings, which seems 
to date from this earlier period of the days in Europe and which 
may be the one witness that his life was not utterly void, at least 
of memories of romance of the lighter vein. This song runs : 



'Cf. Talia Qualia Medicinalia, Artificialia & Naturalia, p. 2. 

'a The passage runs as follows : "I perceive by thine that D. P. Sowerness 
still remaines." It is not unlikely that the flogging of Israel Pemberton was 
the ultimate cause of Pastorius leaving the school. 



190 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

"Darf man dich Corinna kussen 
So kom mein Liebg zu mir her, 

Ich werd es wohl am besten wissen, 
Das war die Antwort ungefehr. 

Sie liesse zwar u. sagte Nein, 

Und gab sich doch gedultig drein. 

Lauff o mein Kind ! bleibe stehen. 

Lauff schone, schrie ich, nicht zu weit, 
Lass uns d Hebe werck begehen, 

Wir sind in unsrer besten zeit. 
Sie seuffzte zwar ! u. sagte Nein, 
Und gab sich doch gedultig drein. 

So halte nun und lass dich kussen, 
Kein Mensche soil in dieser Stadt 

Xicht dz geringste darvon \vi<sen, 
Dass jemand dich gekiisset hat. 

Sie zuckte zwar u. sagte Nein, 

Und gab sich doch gedultig drein. 

Hiemit so zog ich meine strassen, 

Daher ich neulich komen war, 
Erfuhr in dessen bester massen, 
Von der Corifia wunderbahr, 
Dass, Ja bey vielen pfliget Nein 
Und Nein so viel als Ja zu seyn." 



Translation. 

Come, Corinna, let me kiss thee ! 

Come, my dearest, to me here ! 
I would know why joy should miss thee, 

I would have thine answer clear ! 
Smiling sweetly said she, "No," 
Then demurely yielded so. 

"Stay here near me, oh, my treasure," 
Cried I ; "run not off so far ; 

Let us try love's luring measure, 
While our lives the richest are." 

Sighing deeply said she, "No," 

Then demurely yielded so. 



The Founder of Germantowtt 191 

Raise thy head and let me kiss thee! 

Not a man shall ever learn 
How with longing I caress thee, 

How my lips to thine do turn. 
Then she trembled and said, "No," 
But demurely yielded so. 

Often since whene'er I wander. 

Whether far or near the way, 
O'er the lesson do I ponder 

From Corinna learned that day. 
"No" is sometimes backwardness, 
"No" is sometimes meant for "Yes." 2 

In the year 1688, November 6, Pastorius married Ennecke 
Klostermanns, the daughter of Jan Klostermanns, 3 alias Johannes 
Zu Neuenhaus and Ennecke von Nensheim ( who already had by 
her first husband two children, W'illm von Nensheim, alias 
Spikermanns, living at Speltrop, and Gertrud von Nensheim. who 
had married and gone to live in Amsterdam ). Ennecke von Nens- 
heim-Klostermanns had by her second husband, Jan Kloster- 
manns, three children: Jan Klostermanns, already deceased, 
Heinrich Klostermanns, then living in Heussen, and Ennecke 
Klostermanns, the wife of Pastorius. Ennecke Klostermanns- 
Pastorius was born December 15, 1658, in Mullheim-on-the- 
Ruhr. 

Account has already been given of the personal effects which 
Pastorius brought with him, in 1683, to America. It appears 
from his Res Propriae* that Ennecke was also well equipped for 

2 This translation was made by Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypaeker and set 
to music by Arthur L. Church, who published both the English and German 
text with the music. Mr. Church kindly presented the present writer with 
a copy of this print. 

3 In the Beschreibung, p. 60, Pastorius gives this account : "Nun, meinen 
particulier Zustand anbelangende / berichte kiirtzlichen : Dasz Anno 1688. 
den 26. Novemb. ich mich allhier zu Germanton an Jungfrau Annam Klos- 
termannin / Herrn Henrici Klostermanns / Medicinae Doctoris aus dem 
Hertzogthum Cleve gebiirtig verheurathet habe." This account does not agree 
with that of the Beehive, unless we are to supply "Schwester" instead of 
"Tochter" after "Henrici Klostermanns" in the passage. 

* Cf. Res Propriae, p. 33. 



192 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

setting up a new household when Pastorius married her, as the 
following list of her personal effects at the time of their marriage 
will show : 

"An Silbergeld. 36. Reichsthaler oder io£ 16s. disslandisch 

An Kleidern: 

Ein schwartz seiden Kaper, 12s. 

3. reichleiber, 

1. paar zeugerne Ermel, 

1. tiichern hembdrock. 

2. schwartz gronrasch Leibergen. 

1. schwartz gronraschen Schiirtz, 

2. blaue rock, 

I. blau leinen Schiirtz. 
6. Schiirtzeltiicher. 

3. paar gestrickte strtimpf. 

2 paar schue, und 1. paar pantofeln. 

An leinen Zeng. 

ein yard Xesseltuch, 

II. Hollandsche Elen f ein linen, 
8. hembder. 

8. nastiicher. 

3. bettlacken. 

4. Servieten, 

5. halstiicher. 

4. Untersten. 

6. Kroplappen, 

5. Sonentiicher. 
5. Kappen. 

18. Dreckmiitzen. 

An Hausgerath. 

eine neue kist, 

1. Spinrad samt haspel. 

An Buchern: 

Jerem. Dyckens wiirdiger Tischgenoss. 12 . 
Saldeni Christliche Kinder-schuel. 12 . 
Christliches Gedenckbiichlein. 24 



The Founder of Germantoivn 193 

It appears also in the records, that Ennecke had real estate 
in Germantown. She bought in all fifty acres of land in Ger- 
mantown, as follows: Thirty acres of the German (Frankfurt) 
Company next to Isaac Dilbeck, according to an agreement dated 
August 18, 1689; further twenty acres next to Jan Doeden from 
the same company by an agreement dated August 21, 1689. This 
land was purchased on terms of a perpetual rental of six shillings 
and five pence to be paid annually on the first day of the sixth 
month. 5 

The issue of the union of Francis Daniel Pastorius and 
Ennecke Klostermanns was two sons : Johann Samuel Pas- 
torius, born in Germantown, March 30, 1690, and Heinrich Pas- 
torius, born in Germantown, April 1, 1692. Ennecke suffered 
from the effects of the birth of this second son all the rest of her 
life, as it appears, from the lack of proper surgical care. The 
name Pastorius has come down through direct descendants of 
these two sons to the present time, as will be seen in the "Pas- 
torius Genealogy" at the end of this work. 

Although greatly concerned for the education of his two 
sons, Pastorius recognized the economic conditions in Pennsyl- 
vania and the importance of a practical breadwinning trade, and 
accordingly had each of his boys learn such a trade. The elder 
son, John Samuel, at the age of sixteen years (1706), learned 



' In the Res Propriae we find the following : 

"Enneke Klostermanns, nun Pastorius' hat in Germantown an land fiinffzig 
ackers, oder ein gantzes Stattlos, gelegen zwischen Isaac Dilbeck und Jan 
Doeden. Nembl : 30. Ackers, neben Isaac Dilbeck auff Ewigen Erbpacht 
von der Franckfurtn. Compagnie vor 13d. alt Engln. gelds, laut Contracts de 
dato. d. 18. Augusti 1689. [ : Die Copey darvon folgt pag. 34.] Ferner 
20. ackers, neben Jan Doeden, auch auff Ewigen Erbpacht von gedr. Compe. 
vor 4. Schill ; iod. diszlandischer wehrung, laut Contracts de dato den 21. 
Aug. 1689 [ : Dessen Copey sihe pagina 36 : 1 Jst also der vollige Erbpacht 
von diesem los oder 50. ackers Jahrlich 6. Schill, und 5d. Pehsylvanischen 
gelds, den iten. tag des 6. Mon. 

Jetztgemeldes los hat im Dorff 40 :acker. 

Jetztgemeldes los hat im Seitland 10 :acker. 

Die breite darvon im Dorff ist I4:ruth 4 Fusz. 

Die breite darvon im Seitland 7 :ruthen 4 fusz. 

Die Langte im Dorff ist 
im Seitland." 



194 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

the weaver's trade with Paul Kastner, and afterwards carried on 
this trade in the house of his father, who furnished him the out- 
fit. In 17 16, August 15, John Samuel married Hannah Liickens, 
the youngest daughter of Jan Liickens, in open meeting in Ger- 
mantown. The younger son Henry, likewise learned the trade 
of weaving from his brother, but in 171 3 took up shoemaking 
by himself. At the approach of winter, 1714, he went to Bombay 
Hook, and remained there and in the Duck Creek region until 
1 716. By a curious coincidence both John Samuel and Henry 
narrowly escaped death by the fall of a horse. 

The names of both John Samuel and Henry Pastorius appear, 
together with those of their father and mother (the last two in 
Francis Daniel Pastorius' hand), on the marriage certificate of 
Henry Kunders and Catharine Strepers signed at the Abington 
Monthly Meeting, 7 da. 7 mo., 1710. 7 Henry Pastorius' name 
appears later on the petition for the renewal of the Charter of 
Germantown, 8 under Thomas Penn. 



" The original in the Res Propriae runs as follows : 

"Mein altester Sohn Joh. Samuel, gebohren tit supra pag. 8. den 30. Hertz 
1690. lernte anno 1706. das Weben von Paul Kastner, u. trieb es hernach in 
seines Vatters haus, der ihm die gerathschafft verschaffte. 

Alio 1716. den 15. Aug. heurathete Er Jan Liickens jtingste tochter Hafiah 
in offentlichr. Versamblung zu Germantown. Da Er eben zu vor mit einem 
fferd fallende den fusz sehr verrenckt hatte, u. den 20. dito bekam ers fieber. 

Mein Jiingster Sohn Heinrich, gebohren, ut. supra pag. 8. den 1. April 
1692. lernte von seinem bruder das Weben ; und afio 1713. von selbst das 
Schuemachen. Ano 1714. geg winter gieng er nach Bumby Hoock u. 
hielt sich deselbst und an der Duck Creek auff bisz ins Vorjahr. Ano 1716. 
hatte er in der May-fair zu Philada. einen elenden fall, stiirtzte mit dem 
fferd. Da dan dijses so fort todt blieb und er auch selbst vor todt auffge- 
nomen wurde : Doch schenckte ihm Gott vor diszmahl das leben, welches 
er ja danchbarl erkeiien, und sich rechtschaffen bessern mag." 

' Cf. Photographic reproduction in the Historical Society of Pennsyl- 
vania, "Marriage Certificates," Vol. 2. The certificate is printed in Publica- 
tions of the Gent Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. II, pp. 66-67. 

"The original petition is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It 
begins thus : "To the Honorable Thomas Penn Esquire one of the Proprietors 
of the Province of Pensilvania, &c, the Humble Petition of the Inhabitants of 
Germantownship," and is signed by forty-three petitioners, with "Henry Pas- 
torius" at the head of the third and last column of names. 



The Founder of Germantown 195 

PASTORIUS AND HIS FRIENDS. 

The correspondence in the Beschreibung shows that Pastor- 
ius kept alive his friendship with a number of his old friends in 
Germany during the first years of his life in Pennsylvania. The 
letters written to his old preceptor, Schumberg, and to Model, 
rector of the school at Windshelm, contain much important 
information concerning the new country. 

In addition to the Latin verses concerning the vanity of the 
world, he dedicated his first book, printed after his arrival in 
America, Vier Tractatlein, to Schumbergius. 9 

In the letter to Rector Georg Leonhard Model (Modelius), 
he exhibits a keen interest in the importance of the life of the 
Indians as an object lesson for civilized Europeans, and gives 
an interesting description of the Red Men as he saw them in 
Pennsylvania. 



' The dedication is in Latin and runs as follows : 

"Ad Praenobilem & Eruditissimum Virum ac Dominum TOBIAM 
SCHUMBERGIUM Senatorem Windsheimensem, Amicum singulari animi 
cultu devenerandum : 

Amantissime Schumbergi! 

Primitias Lucubrationum mearum & Fundamentum subsequuturae [sic] am- 
plioris Structural in erigenda & cultivanda vera Religione Tuae Prudenti Domi- 
nation! vel ideo dedicare in animum induxi, ut si forte me in errore aliquo 
deprehensum esse intellexeris, mature me commonefacias. Testem autem 
produco ipsum Salvatorem meum Dominum JESUM Christum, quod non 
sugillandi aut injuriandi animo, sed nuda? simplicisque veriratis [sic!] inda- 
gandae gratia, calamum in manus assumpserim, dum lugubrem nimis Ecclesias 
Christiana; statum mecum penitius perpendi advertique Gentes venisse in 
haereditatem Domini, ac omnis Generis Feras Vineam Christi depavisse. Id 
quod jam dudum multi pictate & vita Clarissimi Viri doluerunt, & adhuc omnes 
Boni passim dolent. 

Ut vero, Vir Doctissime ! instituti mei finem mentemq; tanto penitius 
percipias, admonitum te velim, ut Christi Domini, eusq ; Apostolorum 
Praecepta diligenter omnium Hominum statutariis commentis e diametro 
opponas persuasumq ; tibi habeas quod contrariis taliter sibi invicem oppositis 
Veritas ipsa ultro elucescet. Et tu jam nuiii earn corde manuq; prehensam 
tenebis. Et tunc abunde mihi credes quod omnes Innovatores & contradic- 
tors Mandatorum DEI, aliquando coram Throno extremi Judicis nullatenus 
subsistent, sicut ii qui JESU jussa sunt secuti ; Hunc ergo solum tu ama 
cordicitus, ejus Dicta & jussa observa, Veritatem dilige, & in Ipso bene vive & 
vale! non immemor ejus, qui in hisce, extremis finibus Terrae quotidie memor 
est tui, morieturq ; tibi ter fidus 

Germanopoli 1. Jan. 1690. 

Franciscus Daniel Pastorius." 



196 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Other letters from his correspondence with members of the 
German Company, and with his father, show that he kept in 
touch with affairs in the Fatherland. The letters of Pastorius' 
sons to their grandfather, and the latter's long and detailed 
account of his life, written in reply, form one of the most inter- 
esting parts of the Bcschreibung, and exhibit the gentle affection 
still linking the colonial offspring to the old home beyond the 
sea. 

It is apparent, also, from the records and events of German- 
town, that Pastorius was on friendly terms with his fellow- 
countrymen in Germantown. He speaks of these German friends 
as among those who were especially kind to him during his severe 
illness. In a passage in the Beehive, he mentions Jacob Tellner 
as one of his friends : 

"J endeavoured at Spare times to make this present Hive on a 
Quire of fine Paper, which a friend of mine [Jacob Tellner:] depart- 
ing for Europe did give me." 

Pastorius dedicated at least two poems to Tellner upon the 
latter's departure for Europe. The first is inscribed : Haec ad 
Jac. Tellnerem aeiiropaeantem : 

"Man muss nach solchen Giitern ringen, 

Die, wan das Schiff durch sturm zerbricht. 
Ein Nackender selbst weg kan bringen, 

Und disz ist Gold u. Silber nicht. 
Papier, sonst leicht, ist dan beschwerlich, 

Nichts als Yerstandt u. Fremigkeit 
Sind, wan die Zeiten so gefahrlich 

Auff See u. Land vor raub befrevt. 

Haec ad Jac ; Telnerum aeuropseantem." 96 

The second with the superscription : Ad eundem ( : Jac. Tell- 
nerem ) runs thus : 



•aCf. F. D. P., p. 561. 



The Founder of Germantown 197 

"Nach clem Krachen, nach dem Knallen, 
Nach dem Donern, nach dem Schallen 
folgt tier helle Sorien-schein. 

Man musz durch das Wetter dringen, 
Will es heute nicht gelingen 
Jacob! es wird morgen seyn. 

Darumb lass nicht ab von hoften, 

Komt Errettung, Du hasts droffen ; 
Komt dan auch das gegentheil, 

Was Gott will ist Gliick u. Heyl. 



Dei Voluntas mea felicitas. 
Haec ego propere, Tu prospere. 
Vale ac Salva ; iterum iterumque." 011 



Translation. 

After rumbling, after roaring, 
After thunder and downpouring, 
Follows oft the clear sunshine. 

Men must forth whate'er the weather, 
And to-day must forth together, 
Jacob ! Up the morn is fine. 

Be not then so sad and moping. 
Dawns the freedom you are hoping, 
Comes another brighter mood, 
What God wills is luck and good. 

The character and learning of Pastorius, as well as his offi- 
cial position as Agent of the German Company and founder of 
the German Colony, brought him into contact with the leading 
men in the Province, with some of whom he formed a life-long 
friendship. 



" b Printed by permission from the original manuscript in the possession 
of Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypacker, whose English translation is subjoined 
to the original. The poem is on p. 561 of the MS. which we cite as F. D. P. 
Pages 444-5 of the same MS. contain short poems on Cupid and love. 



198 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Thomas Lloyd. 

On the journey across the, ocean, Pastorius made the ac- 
quaintance of the estimable Welshman, Thomas Lloyd, whose per- 
sonality and learning strongly attracted the German jurist. The 
first bond of sympathy seems to have been the knowledge of the 
Latin language which enabled both of them to carry on conver- 
sation. Lloyd had studied at Jesus College, Oxford, 10 and 
learned the continental pronunciation of Latin, so that he and 
Pastorius, the German, could readily understand each other. 

"Alone with him, I could in Latin then commune : 

Which tongue he did pronounce right in our German way." 

The friendship thus begun in a foreign tongue on board the 
ship America, while crossing the Atlantic, continued till the death 
of Lloyd in 171 3, and the memory of his Welsh friend was 
kept alive by Pastorius in poetic tributes which he dedicated to 
Lloyd's daughters, Rachel (Preston), Hannah (Hill) and Mary 
(Norris), after their father's death. These poetic memories 
were still accessible to Watson in a separate manuscript, when 
he wrote his Annals of Philadelphia in the Olden Time, but seem 
to have disappeared into private hands or to have been lost since 
that time. Fortunately, the Beehive has preserved many of these 
verses, which contain important information concerning the rela- 
tions of Lloyd and Pastorius. 

In a long prose preamble Pastorius recounts the mercies of 
God, and exhorts the daughters of Thomas Lloyd to join him 
in thanksgivings to the Most High, on the anniversary of their 
arrival in Pennsylvania. As special mercies he makes mention of 
their escape "from the Cruel, Enslaving Turks, once supposed 
to be at our heels," the Providential care which has protected 
them these one and thirty years, the kindness of William Penn 



"Cf. John Jay Smith, Letters of Dr. Richard Hill and His Children 
1854, and Charles Perring Smith, Mss. Mem. of the Carpenter Family (in 
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania). 



The Founder of Germantown 199 

"as a Compassionate Father for his unskillful Children," "keep- 
ing us unarmed creatures all along in ease & Peace, making as 
it were the Indians our Charissimos or Brethren." The poems of 
Pastorius to Lloyd's daughters are printed here for the first time. 

"A Token of Love and Gratitude. 

Just one and thirty years, or (says one, J know who,) 

Eleven thousand and Three hundred Twenty two 

Whole Days & Nights are past, since we arrived here 

At Phi-la-del-phi-a, where ye three Sisters dear, 

Jn Love together link'd, still arm in arm do hold 

Each other, as they paint the Charities of old. 

Should mine Arithmetick proceed, & multiply, 

(Like God his Blessings does,) it would (Be pleas'd to try, 

And pardon when ye find an overly mistake,) 

Of Minute, Seconds call'd, most thousand Millions make. 

Thus long ye have been here ! and ev'ry Moment he 

(Or if this Web of Time in smaller Thrums can be 

Divided,) has bestow'd some Benefits on you, 

Brave husbands, Store of Goods, & hopeful Children too. &c. 

Oh ! that my slender Quill could further set in Ranks 

His Graces to our Souls before your eyes, that Thanks 

Might as of one heart rise to him the Holy One, 

And like pure Jncense yield sweet Savour at his Throne : 

Where, with the Cherubims, and Spirits of Just Men, 

Your Parents worship him, & that not now & then, 

As we poor Mortals do, Confin'd below the Sky 

To Faint & Weakness ; but always, Jncessantly. 

John De la Val with them his Strength about this bends, 

And all Eternity in Hallelu — Jahs spends. 

Your Brother Mordecai, (J speak what J believe,) 

And those your tender Babes, who left this Vale of Grief, 

Of Sorrows & of Tears, to Heaven's Majesty 

He his Te Deum sings, they their Hosanna cry. 

There they expect, that ye and your Relations may 

Depart in due Time, out of these Tents of Clay, 

Jnto the Mansions, which the Lord prepar'd above, 

For all his Followers, that live & die in Love, 

Like Thomas Lloyd has done ; whom God there does regard, 

And in his Offspring here his Faithfulness Reward. 

Now, notwithstanding he for you (his Daughters) longs 

To mix your Melodies with his Celestial Songs ; 



200 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Yet I say, Tarry ye ! let me the first fall Sick, 
Ascend & meet him in my last Climacterick, 
Or LXIIIth year of age, J am in, and almost out. 
I'm far from Flattering! and hope, ye read my mind, 
Who can't, nor dare forget a Ship-Mate true & kind, 
As he your Father was to me, (an Alien,) 
My Lot being newly cast among such English men, 
Whose Speech J thought were Welsh, their words a Canting Tune, 
Alone with him J could in Latin then Commune : 
Which Tongue he did pronounce right in our German way, 
Hence presently we knew, what he or J would say. 
Moreover, to the best of my Rememberance, 
We never disagreed, nor were at Variance; 
Because God's sacred Truth, (whereat we both did aim,) 
To her indeared Friends is ev'ry where the same. 
Therefore 'twas he that made my Passage short on Sea, 
'Twas he & William Penn, that Caused me to stay 
In this then uncouth land, & howling Wilderness, 
Wherein J saw that J but little should possess, 
And if I would Return home to my Father's house, 
Perhaps great Riches & Preferments might espouse, &c. 
How be't nought in the World could mine Affection quench 
Towards Dear Penn, with whom J did converse in French. 
The Vertues of these Two (and Three or Four beside,) 
Have been the chiefest Charms, which fore'd me to abide. 
And though these Persons, whom J mention with Respect, 
(Whom God as Jnstruments, did graciously elect, 
To be His Witnesses unto this faithless Age,) 
Are at a distance now from our American Stage, 
Jn which as Actors, or Spectators, we appear, 
Their Memory Survives: To me they're very near. 
J often wish J might their Patience so express 
As J the want thereof ingenuously Confess. 
Good Lord ! what Jnjuries have your said Genitor 
Of Villains, whilst he was Lieutenant-Governour ! 
Jt seem'd to me, he would his Master Equalize. 
And suffer wretched Fools his Station to despise, 
Especially George Keith, well nigh devour'd by Lice. 
But honest Thomas Lloyd has laid his Body down 
Jn Rest & Peace with God. & now does wear the Crown 
Of Immortality, of Glory & of Life. 
Laid up also for us, if lawfullv we >trive. 

F. D. P. 
Fortunante Deo, Pietas Fert Deniqne Palmam." 



The Founder of Gcriiiantozvn 201 

"Germantown, the 20th day of the vith mo: 1715. dedicated by 
the Papists to their S. Bernhard and being the Anniversary feast of 
our happy Arrival at the Metropolis in this Province. 

Rachel Preston, Hannah Hill & Mary N orris. 

Your kindness wherewithal my last years Meeters met, 

Does this new monument of ship-mate-ship beget, 

Which, if it shall receive the selfsame Recompense, 

May rise as high again, & shew a twelvemonth hence 

Some Matters, as I hope, of greater Consequence, 

Unless my Jnk dry up, or my small Diligence. 

Dear Friends, an other Year besides the thirty one, 

(Whereof my former Sheet,) is now elaps'd and gone. 

Sith that we landed here on Philadelphia's Shore 

Our Duty then requires, to praise the Lord once more, 

For all his Goodnesses, in the Plurality, 

Which Ev'ry one of you enjoy'd as well as J : 

This Second Paper shall enumerate but some, 

Jn Grammars threefold Tense, Past, Present & to Come. 

I. God*s Mercies over Us have been before we were 

Produced on the Stage of this Terrestrial Sphere, 

He pour'd us out as Milk, within our Mother's Womb, 

And least that this should be yt First Stuff's 10a walking Tomb, 

Did Crudle it like Chees, and when yet weak & fresh, 

Fill up the tender skin with Sinews, Bones & Flesh. 

Our Bodies thus prepared, He graciously would give 

A never-dying Soul, thereby to move and live. 

To move & live to Him, in Whom we live and move, 

Oh ! that we always might obedient Children prove, 

Dread, love and worship God, the only Father, which 

Beyond all Fathers is, most Bountiful and Rich. 

'Tis He and He alone, that made us what we are, 

And of His Handy-work did ever since take Care, 

By Angels, Parents, Friends; Nay oft by wretched Foes, 

Who, aiming at the Head, could scarcely hit our Toes. 

So having been (poor things!) a Nine-month Closed in 

A dark and narrow Vault, (Concluded under Sin, 

Old Adam's Progeny,) were usher'd, that we should 

As well our Genitors, as other men behold ; 

But presently we wept, quite overwhelm'd with Fears, 

Forecasting, that we came into a Vale of Tears. 

How be't they kiss'd, they buss'd, & dandled us so long, 

Till with their Flatteries, & lulling Midwife's Song, 

'"a Chaos. 



202 frauds Daniel Pastorius 

They Dun'd our Juicy Ears, And in our Nurse's Lap, 

Outwcaried by these Tunes, we took a Gentle Nap, 

Soon wak'ned of our Trance, they laid us to the Breast, 

The which of all the Sports, (me thinks,) has been the best; 

For, when we grew some years, discerning sad from glad, 

They sent us to the School, where we learn'd good & bad : 

More of the last than first — Had not our Parents skill 

Surpass'd our Masters Wit, how Jll, alas! how Jll 

Would things still be with us? Had God withheld his Light, 

We were as blind as Moles ; But Thanks to Him ! our Sight 

Jncreased with our Age: Wherefore J humbly bless 

The Fountain of this Gift, the Sun of Righteousness : 

Whose Rays, if well improv'd by us, so as they ought, 

Will warm our fainting Hearts, and grant us what we sought, 

When J from Franckenland, & you from Wales set forth, 

The one out of the East, the Others of the North, 10b 

Jn order to Exile ourselves towards the West, 

And there to serve the Lord in Stillness, Peace & Rest. 

He gave us our desires ; For one, that rightly seeks, 

Does never miss to find. A matter of eight weeks 

Restrained in a ship, America by name, 

Jnto America [Amo(a)rica:] we came: 

A Countrey bitter-sweet, & pray ! how can 't be less, 

Consid'ring all the World does lie in wickedness? 

And though perhaps some thought, that Penn-Silvania 

Should be excepted, and dream'd of Utopia, 

That Extramundane place (by Thomas Morus found. 

Now with old Groenland lost,) where all are safe & sound; 

Yet is it parcel of the odd and Cursed Ground. Gen. 3 :i". 

What happ'nd by the way, is needless for to tell ; 

But this J dare not slip, that when the Lion fell 

Upon my Back, and when next in a frightful Storm, 

Once J myself did fall, there Crawling as a Worm, 

Brave honest Thomas Lloyd has been the only Man, 

That heal'd me by God's help, our great Physician, 

Our Maker, Saviour & our Prophet, Priest and King, 

Good Shepherd, Teacher, Guide: Our All and Ev'ry thing. 

To Him the Holy One, we his Redeemed bow, 

And Glory, Majesty, Renown and Praises owe, 

For what He hitherto was pleased to bestow. 

(On us poor Creatures, whose Cup did overflow. ) 

In two parts of this Globe, especially here, 



" b Francia Oricntalis : Wallia Septentrionalis. [The notes to the poem 
are by Pastorius himself.] 



The Founder of Germantown 203 

Where we at present breathe, which Tense, tho' ne're so near, II 

I hardly comprehend : Jt suddenly posts by, 

E'en in an Instant, and the Twinkling of an Eye. 

'Tis nothing but a Now, a Now that can not last ; 

Pronounce it with all haste. & with all haste it's past. 

A Weaver's Shuttle is not half so Swift or fleet, 

This momentary Jot has rather Wings than Feet : 

It vanishes like Smoke, like Dust before the Wind 

And leaves, as sounding Brass, an Echoing Voice behind, 

Which minds us, that it should be Carefully imploy d, 

So as the same has been by honest Thomas Lloyd, 

My quondam real Friend, whom with this Epithet 

J honour thankfully, and never shall forget 

His many Courtesies, to my Departing hour, 

Altho' my years should reach to other Sixty-four. 

If you, his Daughters, & your Families, & J, 

With mine do follow him, we may be sure to die 

Jn Favour with the Lord, and Unity with Friends : 

By three things he excell'd, Faith, Love & Patience. 

And this (to wit the last,) adorned thus his life, 

That J may truly say, she (it) was his Second W r ife. 

Concerning Charity, (the Center of my Trine,) 

It did as clearly as his other Vertues shine : 

He kindly deal'd with all, to ev'ry one did good, 

Endearing chiefly God, and then the Brotherhood. 

His Christian Belief was grounded on the Rock, 

And so could easily endure the hardest Shock : 

Plain-hearted he has been, profound & Orthodox, 

Opposed by Geo. Keith's dull lowing of an Ox. 11 

A Bull of Bashan, who went willfully astray ; 

But honest Thomas Lloyd continued in the Way, 

Christ Jesus, with streight Steps : Jf we walk on m them, 

We shall undoubtedly get to Jerusalem, 

The City of the Saints Solemnity above, 

Built of the purest Gold, wall'd, pav'd & ciel'd with Love. 

J say, we shall arrive, (and that is yet to come,) 

Ere long in Paradise our long & lasting Home ; III 

For, when what we call Time, (a thing at best but short, 

And to be used as Paul the Brethren does exhort,) 12 

Will once be Swallow'd up. with Death, in Victory, 

Those Tenses needs must cease to all Eternity. 

Eternity, a word whereof J fain would speak, 



u Vox Bovis, non Hominis. 
u l. Cor. 7:29. 



204 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Because J feel, it does a deep Impression make 

Upon my Spirit; Rut as Augustin was out 

In such like Mysteries, and proved too too stout, 

Reproved by a Child, that tried to transfuse 

The Waters of the Sea into his little Sluce. 

So, if by Millions, yea by thousand Millions more, 

Jnstead of Units, J shall Nine and Ninety Score 

Fine Bales of Genoa all over Multiply, 

'Twill but a Hair-breadth be as to Eternity. 

The Stars, and Jacob's Seed, are without Number, and 

He is a Shatter-pate, that Counts Grass, Drops & Sand : 

A perfect Bedlam, ay ! who with Simonides 

Presumes to Chalk out God, & Everlastingness. 

Let us be therefore wise, and thus retract the Days, 

Which from our Cradle up in Jdleness and Plays, 

Or infinitely worse, have frequently be[en] spent, 

That for transacted Sins we seriously repent : 

And take what heed we can, that in this ruriing Time, 

We nothing may mis-do, mis-think, mis-speak, mis-rime. 

As to Futurity, none of us all can say, 

That either you, or J, shall see an other Day ; 

For this good reason we Comit that unto Him, 

Who rides, above all Times, upon the Cherubim. 13 

He sees the Pristine, and what henceforth must ensue, 

Like present evermore : Gives unto Each his Due, 

And they, who faithfully their Talents do imploy, 

Shall be rewarded there with Crowns & boundless Joy. 

Thus J am finishing my homely Lines, and Crave 

Dear Shipmates, your Excuse, that J so boldly have 

With Doggrels troubled you, Fare well, rememb'ring me, 

Who am your loving & affectionate F. D. P." 13a 

"The 14th day of the 6th mo: 1716. Rachel Preston died, and 
was buried the 15th ditto at Philada. when my Son John Samuel 
married with Hannah, the youngest daughter of John Lucken, at 
Germantown. 

Genes. 35. v. 20. 
A Pillar upon Rachel's Grave 

Brave Jacob once would set, 
That he a Monument might have 

So as not to forget 
Her Vertues, Love and Faithfulness, 



"2 Sam. 22:ti & Psalm 18:10. 
,3 a-Cf. Beehive, p. m-112. 



The Founder of Germantown 205 

Wherein She did Excell, 
And likewise thereby to express 

That he Esteem'd Her well. 
Thus thou, Friend Preston, since thy Wife, 

Our Dearest Rachel is 
Departed now this troublesom Life, 

To Ever-lasting Bliss, 
Rear up a Pillar on thy Heart, 

For always to Remind, 
How she stood in Her sorest Smart 

Jn Patience not behind ; 
But was, when Weak, endu'd with Strength, 

Faith, Hope and Charity, 
Till taken to the Lord at length, 

Does Praise and Magnify 
His holy and most glorious Name 

With the Triumphant Church; 
Pray ! let us Jmitate the same, 

Tho' left here in the Lurch, 
Where I myself look'd for that Fate, 

My Ship-Mate underwent, 
And wherefore thought to antidate 

The last, J to Her sent. 
Thrice happy ! Not to see these lines, 

Beholding better Things, 
She like a Star at present shines 

Before the King of kings. 

Blessed are the Dead, which die in the Lord, 
from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that 
they may Rest from their Labours ; and 
their Works do follow them. Rev. 14. v. 13. 

This Obelisk, in haste made by a sorry hand, 

Serves only for a Draught, to show, how thine should stand. 

God's Serjeant, Death, must do, what he has in Comand. 

The foregoing I sent in form of a Letter to my loving Friend 
Samuel Preston, the late husband of the deceased Rachel Preston. " 13b 

"The 4th day of the 3d mo : 17 17. Elizabeth Hill sent me the little 
Book, Jntitled A Legacy for Children, being some of the last Ex- 
pressions & Dying Sayings of Hannah Hill, Junr. &c. Jnto which J 
wrote what followeth, & so restored it 



,3 bCf. Beehive, p. 114. 



206 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

To my well-beloved Friend Elizabeth Hill. 

Elizabeth ! this Book of mine 

Let henceforth (as a Gift,) be thine; vide pag. 4. 

I read it over thrice a day, 

Since in my hands the same did stay, 

And now return it unto thee, 

But twice from first to last to see 

Each week, how Mother's Name Sake dear, 

Thy loving Sister, in God's Fear 

Has laid her tender Body down page 21. 

Hereafter wearing that bright Crown, 

In Heaven for all faithful ones 

Laid up ; Whenas both Wasps & Drones 

Lake-ward are going, when they die ; 

Fear therefore God, Truth magnify, 

Due Respect to thy Parents give, 

Plainness embrace, and thou shalt live. 

Live forevermore with those named page 10. & 34. as also with 
her, that gave thee this wholsom Advice, page 19. in the glorious & 
over-Joyful presence of God, & our Lord Jesus Christ. So be it, 
Amen. 

This Book here, coming back, two other such demands, 

For else 't had never gone out of P 's hands, 

Who with the like brave Stuff his Library adorns. 

And in regard thereof both Gold and Silver scorns ; 

Because by that we reap great Profit to our Minds, 

But this, ( lov'd too too much.) Men's Understanding blinds. 

Dear Betty! then succeed in Sister Hannah's stead, 

The holy Scriptures oft, with other good Books, read : 

Delight in Needle-work, Delight likewise to write, 

And Letters full of Sense (as She did,) to Jndite. vide pag. 32. 

So thou wilt truly be, (as J may truly say,) 

The most Accomplished Maid in Philadelphia. 

F. D. P. 
Germantown the 6th day of the 3d month, iji?." 130 

William Paul. 

The most important friendship formed by Pastorius in 
Pennsylvania was that with William Penn, the proprietor of the 

"cCf. Beehive, p. 119. 



The Founder of Germantown 207 

province. On the 21st of August, 1683, the day after his arrival 
in Philadelphia, Pastorius presented his credentials to Penn, and 
was well received, both by the proprietor and his German secre- 
tary, Johann Lehenmann. Pastorius has left two accounts of this 
first meeting, one in the Beschreibung, 1 * and the other in the 
Sichere Nachricht. 15 The latter includes most of the former and 
gives besides an interesting estimate of Penn's character and 
work, and hence is given in English translation here : 

"The 20th [of August] we passed New Castle, Upland, and 
Dunicum [Tinicum Island] and arrived at evenfall, God be praised, 
at Philadelphia ; where on the following day I delivered to W. Penn 
the letters, which I brought with me, and was received by him with 
friendly affection ; of this very worthy man and celebrated ruler I 
should, in justice, write much more; but my pen, (although it is 
from an eagle, which a so-called savage recently brought into my 
house) is much too weak to express the lofty virtues of this Chris- 
tian, for such he is in deed. He often sends me an invitation to dine 
with him, also to walk or ride in his always edifying company; and 
when I was lately away a week fetching provisions from New Castle, 
and he had not seen me during that time, he came himself to my 
cottage, and desired, that I should come and be his guest several 
times a week. He is sincerely devoted [to the Germans], and said 
once publickly in my presence to his Councilors and those about him : 
I am fond of the [Germans] and wish, that you shall love them too; 
although I never at any other time heard such words of command 
from him ; these pleased me however so much the more, because 
they are quite in unison with the command of God (vid. Job. 3, 23). 
I cannot say more now than that Will. Penn is a man who honors 
God, and is honored by Him in return : who loves that which is 
good and is justly loved by all good men, &c. I doubt not, some will 
yet come hither themselves and experience in fact that my pen has 
not written enough in this matter." 

This esteem for the proprietor Pastorius seems to have re- 
tained even in the midst of the difficulties which he found arising 
out of Penn's policy of assigning the Germans their land. As we 



" Cf. Beschreibung, p. 37. 

M Cf. Sichere Nachricht, p. 2 (in photographic reproduction given in this 
work). 



208 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

have already seen, it was Penn and Thomas Lloyd chiefly who 
kept Pastorius from abandoning the German Colony and return- 
ing to his native land. Even in the midst of Penn's trial in Eng- 
land, Pastorius remained loyal to the great proprietor. 

Nor was the appreciation all on Pastorius' side. Penn has 
left us an interesting testimonial to the character of Pastorius 
in a later letter written in answer to an inquiry of Pastorius' 
father, Melchoir Adam Pastorius, as to the life of his son, Fran- 
cis Daniel, in America. These letters, with a German translation, 
were published in the Beschreibung. 153 - They form such an inter- 
esting incident in the life of Pastorius and Penn that they may fit- 
tingly be given entire here : 

"Salutem ab ipso fonte Salutis Jesu Christo quam plurimam. 
Vir Praelustris Humanissime & in Jesu Dilecte. 

AUdaciam meam in scribendo facile condonabis cum intellexeris 
ex paterna id fieri solicitudine & affectione erga filium meum Fran- 
ciscum Danielem Pastorium in Pensylvania tua commorantem abs 
quo jam longo tempore nil literarum accepi, ideo naturalis & Paternus 
affectus me impulit, ut de statu ac vitse genere ipsius pauca 
sciscitarer. 

Speraveram ego quidem me in senectute mea in ipso baculum & 
solamen habiturum, sed spe mea frustratus sum, dum in Provinciam 
tarn longe a me dissitam ipse se contulit. 

Vive in Jesv felicissime & per ministrum quendam de tuo 
famulitio respondere desiderio & petitioni meae dignare. Qui ipse 
toto corde exopto esse 

Windshemii 20. Jun. Tuse Humanissimae Dominationis servus ad 
1698. omnia Mandata paratissimus. 

M. A. P." 

In answer to this came by post to Neustatt-on-the-Aysch 
(where Melchior Adam Pastorius was temporarily living after 
his departure from Wmdsheim), April 25, 1699, the following 
answer in Latin : 



"a- Cf. Bcschreibung, p. 94 and 96. 



The Founder of Germantown 209 

"Observande mi in Jesu Christo Amice. 

Ex intimo amoris affectu te saluto prsesentemque tibi & futuram 
exopto felicitatem, qua? constat in fida obedientia in Lucem & Cogni- 
tionem illam quam tibi per Christum Jesum impertiit Deus. 

Nuper adhuc in vivis fuit filius tuus, & jam nunc Philadelphia? 
agit. Irenarchia hoc anno est, aut nuperrime fuit, alias Vir sobrius, 
probus, prudens & pius audit, spectatse inter omnes, inculpataeque 
famse, Familias pater est, quot vero filiorum, ignoro, Amoris tui 
pignus, cum literis valetudinis tuae nunciis pergratum illi accideret. 

Brevi Provinciam istam juvante Deo visurus sum, interea tem- 
poris quid velis & quid de eo expertas vel ad ipsum scribas vel in 
Literis ad me dandis exprimas. 

Cum Votis itaque ut Devs una cum salutis sus demonstratione 
dignetur seniles tuos annos sicuti olim Simeoni prolongare, valere te 
jubeo 

Bristolii die 20. Mensis 12. 
vulgo Februarii 1699. 

Sincerus tibi ex animo amicus. 
William Penn. 
Inscriptio. 
A Monsieur Monsieur Melchior Adam Pastorius. 
President a Windsheim in Franconia." 

It may be noted here that Melchior Adam Pastorius dedi- 
cated the following anagram to William Penn : 

"Guilelmus Penn Dei gratia Regisq Fauore Princeps Pensyluaniae. 

anagramma : 
Perpendens fallacia munia Regni qusesiui greges populi tui sereni. 

Nusquam tuta fides. Nunc Terra recalcitrat [ ?] Astris 

Subditus in Regem surgit et arma gerit 
Filius obsistit Patri, mala filia matri. 

Iustus ab iniusto plectitur exilio 
Sicce manu CromWel violentus Sceptra Stuardi 

Inuasit, sed mox reddidit ilia DEVS. 
Rex Iacob Leges Regni dum tollit, et almum 

Frangere conatur Relligionis opus 
Iudicio ecce Dei iusto secedere Regnis 

Cogitur et iusto plectitur Exilio. 
Hinc ego perpendens fallacia munia Regni 

Territus obstupui, cordeque contremui 
Inde Greges pie Christe tui super Orbe sereni. 



210 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Quaesiui Populi qui tua jussa colat. 
Hunc Philadelphiacis collegi nuper in oris 
Syluanisq locis pectora fida Deo." 10 

The tribute paid by Perm to the cliaracter of Francis Daniel 
Pastorius, 

"Vir sobrius, probus, prudens & pius, 
Spectatae inter omnes, inculpatseque famae," 

is a fitting memorial to the many-sided German pioneer, and justi- 
fies the noble sketch drawn by the Quaker poet, Whittier, in The 
Pennsylvania Pilgrim. 

It is possible that the following anagram, which Melchior 
Adam Pastorius dedicated to his son, Francis Daniel, belongs to 
this period : 

"Franciscus Daniel Pastorius. 



FONS SALVTIS, PARCAS DIV NECI. 

Si peccatori mortemque necemque minari, 
Numinis est proprium ? Iustitiaeque Dei ? 

Parcas quKso div iesv fons alme SALUtis, 
Venturas, misero quae subeunda NECI. 

Passus enim pro me, Peccatum Daemona, Mortem 
Strauisti, inque tuo sanguine tutus ouo." 17 

The devotion of Pastorius to the great proprietor is further 
expressed in a poem dedicated to Penn upon his third arrival in 
the Province of Pennsylvania : 

"Epibaterium, Or a hearty Congratulation to William Penn, Chief 
Proprietary of the Province of Pcnnsilvania &c. Upon his third 
Arrival into the same. 

For which good Patriots these sev'ral years did long, 
And which Occasions this his German's English Song, 
Who'f old could talk with him but in the Gallic Tongue. 



16 Cf. Itincrarium, p. 232. 
" Cf. Itincrarium, p. 115. 



The Founder of Germantown 211 

Ter Fortunatus, Felix, et Faustus ad Jndos Tertius Adventus sit, 

Guiliellme, tuus ! 
Let Heroic Poets Tote of War and warlike Men, 
My Reed (shrill Oaten-Straw!) does Welcome Wm. Penn, 
A man of Love & Peace, abominating Strife, 
To him its Welcome sounds, and to his dearest Wife, 
And to his hopeful Son, his Daughter and all His, 
With Cordial Wishes of God's everlasting Bliss. 
The third time welcome Penn ! Of good things (as we see 
Jn Sacred History,) there have been often three. 18 
Thrice Balaam's Ass would turn, & thrice the Prophet smites, 19 
And three times blesses he the blessed Jsraelites. 20 
Thrice every year the Jews must keep their Solemn Feasts, 21 
And Solomon the Wise thrice sacrifices Beasts. 22 
His Father David thrice (an exercised man, 23 
According to God's heart,) bows down to Jonathan. 24 
Elijah stretches him upon the Widow's Boy 
No less than thrice, & thus death's Power does destroy. 25 
Thrice to his windows goes my Name Sake op'ning them 
And ev'ry day prays thrice toward Jerusalem. 26 
Three times a Voice was heard, Rise Peter, kill & eat," 27 



18 1 wittingly omit to speak of the holy & transcendent Three, who bear 
Record in Heaven & in Earth, 1 John 5, 7, 8 as also of the three Angels, whom 
Abraham entertained in the plains of Mamre, Gen. 18:2. Hebr. 12:2. 

Neither do I quote, that three men of each Tribe were to describe the 
promised land, Josh. 18 14. nor that all the Males were three times in the 
year to appear before the Lord God, Exod. 23:17. nor that divers goodly 
persons, having many Sons, had but three Daughters, 1 Chron. 25 :$. Job 1 :2. 
Jtem what J concerning this mystical Number might have allegorized 
out of Deut. 14:28, 29. Ezek. 14:14. Dan. 3:24. and 10:2. Matt. 13:33. Mark 
9:5. Luke 10:36. &c. and from Natural Philosophy, how all Elementary 
things consist of three, viz. Sal, Sulphur and Mercurius. But only add the 
ancient Latin Proverb, in no more than three words, Omne Trinum Per- 
fectum : i. e. Of all Good things there must be Three. 

19 Numb. 22 :28, 32, 33. 

20 Numb. 24:10. 

21 Dent. 16:16. 
22 1 Kings 9 :25. 

23 1 Sam. 24 15. I Kings 1 1 :4. Acts 13 :22. 

24 1 Sam. 20 :4i. 

25 1 Kings 17: 21. 

2, Dan. 6: 10, 13. Add Psal. 55: 17. 

" Acts 10:13, 16. and 11 7, 10. 



212 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Wild Beasts & creaping things make lawful Gospell-Meat. 28 

Paul's suff'rings threefold were, on this & th' other wise, 28 

For Satan's Buffeting he sighs to Heaven thrice. 30 

Thrice therefore Welcome Penn! (is my repeated cry,) 

The third time to the land of thy Propriety ! 

Thy Province, into which these thirty one years past 

My Lot, by Providence, most happily was cast. 

Here in its Jn fancy thy Face J first did see 

The one and twenti'th of the Sixth Month, Eighty three. 1683. 

When the Metropolis (which Brother-Love they call,) 81 

Three houses, & no more, could number up in all. 

No Fulness then of Bread, no Jdleness, no Pride, 

Where into Belial since did many-ones misguide. 32 

There in thy Company J with my Soul's delight 

At Jntervals might sit till mid-time of the night. 

Then (as the Chearing Sun) thou visitedst poor Caves, 83 

Pray ! let us not forget those Emblems of our Graves. 

But ever mindful of the Mercies of the Lord, 

Thank Him for what He did so graciously afford, 

In our first Meeting-Tent of Pine and Chest-nut boord. 34 

How be't thy Presence was withdrawing from us, ere 



25 1 Cor. 10:25. Tit. 1:15. Matt. 15:11. 
"2 Cor. 11 :25. Acts ch. 14. & 16. & 27. 
80 2 Cor. 12:8. 

"In Greek Philadelphia, Rom. 12:10. by reason of the Brotherly Affec- 
tion & Kindness, which therein should abound, and not Philargyria, or Love 
of Money, as it is English'd, 1 Tim. 6:10 and Juxta Ovidium: crescit Amor 
Nummi. &c. Qu. Argenti Studium vestra dum regnat in Urbe, Cura Fraterno 
Nomen Amore trahit. Resp. Romulus, Abimeleck, Esau, Cain atq : Jehoram 
Fratres Frater habet ; Gratia rara tamen. 
33 Ezech. 16 : 49. 

The Pit without a Bottom 
Brought forth these Sins of Sodom ; 
Ye. who Comit the same, 
Are guilty of its Flame. 
33 The caves of that time were only holes digged in the Ground, Covered 
with Earth, a matter of 5. or 6. feet deep, 10. or 12. wide and about 20. long; 
whereof neither the Sides nor the Floors have been plank'd. Herein we 
lived more Contentedly than many nowadays in their painted & wainscotted 
Palaces, as J without the least hyperbole may call them in Comparison of the 
aforesaid Subterraneous Catatumbs or Dens. Vide Hebr. 11:38. J myself 
purchased one of the old Tho. Miller for -,£. then Currt. Silver Money of 
Pennsylvania in the midst of the Front-Street at Philada., wdienas the 
Servants, J had along with me, could have made a far better in less than two 
days, had they but known how to handle the spade. 

"Our first Meeting-house in the sd City was nothing else than a Lodge 
or Cottage, nailed together of Pine-boards, Imported from New- York, and 



The Founder of Germantown 213 

We understood what things in Pensilvania were 

Of good or evil use, to follow, or t' avoid, 

The wisest of us all was honest Thomas Lloid. 35 

Some lent their itching Ears to Kuster, Keith & Budd, 

And miserably fell into the Ditch of Mud, 

Where they may stick & stink ; For as a sightless whelp, 

So stark-blind Apostates do grin at profer'd help : 

They spend their Mouths, & fain with vain words would ensnare, 

Or if this will not do, scold, back-bite, bug-bear, scare; 

Hereof, brave William Penn, me thinks, thou hadst thy share. 

And yet the second time cam'st Safe to this thy Land, 

Dogs, who at distance bark, bite not when near at hand. 

Now J thought all was well, the Country full of Folks, 

The City stately built, some houses 's tall as Oaks, 

The Markets stall'd with Beef, whereof we nothing knew, 

When (as aforesaid,) Hutts & Wigg-wams were so few. 

However, feeble things we are below the Moon ! 

Change upon change, alas! befalls us very soon, 

Till She with other Stars & Planets (which now meet 

Above our heads,) will be the Pavement for our Feet. 

Mean while away again, home to Great Britain thou 

Downward th' Atlantic Sea must sail, ascend'st the Prow 

Of that unlucky Ship; unlucky, why? Because 

Jn her a harmless Lamb is carried to the Claws 

Of Tygers, Bears and Wolves, who since they can't devour, 

Shut him up in the Fleet, as form'rly in the Towr, 

Old Baily's Bale-dock, and such Dungeons, apt to scour, &c. 

Ay, sorry Turky quill ! stop, stop, & say no more, 

Make not afresh to bleed a newly healed Sore. 

This World, thou knowst, has been most troublesom to the Best, 

And so will always be : Jn Christ they find their Rest, 86 

The wch suffices them. Job's Motto ( : Jf God would 

Ev'n slay, J'ld trust in Him,) remains their strongest Hold. 37 



sold a hundred foot at 10. Shill. And never the less the LORD appeared 
most powerfully in that Tabernacle of Shittim wood, ( :See mine Onomastical 
Observations, Num. 1606). Glory be to His Name for ever and ever. 

'"This my well beloved Ship-mate has been no less Conspicuous for 
his Jntegrity & irreprovable Life, than for his singular Learning, Prudence 
& great Knowledge in things Physical, Civil & divine, whereby (tho' Deputy 
Governr. of this Province,) he was not puffed up at all, Out of an affable, 
mild & truly Christian Temper, Yet Zealous for the Truth, and undaunted in 
its defense, his Charity still being greater than his Jntellect, and his Love 
towards GOD the greatest of all three. 

"John 16:33. Hebr. 11:36. &c. 

"Job 13:15. 



214 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

They can Forget, Forgive & render good for Bad, 38 

Bless & Jntreat when wrong'd ; both sorrowful & glad. 30 

Rejoicing in the LORD, continually rejoice, 40 

I ..nigh at their Enemies, and at the cackling noise 

Of their Persecutors, whom (scornful Brats!) God scorns, 41 

And in His fiery Wrath at last cuts off their horns. 

For after he has try'd the Patience, Faith & Hope 

Of His Espoused-Ones, and they do not Elope, 

But firmly Cleave to Him, He Crowns & Comforts them 

With Kisses of his Mouth : No Cross, No Diadem. 42 

God proves first, then approves; first wounds, then heals; first kills, 

Then quickens by His WORD : first empties, and then fills, 

With Pleasures, which none dare Compare to any thing : 

Prais'd & extolled be the Name of Zion's King ! 

But why do J rehearse these Truths to thee dear Friend, 

Who hast experiene'd them beyond what J intend 

To mention in my Rime except that thread-bare Lie 

[ :Penn in America a Jesuite did Die?] 

No sure! the self-same Man, whom Gazetteers have slain 

So many Years agoe, lives still, or lives again : 

Loves JESUS, and abhors the Jnsects of the Sect, 

Wherewith black Loyol did this latter Age infect. 

J say thou liv'st, dear Penn, Thanks be to GOD on high, 

That to the Prince of Life thou art yet very nigh ; 

Yea nearer, J believe, than thou hast ever been, 

Before this Province was by thee the third time seen. 

The third time and the last, J question not, He will 

Grant our Petition, and abundantly fulfill 

The Number of thy Days, that when thou art to lay 

Thy Body once aside, Jt undisturbed may 

Sleep fast at Pennsberry ; thy Soul Return & stay 



M i Pet. i :g. F. D. P. acer Eremi Penniaci Cultor, le Colo Penne bene 
God Almighty pleas to Bless 
Penn, and Penn's brave Wilderness. 

3 ' i Cor. 4: 13. 2 Cor. 6: 10. 

40 Phil. 4 : 4. 

" Psal. 2 : 4. 

" Psal. 75 :8, 10. 2 Cant. 1 :2. Hebr. 12 15. &c. 

W. P. Veritas Vincit, Praevalet. D. L. Diabolus Latrat. 

All Devilish Lyars delight in Lurking-holes. 
Vult Vertus Patere : Dolus Latere. 

YVhenas Plaindealing Truth Will shine to both the Poles. 
Wahrheit: Wie der Palm-baum stein. 
Wann Dir Ltigen untergeht. 



The Founder of Germantown 215 

With Him, from whom she came, as those do who are gone 

Already, and their Task here faithfully have done, 

Tho' younger than we both. In French now Je conclus, 

Jcy, et au Ciel Penn est le Bien-Venu ! 

Pour en avoir de Tout, il faut aussi un pen d'Allemand. 

Whereas, Loving and dearly Esteemed Friend, in thy Travails 
in Holland and Germany thou hast heard & learned somewhat of 
my Mother-tongue ; J hereby make bold to subjoyn a few lines in the 
same, as followeth : 

Penn heiszt auf Welsch ein Haubt, auf Nieder Teutsch ein Feder, 
Die man zum schreiben braucht ; das Haubt ersmn't entweder 
Gut oder Bos, womit die Konigin paar Geldt, 
Durch Hiilff der Feder Zwingt, die Gross und kleine Welt. 
Nein, wans hier Wiinschens gait, so wolt ich, dasz mein Feder 
Ein solchen Nach-druck hatt, damit sich Ja Ein jeder 
Als ein gehorsam Glied ergiibe Jesu Christ, 
Der da das Eintzig Haubt der wahren Kirchen ist ^ 
So ware weder Heid, noch Jud ; audi kein Papist." 4 

Griffith Owen. 
Next to Thomas Lloyd and William Penn, Griffith Owen 
seems to have occupied the warmest place in Pastorius' heart. It 
was to Owen that he turned for medical aid in the last years of 
Owen's life. The following testimonial to the efficacy of Owen's 
medicine is quaintly phrased in the Beehive: 

"Dearly Esteemed Friend Griffith Owen. Germantown, the 16th of 
the 3d mo. 1714. 

My last Climaterick ( Nine multiplied by Sev'n,) 
May be, will bring me home, to'r long home even Heav n ; 
Where God our Father dwells in everlasting Bliss, 
Where we his Children then shall see Him as He is, 
And where the Holy Ghost our Spirits shall inflame 
Eternally to praise and Celebrate His Name. 
However, by Neglect we must not kill ourselves, 
Therefore pray Doctor look for me upon thy Shelves 
A gentle Purge which can (as I do think,) expell 
My Fever's burning heat : So no more now, Farewell. 

F. D. P. 48 



"a Cf. Beehive, p. 108-109. 
13 This footnote is added by Pastorius : 

"Thy Spaw water's Salt did me much good these two Years agoe. Sal 
Cathariticum sive Mirabile, Epson Salt" (cf. Beehive, p. 104). 



216 Francis Daniel I'astorius 

Adde supra Num. 352. Anno 1714. the 19th of November J acci- 
dentally came at a little Book Jntitled Tractatus de Salis Cathartici 
amari in aquis Ebesshamensibus & hujus modi olijs contenti Natura 
et Usu. Authore Nehemia Green M. D. utriusq. Rcgiae Societatis 
Socio. Londini, i6cjj. in 12 and presented it to my good Friend 
(Griffith Owen, scribbling on the first page, as followeth: 

Franciscus Daniel Pastorius huncce Libellum — 
Qui Salis Eb'shamij Virtutes prodit et Usus, 
(Leniter hoc Alvus, quoties adstricta, movetur, 
Mota graves morbes ex Corpore projicit a^gro, &c) 
Dilecto Medico, 44 Grifntho donat Oweno, 
Cui debere nihil vult, gratus, praeter Amorem. 
What J had twice of Thee, this Author does exalt, 
And Satisfy my debt, by rend'ring Salt for Salt. 
Jn Case that clears thy Book, 'tis well, till J want more, 
Jf not, be pleas'd to put (or keep) it on my Score ; 
For J intend to Pay the Salt & all the Rest, 
Which J Dear Owen owe : These Lines are but a Jest. 
Talibus innocuis Salibus licet hactenus uti, 
Ut similis similem dilectet Amicus Amicum. 44a 

When after the general or yearly Meeting at Philada. (17th of 
the 1st mo :) was ended, my beloved Physician Gr. Owen prepared for 
his journey towards New England, the Adversary of Men's Eternal 
happiness would Jmpudently Suggest some distrustful Thoughts, 
the which never the less by the immediate Jnspiration of our heavenly 
Comforter, J answered by way of Paradox, as well the better to 
Confound the Wicked One, as also the more firmly to fix and fasten 
the Anchor of my hope on Jehovah, the Rock of Ages, who alone is 
able to Save to the utmost, & to restore to a State of former health 
(: if it be his good Will & Pleasure,) even with a \\ ord. Matt. 8 : 8. 

Advers. Thy Doctor goes his ways, To Check New England's Ills, 

Answ. No, no ! he ever stays, My Soul with good things fills. 

Advers. He surely thither goes, And there will teach and preach. 

Answ. No, no! his hands & Toes Are always within Reach. 

Advers. Heboid, Asides he Starts, And Just now takes his horse. 

Answ. What then? tho' he departs, It is not for the worse. 
God sometimes hides his Face, And still is very near: 
II is wholsom Saving Grace Soon does again appear. 

Advers. What strange thing now is this, At once to go and stay? 



** Vid. Coloss 4, 14. 
** a Cf. Beehive, p. no. 



The Founder of Germantown 217 

Answ. Did not the Son of Cis Among the Prophets play ? 

Advers. J mean that Mortal Man, who Med'cine to thee gives. 

Answ. And J th' Physician, By Whom each Creature lives. 

Advers. Say ! Art thou not afraid, That One goes, whilst thou'rt ill ? 

Answ. No, No! For as J said, My Soul has yet her Fill. 
By him who is all Love, And present ev'ry where : 
Whose Will does move above My low and trembling 
Sphere. 4415 

James Logan. 

These to my Esteemed Friend James Logan, at Philada. Quae de 

Fraterno Nomen Amore trahit. 
******* 

1714 
Jf we did reason right & perfect Logick chop, 
Endeavoring day & night To get to Wisdom's Top 
We should instead of Glass, Meet with the precious Gem, 
To do to Others as We would be done by them. 
This was Christ's doctrine and, if fully understood, 
Js the eternal Band of Peace, the noblest Good. 
With this runs parallel what holy Prophets taught, 
To shun the Sin as hell ; Be Virtuous, & not nought. 
Old Pagan Epictet on two words (as J hear,) 
Did all his Groundwork set, to wit, Bear and Forbear. 
But nowadays the chief and usual Business 
Js to be large not brief; An Hour's Task, seldom less. 
And after we compare The Writings, Surely 't looks, 
That new-ones (neotericks) Volumes are, the ancient Little Books, 
Jn these which have been first, we richly find, whereby 
To satisfy our Thirst; [the latter leave us dry,] 
the last themselves are dry. paucis exceptis. 
Fides Doctrinaq. Prisca Forti (Fere) Deliciosa Palato." 440 



RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. 

The question has been raised whether Pastorius was a 
Quaker, and, if so, at what time he became such. It has been 
stoutly maintained that he remained at heart a Lutheran. 



" b Cf. Beehive, p. 117-11S. An obituary poem and an epitaph to Griffith 
Owen and another poem in memory of Thomas Lloyd are found in the 
Beehive, p. 120. Both bespeak the affection of those printed here. 

"cCf. Beehive, p. 101, and another poem to J. Logan, p. 103. 



2i8 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

As we have seen, Pastorius' family was originally Catholic, 
his father, Melchior Adam Pastorius, having gone over to the 
Evangelical faith (Augsburg Confession), after his arrival in 
Sommerhausen, making confession of faith and partaking of the 
sacrament with Count Georg of Limpurg on Christmas Daw 
1649. The marriage of Melchior Adam Pastorius with the 
widow Magdalena Johm, was the beginning of an Evangelical 
Lutheran household in this branch of the Pastorius family. Fran- 
cis Daniel was baptized and reared a Lutheran. Although he 
associated himself with the Pietists of the Spener circle in Frank- 
furt-on-the-Main and was on friendly terms with the Quakerized 
Mennonites in Crefeld. Kriegsheim and other places in Germanv. 
there is no positive evidence that he had renounced his allegiance 
to the Lutheran faith upon his arrival in America. Pastorius 
refers to the confessions in Pennsylvania a number of times in 
the Beschreibung* 5 but gives no clear statement as to his own 
sectarian attitude as between Lutheran and Quaker. 

In the chapter "Concerning the Religions of the Province," 
Pastorius mentions four forms of religion : 

1. That of the Indians, which is entirely heathen, although 
monotheistic and evidently sincere. 

2. That of the English and Hollanders, most of whom are 
Calvinists. 

3. The Quakers, who are with William Perm in Philadel- 
phia. 

4. That of the Swedes and High Germans, who belong to 
the Evangelical (Lutheran) confession. 

Having enumerated these confessions he mentions the fact 
that a little church had been built in 1686 in Germantown for 
the community, thus implying that all worshipped together. That 
this church was considered as community property is further seen 
from the fact that the court was held in it. 46 



" Cf. Beschreibung, p. 34-35- 

"O. Seidensticker, Besiehungen der Deutscken :u den Schweden in 

Pennsylvania! (Der Deutsche Pronier, VI, 427). 



The Founder of Germantown 219 

In this same chapter Pastorius takes the opportunity of com- 
menting upon the Lutherans in particular, showing that he was 
still enough interested in them to regret their shortcomings and 
indifference : 

"The Swedes and High Germans are Evangelical and have their 
own Chirch, whose minister is called Fabricius, of whom I mu&.> ay 
with regret, that he is much given to drink ,-nd still almost olind in 
the inward man. * * * * The Evangelical ministers would have 
had a good opportunity to follow the command of Christ: "Go ye 
into all the world and preach the Gospel," if they were willing to 
be the followers of Christ rather than the servants of their body and 
if they were more devoted to Theologia Interna, than to literal 
recitation." 47 

In another letter to his father, dated March 30, 1694, Pas- 
torius gives an interesting account of his religious life in the new 
province : 

"Myself and family are still in good health, as reported in my 
preceding [letter] and [living] a quiet peaceful private life, and 
although I am still charged with Inspection of Justice [the office of 
Justice of the Peace] both in Germantown and Philadelphia, yet 
such outside official affairs do not disturb the inner consciousness of 

the gentle humble private life of Jesus Christ An 

intimate friend wrote me from Frankfurt recently, how the apathetic 
Lutheran Ministers had been attacked and disturbed by the Quietists 
and the Papal apostles of works by the Pietists, which I regard as 
unmistakable forerunners of the approaching appearance ( God grant 
it may be soon) of his dear and only begotten Son. Happy, eternally 
happy they who have oil in their lamps and are ready to meet this 
blessed bridegroom and go with him to the wedding feast." 48 

""Num. 12, Lutherans. Solafidians are so taken up with Faith, they have 
no room for charity. They think to perform all their duty to God in hearing, 
and to shew the Fruits of it in talking. Justified by faith alone; whereas 
that Faith wch is alone, doth not justifie. 2. Luther, Calvin, Champions in 
their day. They use their Mother's ( :the Church of Rome:) weapons, & 
yet cry (:whore:) against her. They are called by the name of M. L. as 
Christians, by J. C. Ubiquitarians. Cochley's lies against Luther, Barel 615. 
M. Luther being offended at his Master the Pope, set up for himself, as the 
only Apostle of that age, Mamiet [?] Vol. 8, p. 234, he staggered many 
wise & honest men & overthrew whole thousands of fools & knaves, Jbid. 
Sola fide, a short & compendious Cut to be saved, the Lutheran Reforma- 
tion. Those of the Augustan Confession, falling into the odium of the more 
rigid L. vid. Evangelium ( : Evangelicorum.) in And. Menip. tit. 82. brave 
Luther acted nobly & heroically in separating from Rome." From the Beehive. 
" Cf. Beschreibung. p. 64-65 and 86ff 88. 



220 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

In almost every letter Pastorius manifests his personal con- 
cern for the spiritual welfare of his kinsmen and friends beyond 
the sea, as, for example, in his exhortation to his godchild, Merck- 
lein, to make good the vow which his godfather had made, and in 
his admonition joined to congratulation upon his father's election 
as Superior Judge of Windsheim, calling his father's attention 
to the account he must'give at the last judgment. All this "con- 
cern" is quite ic '• -ning with the spiritual awakening of the 
time, found both among the Pietists and the Quakers, but there 
is not a word about his personal doctrinal attitude toward any 
specific sect in the first year in Germantown. 

It seems quite likely that matters of creed did not seriously 
disturb the little community of the German town during the first 
years of their communal life. They were practically one in 
spirit, whether Pietists from Frankfurt, or Mennonites or Ger- 
man or Dutch Quakers from Crefeld and the Lower Rhine. The 
spirit of the little Quaker meeting at the house of Times 
Kunders doubtless pervaded the whole community. 

The actual affiliation of Pastorius with the Quakers, appears 
clearly from the minutes of the Monthly and Quarterly Meet- 
ings of Philadelphia and Abington. The items in these minutes 
relating to Pastorius' connection with the Friends are here given 
in chronological order. Those referring to Pastorius' teaching 
in the Friends' School in Philadelphia have been given already, 
and need not be repeated here : 

The Records of the Abington Monthly Meeting of the 
Friends contain the following entries : 

Record of Marriages and Births of the Abington Monthly 
Meeting: 

"Witness of Marriage of Peter Shumaker Jun and Margaret 
Op de Graeff both of Germantovvnship Frances Daniell prestoreys" 
[sic]. 

"The Children of Francis Daniel Pastorious [sic]. 

1. Jno Saml Pastorious Born ye 30th of ye 1 mo 1690. 

2. Henery Pastorious Born ye 1st of ye 2 mo 1692." 

"At our Monthly Meeting ye 28. 12 mo. 1703 Daniel Walton 



Tlic Founder of Germantown 221 

Edmond Orphood Everard Bolton & Daniel Pastorius are appointed 
to attend ye Quarterly Meeting." 

"At our Monthly Meeting ye 29 6 mo. 1715 : 
William Preston Daniel Pastorius Richard Lewis & Ryner 
Tyson are appointed to attend ye Quarterly Meeting." 

The Minutes of the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting contain 
the following entries : 

"Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 25 d. 8m. 1697. 

Samuel Carpenter & James Fox ar>. ^ desired to speak with 
Francis Daniel Pastorius in order to write i\ ■ Yiends of this 
Meeting." 

"Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 29 d. nm 1697: 
It being proposed to this meeting that a printing press would be 
very serviceable to friends belonging to the Yearly Meeting, Daniel 
Pastorius of Germantown is willing and thinks he may be Capable of 
managing the same, therefore the meeting requests Samuel Carpen- 
ter or any other friends to send to England for a press and letters or 
such things thereunto belonging as cannot be gotten here and this 
meeting, if the Yearly meeting doth not approve thereof, doth prom- 
ise to see him or them paid for the same." 

"Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 29. 2 mo 1698: 
A paper from the last Yearly Meeting of London was directed 
to the monthly & quarterly meetings in Pensylvania, East & West 
Jersey, for the Collecting of all George Fox's books & writings in 
these parts. In order thereto. It is agreed that Daniel Pastorius write 
Copies of the above said papers, and that one of them be sent to each 
monthly meeting in this County, and also one to Bucks, one to 
Chester and one to New Castle Counties to their particular Quarterly 
meetings, that so the service thereof, may be answered, there being 
Copies already sent to East & West Jersey. And for this monthly 
meeting it is left to the care of James Fox to make diligent Enquiry 
therein & whosoever hath any of the said books and papers are 
desired to bring them unto our next monthly meeting." 

"Monthly Meeting Philadelphia 27th 3 mo 1698 : 
Daniel Pastorius acquaints this meeting that he wrote Copies of 
the papers from the Yearly Meeting of London, about the Collection 
of Geo. Fox's writings & delivered them to Anthony Morris, in order 
to be sent to the several meetings as directed and friends are still 
desired to bring into the next meeting or at any time to James Fox, 
an account of what of his books or writings they have." 



222 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

"Monthly Meeting Philadelphia 30. 4m 1699: 

Whereas there is a Book wanting for recording marriages 
amongst friends, James Fox is to buy a Good Book for that purpose, 
and pay for it of the meeting Stock, and deliver it to Francis Daniel 
Pastorius who is appointed to Record all marriages in it. Reese 
Peters and Robert Burrough are desired to acquaint friends; to 
bring in their Certificates that it may be done." 

"Monthly Meeting Phi' delphia 25. 6 1699: 

An Epistle from lame Dickinson on being read, Francis Daniel 
Pastorv/s was ordered tolwrite 12 Copies thereof, and to deliver 
them to Sam. Carpenter -a James Fox who are desired to dispose the 
same as desired by Janie \ Dickinson, which is accordingly done." 

"Monthly Meeting Philadelphia 29. 1. 1700: 

Griffith Owen having recommended John Cadwallader as a 
person very fit for an assistant in the School. (Francis Daniel Pas- 
torius being gone) [ref. here to former neglects'] Anthony Morris, 
David Lloyd, Iohn Jones & Samuel Carpenter are desired to see what 
Daniel Pastorius hath done upon the meetings accts. and to pay him 
for the same." 

"Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 26. 2. 1700: 
The friends appointed to consider what Daniel Pastorius hath 
done for friends, Report that they think he should have Ten pounds, 
which this meeting approves of, and orders Samuel Carpenter to pay 
the same." 

"Monthly meeting of Philadelphia 30. 1. 1705: 

Daniel Pastorius & Arnett Clinken from Germantown requests 
the assistance of this meeting towards their building a new meeting- 
house, which friends seems very ready and willing to do, and it is 
agreed that a subscription may be begun at the beginning of the 
next monthly meeting." 

"Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 26. 4. 1713: 
The minute relating to David Lloyd and the letter sent this 
meeting by John Jawert being under consideration, and David still 
continuing his request for a Certificate, the sence of this meeting is, 
that David Lloyd should appear at our monthly meeting to give them 
Satisfaction in relation to the Complaint of Daniel Pastorius and 
John Jawert, the meeting being informed that the Controversy be- 
tween Humphrey Murray & the said David is ended." 

"Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 30. 8. 1713: 

The friends appointed to hear David Lloyd & Daniel Pastorius, 

live of them met \ heard what they had to say." !i: * : | All] 



The Founder of Germantown 223 

"with the assistance of Samuel Preston, or any six of them 
are yet desired to labour further with David Lloyd, and endeavor to 
convince him that there is a fraud in the recovering of the said Ger- 
mans lands, whether he was then appraised of it or not." 48a 

It seems quite likely that Pastorius, like all the seriously 
minded of the Germantown community, was spiritually affiliated 
with the Friends' meeting in Germantown, held first in the house 
of Times Kunders, and after 1686 in the little church built that 
year. The condition of affairs is weC reflected by the fact that 
he was one of those who laid the protest against slavery before 
this meeting in 1688. This protest, wl\j'i will be printed in 
a later chapter, shows signs of differences, which were already 
arising in Germantown, and were soon to assume more definite 
sectarian expression. 

In 1690 the Mennonites were reinforced by new arrivals 
and had a meeting of their own in the house of Isaac Jacobs van 
Bebber, with William Rittenhouse as their preacher. 

A manuscript account of the life of Hendrick Pannebecker, 
gives a good description of the attitude of the Mennonites toward 
the Quaker meeting at this time : 

"The beginning or the origin of the Community of Jesus Christ 
here in Germantown, who are called Mennonites, took its rise in this 
way, that some friends out of Holland and other places in Germany, 
came here together, and although they did not agree, since at this 
time the most were still Quakers, nevertheless they found it good to 
have exercises together, but in doing it they were to be regarded as 
sheep who had no shepherd, and since as yet they had no preachers, 
they endeavored to instruct one another. In the year 1690 more 
Friends from Crefeld and elsewhere came into the land, who were 
also of our brethren and added themselves and attended our exer- 
cises in the house of Isaac Jacobs." 49 



" a Cf. p. 150 above for the other entires in the Minutes touching the case 
of David Lloyd. 

As late as the "28th 8 mo 1715" Pastorius and Peter Shoemaker brought 
complaint in the Friends' Meeting that Susannah Cassel refused to pay a debt 
due the estate of Paul Wolf. 

19 Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, Germantown, p. 220, and Hendrick Pannebecker, 
Surveyor of Lands for the Penns, 1671-1754. 



224 «cw Daniel Pastorius 

About the same time the Reformed appear in and about 
Germantown, among whom were William Dewees. who arrived 
in New York in 1689, James Delaplaine who came from New 
York to Germantown about 1692. 

At this juncture the religious strife of the German Colony 
breaks out in earnest, and gives opportunity for Pastorius to 

define more clearly his atti' ide to the Quakers. 

t ■ 

While the unrest mav'have begun with the cold reception 

which the Quakers gave trie German protest against slavery in 
1688, the first great reljiiious disturbance was the Keithian Con- 
troversy. In 1692, S " f ';t* Keith, a Quaker preacher and school- 
teacher in Philadelphia since 1685, went to New England, where 
he made a defense of Quaker doctrines in a controversy with 
Cotton Mather and his son Increase Mather. After his return to 
Philadelphia, Keith accused the Quakers of teaching deistic doc- 
trines. The attitude of Pastorius in this controversy was strongly 
anti-Keithian, as the pamphlet against the "four Boasting Dis- 
puters" and the following drastic rime with its coarse pun will 
show : 

"Jt seem'd to me, he would his Master Equalize, 
And suffer wretched Fools his Station to despi-e. 
Especially George Keith, well nigh devour'd by Lice." 



Francisci Danielis Pastorii 

Sorhmerhufano- FrancL 
ber lefctrnabW erfunDencn 

PENSYLVANIA, 

(Kit nngcfjencften eintgert wmhknftifci 

fcenbeiten unb QicncbMgxljreiben an t>*ften.£)rn. 
pattern/ Patriots unDgutc 3reunbe» 

i © tfi behm tTkinigen insyefamt $ut ! 
1 CBnuge betanbt/ auf wa&XOcife ifoi 
£ von meinen 2\tnbesbdnen an /auf 
bemfP.ge Mcfer 5eicltct)f etc meinctt 
lebene£auff gegenbieti^be!£ituqfeit}U e"in* 
gatd)tet unb in aUimmetnemCbun babmge"> 
ttad)cet babe/ rate id) ben alkm cfutch vbillert 
<5<Dueeettennm / feine bobe 2Uimad>rfui'd> 
ten / nnb (cine une nu - iinbhd)e(£>ute iteben let 4 * 
nmmodne. tlrtb obwoblen id) nebfi anberrt 
gtmeincn VOtffenfcbaffcen bei-freven &fittjle/ 
baa Studium Juris feliciter ablol viiet / bic Jta* 
liantfdvtinb Jtah}c>ftfd>e Spiadien exfuiida- 
mento begriffen / aiid^enfo.nciv.nnrengrop 
fen Tour Durd) bie iLanbfcbajfren getban / fo 
babeid)jcbod>an allen(Drf:enuiib*i:nOen met* 
ncngi-6f[e|len^Iei0unbSerunbungananbei-3 
Did;tt?gevvenbec/ate eigenthd; t,uetfa\)ien/iv$ 

'4 b(?d> 



h 




. 






; 



Title Page of Pastorius' "Description of Pennsylvania" 

(Appended to Melchior Adam Pastorius' "Description 

of Windsheim," 1692.) 



The Founder of Germantown 225 

CHAPTER VII. 

LAWGIVER, SCRIVENER AND AUTHOR. 

The pioneers of the little German colony of Germantown 
formed a community to themselves and conducted their affairs in 
their own way, during the first seven years of the settlement. 
While they adapted themselves to the general form of govern- 
ment established by Penn for the Province of Pennsylvania, they 
nevertheless incorporated many European features into the details 
of township legislation. One acquainted with the municipal and 
village life of Germany and Holland will easily detect the alien 
elements of town legislation in the early laws and court procedure 
of Germantown. In looking over the sanitary regulations of 
Frankfurt-on-the-Main, the present writer was impressed with 
certain striking resemblances to the sanitary ordinances of early 
Germantown. It is quite likely that Crefeld and other cities of 
the Lower Rhine contributed precedents for the procedure of the 
little group of Crefelders, who cast their lot with Pastorius in the 
colony of Germantown. In reading the Laws or Ordinances of 
Germantown, one feels the traditions and atmosphere of a Ger- 
man town with its long experience in matters of town legislation, 
modified and adapted to the English forms of provincial govern- 
ment. 

It is interesting, even if pathetic, that Pastorius' legal train- 
ing could not enable him to cope with the crafty practitioners at 
the then infant Philadelphia Bar. His code called for honestv and 
consistency in the practice of law, but made no provision for the 
casuistry and trickery of David Lloyd and his associates at the 
Philadelphia Bar. The consequence was that Pastorius appeared 
in an unfavorable light as "der deutsche Michel," when he found 
the Philadelphia lawyers had all been "feed" and retained by 
Sprogel to cheat the German Society out of its lands. 



226 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

The chief legal service of Pastorius is to be found in his 
work as a scrivener. Here he was without a peer in the Province, 
if not in the Colonies. His clear, concise, legal style; his wide 
knowledge of legal forms both in German and English practice 
(in the collection of which he spared no pains), his mastery of 
minute particulars and his beautiful, easily legible hand, made him 
a favorite both in Germantown and Philadelphia. He was Clerk 
of Germantown the greater part of the period of its existence as 
a chartered municipality; he was employed during his two years 
in Philadelphia to write for the Friends' Meeting, for which he 
not only copied works of George Fox and others, but kept also the 
Register of Marriages for a time. 

A considerable collection of legal documents, drafted by Pas- 
torius, could be gathered from the collections of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania, the University of Pennsylvania, ex-Gov- 
ernor S. W. Pennypacker and others in and around the city of 
Philadelphia. The most considerable of his official work as 
scrivener is the Grund-und Lager-Buch, containing the land 
records of Germantown. These works by Pastorius will be dis- 
cussed later. 

PASTORIUS AS A WRITER. 

The German Pioneer and Founder of Germantown was a 
typical exponent of the learning of his age, and, in spite of the 
untoward conditions of his lot in the wilds of Pennsylvania. 
became the most many-sided literary man in America, far out- 
classing Cotton Mather, his famous Puritan contemporary in the 
Bay Colony of Massachusetts. The range of Pastorius' literary 
activity has scarcely found a parallel in America from that time 
to the present day. In every field he touched he applied the same 
conscientious effort and skill, whether he was drafting a private 
document or writing a finished poem to his great friend, the Pro- 
prietor, William Penn, himself. It can be said truly of him, even 
of his prose writings as found in the unpretentious form of an 
encyclopedic dictionary of the Beehive: 



(«; 



I 



tilmry BtrnhtrA Kjfler. William U*vtt t 

Jhom/u ftf*ttcr& Thomts bo >jtr, 

FOUR 

Boafting Difputcrs 

Of this Wor!d briefly 

REBUKED, 

A-nd Anfwetcd according to their Foil/, 
which thev thcmfdT'-s l-ar* - manifefted jn a 
lar.e Pmtii h!er, entituled, Advue Jor «8 ?ra~ 

frffori an i W'l'trS. 

jHou.'h thU their faid Pamphlet J^tb 
not let ' rth [the phce where it wis 
p-inted, 



Metliiy page 7. The /»'■> thief Q*4rter s «] Baby- 
lon, page 8. Aid being it felf thoiOHgaly fulJ 
•f H?oel, or Oufufion, it' thereby plainly diC- 
d->fetli, that it was hatched in the very Ccntcir 
•f that gritt City, sybofe wife and kamed men, 



Title Page of Pastorius' "Four Boasting Disputers' 
(From the copy in the Bevan-Naish Library, Birmingham, 
England. ) 



The Founder of Germantown 227 

"Nil tetigit, non ornavit." 

He touched nothing that he did not adorn. 

He was jurist, scrivener, teacher, moralist and poet all in 
one. He never let an opportunity pass without pointing a moral 
or teaching a useful lesson. It is perhaps not too much to say 
that he has never had a superior, if indeed an equal, as moralist 
in the three hundred years of American history. 

Then, too, the ceaseless activity of his pen is a marvel even 
to the machine-producing writer of the present time. Day and 
night, by the light of the sun and the flickering lard-lamp alike, 
he was plying his busy pen in writing down all the good thoughts 
of himself and others for the generations to come after him. It 
is interesting that George Sandys should have begun to translate 
his Ovid on the banks of the James in the first years of the 
Colony of Virginia, but it would have been far more signifi- 
cant if he had given the first Virginians the best thoughts of all 
times as Pastorius did his two native-born American sons in 
Germantown. 

It is difficult to treat the writings of Pastorius in strictly 
chronological order, because some of them extend over a period 
of years. In the following chapters the works which can be dated 
with certainty will be discussed first and those of uncertain date 
will follow. 

/. Printed Works. 

The first work, which Pastorius published, was his Disputa- 
tion or Dissertation, as we should now call it, printed in 1676 with 
the title : 

1. Disputation. 
Disputatio Onauguralis | De | Rasura Docu | mentorum, &c. 
The full title and a discussion of this are given above. ' 



1 Cf. previous chapter, p. 79. 



228 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

2. Letters. 

Two important letters of Pastorius, dated March 7, 1684, 
were published with the following titles : 

Copia, eines / von einem Sohn an seine Eltern aus America, 
abgelassenen Brieffes / | sub dato Philadelphia, den 7. Martii 
1684. 

Sichere Nachricht auss America, wegen der Landschafft | Penn- 
sylvania / von einem dorthin gereissten Teutschen / | de dato 
Philadelphia, den 7. Martii 1684. 

3. Tractates. 

The next known published work of Pastorius was issued as 
from Germanopoli (Germantown) in 1690, with the following 
title : 

Vier kleine | Doch ungemeine | Und sehr nutzliche | Tractatlein 
I De omnium Sanctorum Vitis | &c [The full title can be seen 
in the photographic reproduction.] 

This work was dedicated to Tobias Schumberg. Pastorius' 
old preceptor in Windsheim, and seems to have been intended for 
a German or European public. The work was evidently compiled 
in large part in Europe and represents the best fruits of the 
author's literary labors before he entered upon his career in 
America. The misprints, especially on the title-page, would seem 
to indicate that the author did not read the proof-sheets. The 
misprint Pastoriun for Pastorium is particularly striking and 
would leave us to believe that the printer or the proof-reader had 
only the MS. before him and that this MS. had the Pastorius' 
name written with one of his peculiar "m's" which often look like 
"n's." Furthermore, the Latin numerals of the chapters men- 
tioned on the title page do not agree with the German divisions. 

The Latin dedication to Schumberg is followed by a German 
preface, in which the author states his reasons for writing the 
book. The contents of the book are briefly : 



\ 

I 

s 



Qftcr fleme 
©ocbungcincmc 

Hmctatidn 

i. Dc omnium San&orum Vitis 
IT. De omnium Pontificurn Statutis 
HI. DeConc'liotum Dccifionibus 
IV. De Epifcopis 5c Patriarchis Conftaft* 

tinopolitanis, 

c hn& ift: 
i . Y»on 2!ilw Acil-ften ficbcns?Ubfl«g 
\ 2. X5cn 2iUcv papftc Oxfc* £mful>vun$ 
3 Ton to Concihen ©tritfcSopinmg. 
4. \\>n fccr.en 23tfd?6ffcn imt> patrianfccn 
$u (Jon{ivintiiiepcI. 
gum ©ntn&e 

©cr funfftfsbm nod) fewer twrauf 

ju baucn ?8otbftb*ii&« 2B«r&eft 

i precrt.itriret, 

I 2>uvd> 

\ FRANCISCUM DANIELEM 

J PASTOR IUN. J. 11. L. 

2t«s *>t'»; 

\ ^n^cnf^batitanculictflt^nmir m 

I ' ©runfc anfldcgtcn / unO Hun nut jjut<m 
, Succefs aufgeljenben (gtafct: 

GERMANOPOH 
4imio CAri|/?i -W. DC, JCC. 

! 



Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' " Tractatlein. 



The Founder of Germantown 229 

( 1 ) Brief outlines of the lives of the Saints arranged in 
alphabetical order (pp. 1-117). 

(2) A short account of the Roman bishops and also the 
other popes, &c. (pp. 1 18-184). 

(3) Concerning the church councils, which are treated in 
chronological order (pp. 185-214). At the close of this chapter 
the word "Ende" is printed. This is followed by 

(4) An appendix, treating of the bishops and patriarchs of 
Constantinople (pp. 215-244). The work is for the most part a 
simple compilation from then accessible sources. Occasionally the 
author has a thrust at the Catholics, particularly in his reference 
to the Pope, where he notes the fact that for over five hundred 
years the early Christians had no popes. 



4. Missive to the Pietists. 

At least two works of Pastorius were printed in the year 
1697. One of these was issued as a missive to the Pietists in 
Germany with the following title : 

Ein I Send-Brieff | Offenhertziger Liebsbezeugung an die | so 
genannte Pietisten in Hoch- | Teutschland. | Zu Amsterdam / | 
Gedruckt vor Jacob Claus Buchhandler / 1697. 

The authorship and date are learned from the colophon on 
page 15: 

"Von Eurem liebgeneigten Freund Frantz Daniel Pastorius. 
Germantown in Pennsylvania, den letzten December, 1696." 

This pamphlet growing out of the Keithian controversy 
appeared with the following English title, and was directed 
against Henry Bernhard Koster (Koster), William Davis, 
Thomas Rutter and Thomas Bowyer, "Boasting Disputers" of 
the Keithian ilk : 

Henry Bernhard Koster, William Davis, | Thomas Rutter & 
Thomas Bowyer, | four | Boasting Disputers | Of this World 
briefly | Rebuked, | And Answered according to their Folly, | 



230 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

which they themselves have manifested in a | late Pamphlet, 
entituled, Advice for all Pro- | f essors and writers. [ By Francis 
Daniel Pastorius. | Printed and Sold by William Bradford at 
the I Bible in New- York, 1697.] 

At the end of the last printed page the following is printed : 

"Francis Daniel Pastorius | 
The End 
Printed and Sold by William Bradford at the | Bible in New- 
York, 1697." 

There are fifteen printed pages in the pamphlet. The text 
begins in the middle of the titlepage. 

This pamphlet is evidently a reply to an account or report 
which Koster sent to Germany under the title: Advice for all 
Professors. 

The pamphlet treats the following five cardinal points, in the 
exact words of the work itself, as follows: 

I. Of some swelling words of these vain Braggards. 

II. Of the Unreasonableness of their Challenge. 

III. Of their abusing and traducing W. P. in particular. 

IV. Of their Slandering and misrepresenting the People 
called Quakers in general ; & 

V. Of their selfguiltiness of what they charge us withal. 2 

Internal evidence, especially some Germanisms, would con- 
firm the view that the English pamphlet is based upon the Ger- 
man text, as for example : "in the pages above quoted and more 
others" (p. 3), "they need not travel farther than toivards this 
Theater of the World" (p. 5), "the publick Theater of Church 
and World" (p. 5), where the article is omitted after the German 
fashion, although the word "besides" in one passage might argue 
for the priority of the English version it may just as well mean 
here "in addition to": "Printed in the high Dutch tongue, be- 
sides the English" to be read by "some silly Women in Germany." 



'That is, denial of the divinity of Christ. 



Gin 



ictfcSSrfcff 



fogdwmuc Pietiiten m J5bc^^ 




3u aa&e$€$©2tiw/ 

©rtnrrft voc 3<i«>& €\m& SQwrf^nKer/ 1097. 

Title Page of Pastorius' " Missive to the Pietists 

in Germans 
(By the Courtesy oi Dr. Julius F. Sachse, of Philadelphia. ) 



The Founder of Germantown 231 

There can be no doubt that Pastorius writes as a Quaker and 
sides with the Anti-Keithians, as he uses the pronoun "we" in 
referring to "Friends" and "Quakers," and "our" in the expres- 
sion "our Friends beyond Sea" (p. 3). 

A few characteristic passages will exhibit the spirit and 
temper of the pamphlet, and also serve as specimens of Pastor- 
ius's trenchant controversial style : 

"Though this their said Pamphlet doth not set forth the place 
where it was printed, yet mentioning so many things of Babylon; 
for Example, The Councils, and Clergies, and Universities of Baby- 
lon, page 2. The Babylonian Churches, page 4. The Babylonian 
Beasts, page 7. The four chief Quarters of Babylon, page 8: And 
being it self thoroughly full of Babel, or Confusion, it thereby plainly 
discloseth, that it was hatched in the very Centre of that great City, 
whose wise and learned men most able (in their own Conceit) to 
advise others, can not write but thus sinisterly, even with their right 
hands." 

"He the said H. B. Koster arriving here in Pensylvania, his 
heart and head filled with Whimsical and boisterous Imaginations, 
but his Hands and Purse em [p] tied of the Money, which our Friends 
beyond Sea imparted unto him, and some in his Company, was as 
cunning as to intice and induce four or five to a Commonalty of good, 
and so settled a Plantation near German Town, upon a Track of 
Land given unto them, calling the same Irenia, that is to say. The 
House of Peace, which not long after became Erinnia, The House 
of raging Contention, and now returned to the Donour, the Brethren 
in America being gone and dispersed, and the Church of Philadelphia 
(falsely so called) proving momentary, and of no moment, Mark 

3- 2 5-" 

"The Church of these disputers and the World are very close 
one by the other; and if the ignorant Babes, Pietists and Millen- 
ists will take the Counsels given them by these advisers, p. 8. 
and seek this Church, they need not to travel farther than towards 
this Theater of the World, where they may be sure to find her. But 
ours being in God, and the members thereof chosen out of the world, 
and redeemed from the Contentiousness and other vain Customs of 
the same, will never engage in such a stage play or Theatrical Jang- 
ling and Wrangling with these Bablers and Mountebanks of Babylon ; 
In whose four chief Quarters we are not so well acquainted as to find 
out their respective houses and lodgings, where they like Milstones 
having no grist to grind, set themselves on fire; on fire of hell," &c. 



232 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

5. A New Primmer. 

There was for many years only a tradition coming down 
from the founders of the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting of 
Friends, that Pastorius published an English Primer, but recently 
a copy of this remarkable book has been discovered. It has the 
following title: 

A J New Primmer | or | Methodical Directions | To attain the | 
True Spelling, Reading & Writing of | English. | Whereunto 
are added, some things Necessary | & Useful both for the Youth 
of this Province, and likewise for those, who from forreign | 
Countries and Nations come to settle | amongst us. | By F. D. 
P. I ... .Printed by William Bradford in New- York, and | 
sold by the Author in Pennsilvania. 

The Primmer contains 88 pages 16 mo. Bound up with the 
Primmer are two pamphlets, one a 32 page MS. of Pastorius, with 
the following title spread over three pages : 

A few I Onomastical Considerations | enlarged | From the 
Number of Sixty Six | To that of One Hundred, I and | Presented 
or rather Re-presented | To | William Penn, | Proprietary anc 
Governour | of Pennsilvania, | & Territories thereto belonging. 
Patri Patria, | The Father of this Province, | and lately | also the 
Father | of | John Penn, | an innocent & hopeful Babe, | by whose 
Nativity & Names Sake | they were first contrived. | Filius assimilis 
Tibi Spe, | Guiljelme, Johanes causa fuit | Qua non foret iste liber. 3 

The second pamphlet, following the Primmer, is evidently 
Penn's copy of the Four Boasting Disputes, as the book has book 
plate. 3a 

6. Description of Pennsylvania. 

The original form of Pastorius' Beschreibung, based upon 
the early letters and reports sent to Germany, was published as 
an Appendix to Melchior Adam Pastorius' Kurtze Beschreibung 
Der H. R. Reichs Stadt Windsheim in 1692 with the following 
title: 



3 The only known copy is in the Bcvan-Xaish Library, in Birmingham, 
England, where Mr. Chas. E. X T aish kindly had the title-page photographed 
for me. 

"aCf. Journal of the Friends' Historical Society, pp. 90-91. Mr. Penney 
writes me that the library contains a manuscript on Taxation by Pastorius. 



JJeio grimmer 

O R 

Methodical DireUions 

"fo ."Utain the 

True Spelling, Reading^ AVrlting of 

ENGLISH. 

Whereunto are added, fome things Neceilary 

& Ufcful both for the Youth of this Proviace, 

and likewifefor thofe, who from forrdjni . 

Countries and Nations come to feoUs • 

■amoffgfl: us. 



By F. D. \\ 



Ml VMffixgs Csmr Down Even Vrnti God ; Hit 
Infinite Kindnefs Love & Mercy, Now, tfOld 
& Perpetually , Qnickpteth Refrefietb and 
Strenjtheneth True Ufrigbt Willing Xtitm & 
Young Txaluts. 



Examples prevail above Precepts, 

Printed by William Bradford in New.Tork., and 
Sold by the Author in Tennfdvania. 






, 



Title Page of Pastorius' "Primmer" 

(From the unique copy in the Bevan-Naish Library, 

Birmingham, England.) 



The Founder of Germantown 233 

Francisci Danielis Pastorii | Sommerhusano-Franci. | Kurtze 
Geographische Beschreibung j der letztmahls erfundenen 
Americanischen Landschafft | Pensylvania, | Mit angehenckten 
einigen notablen Bege- | benheiten und Bericht-Schreiben an 
dessen Hrn. | Vattern / Patrioten und gute Freunde. 

The relation of this form of the Beschreibung to the early 
letters on the one hand and the fuller form of the Umstandige 
Geographische Beschreibung, published in Frankfurt and Leipzig 
in 1 790, on the other hand, will be discussed below. 

The most important printed work of Pastorius is this 
Detailed Geographical Description of Pennsylvania, published 
in its full form in 1700, with the following title: 

Umstandige Geogra- | phische | Beschreibung | Der zu allerletzt 
erfundenen | Provintz ] Pensylva- | nise, | In denen End- 
Grantzen | America | In der West-Welt gelegen / | Durch | 
Franciscum Danielem | Pastorium, | J. V. Lie. und Friedens- 
Richtern | daselbsten. | Worbey angehencket sind eini- | ge 
notable Begebenheiten / und | Bericht-Schreiben an dessen 
Herrn | Vattern | Melchiorem Adamum Pasto- rium. | Und 
andere gute Freunde. | Franckfurt und Leipzig / Zufinden bey 
Andreas Otto. 1700. 

This book is printed on paper 6jMs x 3^ inches and contains 
12 unnumbered preliminary pages, 120 numbered pages, and an 
Appendix of 2 unnumbered pages and pages 123-140 numbered. 
In the front is a "Map of Pennsylvania and West Jersey." 

The second edition was published four years later, with the 

following title : 

Umstandige Geographische | Beschreibung | Der zu allerletzt 
erfundenen [ Provintz | Pensylva- | nise, | In denen End- 
Grantzen | America; | In der West-Welt gelegen / | Durch 



Franciscum Danielem 
Richtern I daselbsten. 



Pastorium, | J. V. Lie. und Friedens- 
Worbey angehencket sind einige no- | 
table Bebegenheiten / und Bericht- ) Schreiben an dessen Herrn 
I Vattern | Melchiorem Adamum | Pastorium, | Und andere 
gute Freunde. | Franckfurt und Leipzig / | Zufinden bey An- 
dreas Otto. 1704. 

The second edition of 1704 is uniform in size with that of 

1700. But in the copy in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 

Friedrich Kapp's copy, the following are added : 



234 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Zum Beschluss | Folget des Eigen-Herrns | und Ober-Haupts 
dieser Provintz | selbst concepirte, und an seine Freun- | de 
iibersandte | Beschreibung / | Deren Umstande notabel zu 
lesen | sind. [Pp. 120-140.] 

Then follows a second work entitled : 

Continuatio | Der | Beschreibung der Landschafft | Pensylvaniae 
I An denen End-Grantzen | Americas. | Uber vorige des Herrn 
Pastorii j Relationes. | Jn sich haltend : | Die Situation, und 
Fruchtbarkeit des | Erdbodens. Die Schiffreiche und andere | 
Fliisse. Die Anzahl derer bisshero gebauten Stadte. | Die 
seltsame Creaturen an Thieren / Vogeln und Fischen. Die 
Mineralien und Edelgesteine. Deren Eingebohrnen wil- den 
Volcker Sprachen / Religion und Gebrauche. Und | die ersten 
Christlichen Pflantzer und Anbauer | dieses Landes. | Beschrie- 
ben von | Gabriel Thomas | 15. Jahrigen Jnwohner dieses | 
Landes. | Welchen Tractatlein noch beygefiiget sind : | Des. Hn. 
Daniel Falckners | Burgers und Pilgrims in Pensylvania 193. I 
Beantvvortungen uff vorgelegte Fragen von | Guten Freunden. | 
Franckfurt und Leipzig / | Zu finden bey Andreas Otto / Buch- 
handlern. | Jm Jahr Christi 1702. 

This part contains four unnumbered and forty numbered 
pages. Then follows : 

Curieuse Xachricht | Von | Pennsylvania | in | Norden-Amer- 
ica / I welche / | Auf Begehren guter Freunde / | Uber vorge- 
legte 103. Fra- I gen / bey seiner Abreisz aus Teutsch- | land 
nach obigem Lande Anno 1700. | ertheilet /und nun Anno 1702. 
in den Druck | gegeben worden. | Von | Daniel Falknern / Pro- 
fessore, | Burgern und Pilgrim allda. | Franckfurt und Leipzig / 
I Zu finden bey Andreas Otto / Buchhandlern. | Jm Jahr 
Christi 1702. 

Contains six unnumbered and fifty-eight numbered pages. 
Then follows : 

Beschreibung einiger drter | in Canada | aus des B. de la 
Hontan Reise. 

Contains eighty-five manuscript pages and one blank page. 

As was usually the case with the earlier prints, the second 
edition seemed to have been reset, to some extent at least, for 
the lines do not correspond in the two texts. Then, too, the 
vignettes differ in the two prints. The title-page even is differ- 
ently divided, as the following specimens will show. 



Umftdnbtge (Bcoom; 

p&ifc&e /ttrn 

Set $u aUerle&t erfimoenen 

PENSYLVA- 

NIJE, 

3n6tnen €nb<©rdii6m 

AMERICA 

SnberQBefbQBelt.gclegm/ 

I^RANCISCUM DANIELEM 

PASTORIUM, 
J.V.Lic. imD-Jncticn&Ouctrtcrn 

pjOt'eibllcn. 

Sorbet) an^encfet (fob etni# 

;e notable ^3ccjebcnf>eitcn / un& 

^crtct)t^(Sc^ceibeit an Deficit £mn 
Partem 
tfELCHIOREM ADAMUM PASTO- 

R!UM, 

UnDanbcrcjutc^rcunDc. 
3ufat>en ten Oind-cne ,ouo. 1700. 






Title Page <>v Pastorius' "Description of Pennsylvania," 1700. 
(From the Copy in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.) 



The Founder of Germantown 235 

Title Page. 

1700 1704 

Umstandige Georgra- | Umstandige Geopraghische | 

phische. 

Worbcy augehenckct sind eini- | Worbey augehencket sind einige no- | 

ge notable begebenheiten / und | table Begebenheiten / und Bericht- | 
Bericht-Schreiben an dessen Herrn | Schreiben an dessen Herrn | 

Melchiorem Adamum Pasto- | Melchiorem Adamum | 

rium I Pastorium | 

An den geneigten Leser. 
gelegten Staden und Kauffmaii- | Kauffmann- | 

Vorrede 

auf den Wege auf dem Wege . . . 

keit meinen Lebens Lauf gegen die | gegen die fro- 

frohe he &c 

und seine unergundliche Gut und Barm- I Gute . . . 

der I der frey- 

freyen en 

1700 1704 

gelehr- | gelehrten I 

p. 2 ten so man- | 

so I cherley 

mancherley .... 

Religio- I 

nen Religionen und I 

Sinnen | Sinnen und spitzige | 

es I es war von 

ein I ein so grosses | 

von I von welchen der 

War I War ra- 

p. 3 ... . latitirende latirende 

p. 4 Marseille I Marseil 

denen le de- 

also I nen also dasz 

An English translation of Pastorius' Bcschrcibung by L. H. 
Weisz, was published in 1850 in the Memoirs of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania (Vol. 4, part 2), and reprinted in Old 
South Leaflets (Gen. Ser. No. 95, Boston, 1898). A new trans- 
lation has been made under the direction of Dr. J. F. Jameson 
for his series: Original Narratives of Early American History. 

The year after the two hundredth anniversary of the landing 
of the Crefelders, Friedrich Kapp published a reprint of the 
Beschreibung of 1700, with an introduction. The book has the 
following title : 



236 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Franz Daniel Pastorius' | Beschreibung von Pennsylvanien. | 
Nachbildung | der in Frankfurt a. M. im Jahre 1700 erschie- 
nenen Original-Ausgabe | [Cut: Vinum Linum ct Textrinum.] 
Herausgegeben | vom | Crefelder Verein fur wissenschaftliche 
Vortrage. | Mit einer Einleitung | von | Fricdrich Kapp. j 
Crefeld. | Druck von Kramer & Baum. | 1884. 

The original edition of 1700 was reviewed quite at length 
the same year in Monatlicher Aussng aus allerhand ncu-her- 
ausgegebenen / nutzlichen unci artigen Buchern. December 
MDCC. Zu finden Bey Nicol. Forstern / Buchhandl, in Hano- 
ver [pp. 495-500]. In a footnote the reviewer remarks: "Man 
kan nicht sehen / was fur tin Printz von York seyn soil." 
This "Printz von York" is mentioned by Pastorius as having at 
that time [1665] "viel Volck" mostly Swedes, whom he com- 
manded to build on the Delaware. The reference is, of course, 
to the Duke of York, who represented the English King after 
the English occupation in 1664 and before the arrival of Penn as 
Proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania. 

//. Unprinted Works. 

A great many of Pastorius' writings remain unpublished 
in the original manuscripts. Although a number of these manu- 
scripts seem to have been lost, enough have survived to make a 
long series of volumes, if they were all printed. The great folio 
MS. of the Beehive contains, after all, the best of his unprinted 
writings, and would be a great monument to German scholarship 
if it could be published. A number of the works given as sepa- 
rate books in Pastorius' own catalogue of his manuscripts seem 
to have been incorporated entire or in part in the Beehive, as will 
be indicated in the remarks accompanying this catalogue, which 
is printed below from the original source. 

The following unprinted manuscript works of Pastorius are 
known to be still in existence and have been seen and consulted 
in the preparation of this work. They are discussed here in 
chronological order, as far as the dates could be determined. 



J. .p. J> 



■ / 



! • ^g|l i : . '1| 

v '- '•li.ii'ikki ttMid ft-j»wfe Hipthj {.tuMoks. tx<\itunt 

- / V A * J 



35 






w 



l"<Jf\«« 



^v 






V ^. 



>^sSk. 



Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "F. D. P." or Common 

Place Book. 
(Manuscript in the possession of Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypacker. I 



The Founder of Germantown 237 

1. F. D. P. 

F. D. P. I Franciscus Daniel Pastorius. | Fortunante Deo Pietas 
Fert Deniq. Palmam. | Fideliter | Deus Providebit. | &c. 4 

This MS. is of paper 4x65-16 inches in size and contains 
620 numbered pages and 28 pages of index. Four hundred and 
twenty-two of these 620 pages are devoted to a kind of dictionary 
of phrases, etc., while the rest contains poems and sentiments 
in German and English, intended, evidently, as the beginnings 
of a large collection, and so preliminary to the Beehive, and 
hence antedating it. Indeed, some of the entries in the MS. would 
seem to point to the period before Pastorius' arrival in America. 
This is corroborated by the fact that what is evidently the original 
contemporaneous draft of the poems relating to the Keith Con- 
troversy, 1692, and the poems addressed to Jacob Tellner on his 
departure for Europe antedate the Beehive, which was written on 
paper that Tellner gave Pastorius before his departure for 
Europe. The original title-page seems to be wanting, evidently 
having been torn out. The pages 423-424 contain a list of 
"Nomina Propria" (52 in all). Page 424 has this interesting 
note on a work of Joachimus Pastorius : 

"50. Joachimus Pastorius in seinen differentijs interpolitica 

genuinam et Diabolica. 

J. A. Pastorius in dem scharffsinnigen Adler." 

Page 431 has what we may regard as F. D. Pastorius' ideal 
of woman : 

"Beschreibung eines rechtschaffenen Weibs. 

An schonheit des leibes, klugem Verstand u. Freyheit eines 
adeln. gemuths keinem Frauenbild nichts bevor geben. Dasz sie 
auch den allerunempfindlichsten zur Hebe bewegen solte. 



'The original is in the possession of Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypacker, 
who kindly allowed the writer to examine it for this work. 

The full title-page may be seen in the photographic reproduction. 



238 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Sclion, glimpflich, angenehm u. hauszl auch zugleich, 
An Weisheit u. gestalt, an adel, gut u. reich. 
Die leffzen presilgen rotli. hat cinen halz, wie ein glatt 
Venetianisches bierglas.*' 

Pages 58off. contain the German and English poems on the 
Keith Controversy of 1692. (Cf. p. 224.) 

2. Medicine Book. 

Medicus Dilectus vid. Colos. 4: 14 & | Medicamina delecta. 
Syrac. 38:4. | Das ist | Auserlesene Artzney Mittel, | Deren 
Jngredientia in Pennsilvanien und | dergleichen neubegonenen 
Colonien | zu bekomen sind. | Vor sich und seinen Nechsten vid. 
Luc. 10:36. Marc. 12:3. | aus verschiedenen Authoren zusarh 
getragen | von Franco. Daniele Pastorio. | Anno 1695. etc. | 

A variant title page begins : 

Talia Qualia | Medicinalia, Artificalia & Naturalia, &c. e 

On the front of the paper cover is written the following in 
Pastorius' hand : 

Artzney 

und 

Kunst 

ist all umsunst 

ohn Gottes Gunst 

Accipit a solo Vim Medicina Deo 6 

Si Deus tibi non est curse 

cur te curet Incuriose? 

Cura igitur, non tantum ut valeas, 

sed etiam, ut bene valeas, 

ut sternum valeas. 

VALE! 

ut sit 
in Sano Mens Corpore Sana. 

FACIUNT ETHICUS & M EDICUS. 

Muth und Blut. 

Geht vor Guth. 

1695- 

Franz Daniel Pastorius. 



'This verse is written vertically on right margin. 

' See the photographic reproduction for full text of the page. 




JicJ>f{. Ctrn^ 





J,ye*ct*l 













V 



yj^ 



Title Pace ok Pastokics' Book on Medicine. 



The Founder of Germantown 239 

The contents of the MS. include not only a treatise of dis- 
eases, but also of their remedies, particularly the medicinal herbs 
in Pennsylvania and other parts of America, as follows : 

Talia Oualia, &c, pages 1-26 (p. 23 blank). 

Medicus Dilectus, &c, title and other matter, 2 pp. (unnum- 
bered). 

"Inhalt" (table of contents), 4 pp. (unnumbered). 

"Register des Artzney-Buchleins," &c, 12 pp. (unnum- 
bered). 

The text of the "Artzney-Buchlein" is distributed as follows : 

Pp. 1-136, Description and Treatment of Diseases." 
137-201, "Treatise on the Properties of Herbs (1-16, new 

numbering [6-9 gone], entitled "Misch-Masch"). 
202-3, nst °f authors from whom the book is compiled. 
202 (4 pp. seem to be numbered "202"). 
202-261 (231, 239-246, 248-249 and 16 unnumbered pp. 

are blank) a list of remedies, &c. 
262-270 "Out of Robert Boyle's Medicinal Experiments." 
271-293 blank. 

The authorities mentioned by Pastorius number about 30 
in all. The list is here given : 

"Anzeigung der authoren, aus welchen disz biichlein colligirt ist. 

1. Ein klein geschrieben biichlein meines lieben Vatters 

Melch. Ad. Postorij. 

2. Staricij Heldenschatz, gedruckt 1658. 

3. Johann Tallat Artzney biichlein. 

4. Leonhard Thunieissers Krauterbuch in fol. 1575. 

5. Martin Sclunuckens Schatzkastlein in 8°. 1652. 

6. L. M. S. L. de occulta Magico-Magnetica morborum quo- 

rundam Curatione naturali. in 8° 1652. ejusde Lie. 
Martin Schmuckens Lips. 

7. Wolff Helmhardt Freyherrn von Hohberg Georgica Curi- 

osa in fol. 1682. 

8. Lazari Riverij Observationes Medicse in 8°. 1646. 

9. Het Kleyn Vroetwyfs Boeck, gedruckt. t Amsterdam in 8°. 
10. Petri Nylandts Nederlandtse Herbarius in 12 . 1673. 



240 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

11. NB. Culp. odor audi nur ein gross. C. bedeut Xic. Culpep- 

per's English Physician enlarged, Printed at London in 
8°. 1698. Welches trefflche buch ein iiberaus schlect 
Register hat. 

12. Johanis Coleri Oeconomiae Ruralis & Domesticae Anderer 

Theil oder Haus-Artzney, gedruckt zu Mayntz in fol. 
1645. so eben falls vor gemeine unsturdirte lcut sehr 
dienstig, u. in diesem buchlein mit Col. allegirt ist. 

13. Auch ist heiriri referirt zu meinem Calcndario Calcndari- 

orum in 8°. 

14. Christopher Wirsung sein Artzney Buch in fol. 1568. 

15. Balthasar Schnurr von Lendsidel sein Kunst- u. YVunder- 

buch in 8°. 

16. Johan Christoph Thiemen Haus-Feld-Artzney &c buch in 

4 . 1700. 

17. Vorstelick Geschcnck dat is En Medecyn boeck, &c, in 

grooter weerden gehouden in den Vorstelicken huyse 
van Nassouvven ende Princen van Orangien t' Amstel- 
dam in 8°. 1662. 

18. Georgij Homij Area Mosis, in 12 . 1668. 

19. Philippi Theophrasti Bombasts Paracels Opera in zwey 

theilen, fol. 1603. gedruckt zu Strassburg, und eocl. 
anno in 4°. zu Franckfurt am Meyn. 

20. William Mather's the Young Man's Companion, in 12 . 

i695- 

21. Robert Boyle's Medicinal Experiments, in 12 . 1696 & the 

third Volume 1698. he was Fellow of the Royal Society. 

22. James Cooke's Mellisicium Chirurgiae. in 12 . 1648. 

23. Win. Salmon's Polygraphices. Or the Arts of Drawing. 

Limning, Painting, Engraving, Etching, Dying, &c. in 
8°. 1685. 

24. Jeremiah Loz'c's Clavis Medicinae. or Practice of Physick 

reformed, in 8°, 1674. 

Johafies Colerus p. 75. recomendirt denen gemeinen einfaltig 
luten folgende Antores in re Medico zu lesen : Opera Gualtheri. 
Hermani Ryfen. Frisij Speculum Medicinae; Hieronymi Braun- 
schweigers Haus Apothecke, Thesaurus Pauperum genannt. D. 
Joaiiis Driandri Artzney u. Practicier-buchlein, Jacobi Theod. Taber- 
naemontani neues Artzneybuch. Jt sein Krauterbuch. D. Oswaldi 
Gabelkovern Artzney-buch. Remberti Dodonaei Cruyde-boeck, in 
fol. 1554. 

Die Natur u. art aller Krauter, thier, Edelgestein erlernet man 
aus dem Theophrasto; Bockio; Lonicero : Fuchsio: Dondonaeo; 
Dioscoride mit den Comentarijs Matthioli. Camerarij horto Medico. 
Mattkioli Compendio dc Plantis. Lovel's Compleat herbal. Culpep- 
per's English Physician. Thumeissers Krauterbuch." 




Manuscript of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Beehive. 



The Founder of Gennaiitown 241 

3. Beehive. 

It is safe to say, that, of all the original German Ameri- 
can documents representing European culture in the Colonial 
period, the most interesting and extensive is the unicum, the folio 
manuscript left by Francis Daniel Pastorius, "the Pennsylvania 
Pilgrim," the founder of Germantown. This document, contain- 
ing Pastorius' Bcc-Hive or Bee-Stock, is the Magna Charta 
of German culture in colonial America and a veritable speculum 
scientiarum of the seventeenth century — the first American Ency- 
clopedia, antedating the epoch of the French Encyclopedists. It 
has a number of title-pages of which this may be taken as one of 
the shortest : 

Francis Daniel Pastorius | his | Hive or Bee-stock | Containing 
above two thousand little Honey-Combs ; | Begun in the year 
1696 I And continued for the use of his Children. 7 

The origin and history of the Beehive of Pastorius are sig- 
nificant, as showing the intregity and loyalty of German family 
tradition in America in colonial times. Pastorius, evidently pain- 
fully conscious of the peril of cultural deterioration confronting 
his descendants in the wilds of the west, where books were few 
and the love of them scarce, composed this thesaurus of the 
useful knowledge of his time as a heritage to his children, his two 
sons, and, let us confess, as a memorial of what their father had 
known. On the inside of the parchment cover, in his own hand, 
is the following, referring to the book : 

"This book saith thus to my two Sons: 

"Part not with me! I'm excellently good. 
If rightly read and rightly understood." 

From the book itself we learn (p. 50) the purpose of the 
Beehive: 



' The most important variant title-pages may be seen in the photographic 
reproductions. 



242 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

"At the first undertaking of this Book my mean scope was, for 
tlic future Imitation of my two Suns, onely to collect common 
Proverbs, witty Sentences, wise and goodly sayings, with the like 
substantial marrow of other men's writings, etc." See page 55. 

And again (p. 51) he states the same fact, speaking of him- 
self as follows: 

"When he took this in hand, he did not think 
To show any man his Paper and his Jnk. 
His only Purpose was, in Black and White, 
With his two little ones (departing) to abide. 

"Nevertheless, this may live when he is dead ; and thus he leaves 
it to the Perusing of his Readers ; not caring a doit whether they will 
like it or dislike it. He knows that it will not please all, and doubts 
if it will please some." 

Intimation of a change of plan is given on p. 55 of the MS. : 

"But afterwards considering the copiousness of Words, Phrases 
and Expressions in the English (my said two Sons' Country-lan- 
guage; for, seeing J and my wife are both Germans, J dare not call 
it their mother-) tongue, which they, if possible, should perfectly 
learn to read and write and to indite." 

And also p. 51, quoted above, and in revised form, p. 55 : 

"After J had collected two Volumes of delightful Proverbs, 
witty Sentences, wise and godly sayings; comprising for the most 
part necessary and profitable caveats." 

The history of the Beehive manuscript is similar to that of 
most old manuscripts — a succession of disappearances, reappear- 
ances and not a little mutilation. A tradition of this document 
(still current in the Pastorius family) says that Pastorius directed 
that it should be kept in the possession of the male descendant 
next in line within the limit of ten miles of Germantown. This 
wish of Pastorius seems to have been heeded by all the heirs of the 
manuscript. A few years ago the document was loaned to the late 
Professor Oswald Seidensticker, through the medium of the 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and, after being duly returned 
to the Pastorius family, disappeared for a time. Efforts were 




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jiifitif to*. */■'.(* H"<> -if it Jf r cut ttjiv'r .ItiLnsi Jeutj %**. „ >, : 



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A Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' " Beehive." 



The Founder of Germantown 243 

made by persons in and outside of the State to rediscover it, but 
to no purpose. Rumors were afloat that the MS. had gone with 
Washington Pastorius' family to Boston, and thence to Colorado 
Springs. A few years ago, however, late in 1896, the present 
writer was given a clue to the whereabouts of the document, by 
Julius F. Sachse, Esq., and finally allowed .by the holder, Mr. 
Daniel Pastorius Bruner, of Germantown, to make use of it for 
the purpose of bringing the most important parts of it before the 
public in an accurate print of the original with critical treatment. 
It seems now that up to that time the MS. had never been away 
from Germantown, except during the period in which it was 
loaned to Professor Seidensticker in Philadelphia. Mr. Bruner 
wrote me. under the date of April 13, 1897, as follows, giving 
the names of the members of the family through whom the MS. 
has been handed down : 

"I don't know positively that the 'Bee-Hive' was ever taken away 
from Philadelphia. Mr. [Washington] Pastorius kept a quantity of 
papers, etc., in the Bank in Germantown, and he stated to me that he 
intended to keep it there. Hence I think you can safely state that it 
has never been out of Philadelphia county, and out of Germantown 
only during the time that Mr. Seidensticker had it. The Family Rec- 
ord shows pretty well in whose possession it has been since the death 
of Francis Daniel Pastorius. The writing is in the hand-writing of 

"1. Francis Daniel Pastorius. 

"2. Henry Pastorius, his son. 

"3. Daniel Pastorius, grandson. 

"4. Abraham Pastorius, great grandson 

"4. Daniel Pastorius, 

My great grandfather. 

"5. Washington Pastorius. 

"6. Francis Daniel Pastorius, son of Washington. 

"7- Daniel Pastorius Bruner." 

After the death of D. P. Bruner the MS. was returned to 
Francis Daniel Pastorius, of Colorado Springs, who placed it 
on exhibition at the Library of the University of Pennsylvania, 
with special permission to the present writer to make use of it in 
this work. 



a 1 1 / M«i is I Daniel Paslorius 

The Beehive manuscripl presents the external appearand ol 
;i mediaeval document. It is written on thin paper, in folio 
7 1 .• \ 12 inches, and hound in a parchment cover, taken evidently 
from still older books or other documents (on< ntains the text 
i' i an old win of release i and the whole is tied together with two 
strips of faded red leather, Upon the cover is found the follow 
iiiij title : 



.-■ 



AU i .11 nun Apienl.e Germanopolitanas \.nglicanum. 

(written on the edge of the folding cover, also on the back of 
cover, under the folding edge, and in apparently oldei form on 
the inside reverse of the cover). Each repetition ol the title 
represents probably a rebinding or rearrangement of the book. 
I he writing itself of the Beehive is in the verj i egular, fine, 
legible hand of Pastorius, whose signature and handwriting are 
so familiar to those acquainted \\ ith the early records of ( rerman- 
town indited by the jurist-scribe while agent of the Frankfurt 
Company and afterwards, The fust few pages of the MS. in 
its present form have crumbled away at the top under the 
corrosive effect of the ink, which was black, except in .1 few 
instances where red ink was used for underscoring, The German 
passages are written in ( rerman sci ipt, the rest in Latin script. 

The pages of the MS. are ruled along the margins up and 
down ami across, and each ruled spare, containing .1 separate 
entry, is numbered. 

Occasionally a pen-drawing is found which is intended for 
illustrating or ornamenting the text. The favorite emblem is 
.1 heart, a pipe 01 some geometrical figure. 

The fact that the manuscript is slowly disintegrating and 
lias lost some folios makes it desirable to place the contents <<i 
the surviving folios on record. The contents at present in the 

Order of the MS. are the following: 8 



I lu- int< 'i after nn dicates thai the number 

eithei wanting or illegible. 



The Founder of Germantown 245 

Pages 1 ?-2 ? contains an introductory account of the origin of 
the Beehive. 

3?-5? The title of the Beehive in seven languages (Greek, Latin, 
English, Dutch, German, Italian, French) and other intro- 
ductory matter in prose and verse. 

5? Address to different classes of readers. 

6? Blank. 

7 ? A second title page. 

8?-24. Index of words or subjects treated in the book. 

24? "An alphabetical register of the names of those who [for- 
sooth] are immortalized by Epitaphs rehearsed in the Manu- 
script from p. 11, etc." 

25-40. "A Peculiar Judex or Table to Onomastical Considera- 
cons which begin page 63, III." 

41-45. Blank. 

46-48. "Symbola Onomastica vide infra pag. 55, 66, 67, 1, quae 
hie continuantur." 

49. "Francis Daniel Pastorius his Book, 1696." A title-page. 

50. "The Contents of this Portable Volume of Importation." 

1? (New numbering.) "Francis Daniel Pastorius bis Alphabet- 
ical Hive." A title-page. 

2?-io? "Tantum Quantum seu Donum Bonum Jnscriptionum. 
Jnscriptions of sundry Sorts, And yet the most in Latin 
Words." 

11-15. "Some Epitaphs ex Libello Epitaphiorum Olim a me 
Collecto." 

16-17. Blank. 

18-21. Inscriptions &c. 

22. A copy of Verses written by Thomas Elwood. 

23. Blank. 

24. Gospel of Nicodemus and other books discussed. 
25-53. "Emblematical Recreations." 

54. "Mellitotrophium Apicuhe Germanopolitanae, F. D. P." 

55 first. "Francis Daniel Pastorius His Hive or Beestock," etc. 



Francis Daniel Pastorius 

55 second. "Being a Supplement to the next three Leaves, 

Quakers." 
56-58 first. "Quakers." 

58 second. "Some Treatises of God's People called Quakers in 

General." 

59 first-61 first. "No Quakers." 

61 second. "Quakers." Collection of Friends Writings, &c. 

62 first-63 first. "No Quakers." 

63 second-64 first. "Friends' Writings." 

64 second. "No Quakers." 

65 first. "No Quakers." 

65 second. "Some more Anonymous Writings published by 

those called Quakers." 
66-67 first. "A few Supplements to my former Emblematical 

Recreations." 

67 second-67 fourth. "Continuatio Symbolorum Onomasti- 

corum." 

68 first-68 second. Two leaves pasted together, containing "sorry 

Rimes." 
69-70 second. "Index seqq. Metrorum," to the following poems. 
70 second-122 (59 pp.). "Silvula Rhytmorum Germanopolitan- 

orum." First 14 pp. have no numbers visible; 86 and 87 are 

two leaves pasted together. 
123-13 1. Blank, except at the bottom of 131. 
131-133. Epigrams and so forth. 

134. Blank. 

135. More Epigrams. 

136-140. "Continuatio Symbolorum Onomasticorum, adde supra 

P- 55-" 
141 ?-i43? Blank. 
144? Loose page. 

[ ]. 1 page containing deed of Henry Cassel to Thomas Rutter. 
[ ]. One unnumbered page, blank. 

liird-87 second. Blank (evidently confused). 



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Letter of Pastorius to his son l Henrv 
VVitli AiUlress on the Back of the Sheet. 



The Founder of Germantown 247 

88-110. "Genethliacum, or An hearty Congratulation" and 
"Some Onomastical Considerations occasioned by Our dearly 
Esteemed Name-Sake, John Penn," &c. 

(Six unnumbered pages. Then page 93 numbered, followed by 
eight unnumbered pages, and then pp. 104, 105?, 106 to 
no.) 

111-124. "Plus Ultra, or Some Further Onomastical Considera- 
tions." 

126? Omitted. 

127-159. Continuation of "Plus Ultra." 

160-163. "The Tithe-Teacher Plaintiff, the Poor Man De- 
fendant." 

164-252. Continuation of Onomastical Considerations from p. 
159- 

253" 2 59 ? Blank. 

[ ]. "Commemoratory Poem on Francis Daniel Pastorius, 
Howell Powell fecit 311110. 3th. mensis 1720" (In another 
hand). 

220 second ?-225 second. Genealogical Table and Sketch of 
Pastorius Family, 6 pp. 

226 second-227. Blank, 2 pp. 

228 second-230 ? The Pastorius Necrology, 3 pp. 

[ ]-2o8. Unnumbered pages — a sort of Alphabetical Encyclo- 
pedic Dictionary. 

82d p., numbered as 217). "Additions," with a new marginal 
numbering (No. 1-1005, I49th-i50th pp. loose). 

375 (numbering resumed). "The Writings of Some called 
Quakers, as also of some other honest men." 

376. "The Writings of Some called Quakers and other good 
Authors." (General bibliography, 102 titles in all.) 

377-379 ? 4 PP- "Those that will read may read the following 
Folios, Quartos, etc." List of facts on various subjects, 
numbered 1 1 1 ff. 

380? Books Published by those of the Philadelphia!! Society. 



248 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

381 (vide Port-folio 48). Continuation to Encyclopedic Diction- 
ary (93 pp., with the 94th numbered as 380). 

380-385. Continuation of "Additions" to Encyclopedic Diction- 
ary (No. 1006-1510). 

386. "Catalogue of Francis Daniel Pastorius his Manuscripts, 
besides this present Alvearium or Alphabetical Hive (The 
Contents whereof are specified above, on the first leaf.)" 

387-398 (followed by ten pp. unnumbered, and then by 409-411 
and 411 ?-542?) Continuation of "Additions" (No. 1511- 
4950)- 

[ ] Two loose sheets. 

The best impression of the Beehive can be derived from a 
perusal of the title-pages as they stand, in each of which some 
new phase of the work is elaborated ; to this end the text of the 
title pages in their present order in the MS. was carefully 
printed in the Americana Germanica. 9 

The apology for such a Common-Place-Book and the chief 
sources of the work, are given by the author himself on the first 
page as follows : 

"For as much as our Memory is not Capable to retain all re- 
markable words, Phrases, Sentences or Matters of Moment, which 
we do hear and read, Jt becomes every good Scholar to have a 
Common-Place-Book, & therein to Treasure up whatever deserves 
his Notice, &c. And to the end that he may readily know, both 
whither to dispose and Jnsert each particular, as also where upon 
Occasion to find the same again, &c. he ought to make himself an 
Alphabetical Jndex, like that of this Bee-Hive, beginning infra 
page 10. 

And Seeing it is the largest of my Manuscripts, which J in my 
riper Years did gather out of excellent English Authors, whose 
Names ye may see pag. 56, &c. 

My Desire, Last Will and Testament is, that my Two Sons John 
Samuel and Henry Pastorius shall have & hold the same with the 
Rest of my Writings, mentioned infra page 386. to themselves & 
their heirs for ever, and not to part with them for any thing in this 
World ; but rather to add thereunto some of their own, &c. Because 



* Cf. Americana Germanica, I 4, p. 74ft. 



The Founder of Germantown 249 

the price of Wisdom is above Rubies, and cannot be Valued with the 
precious Onyx or Sapphire: And to get Understanding is rather to 
be chosen than Silver and Gold. &c. 

Prov. 16:16. Job. 28:16, 18. Francis Daniel Pastorius. 

1. In this Volume J only collected the Best out of English (or 

Englished) Books, as you may see from foil. 55 to 64. 
Excepted never the less some few lines out of the Dutch 
Writings of Sebastian Franck, a honest & notable man 
in his Time, Vid. fol. 59, num. 114, 115, 118. 

2. Item out of Georgji Hornij Area Mosis ; Ejusdemq. Orbe 

Jmperante & Politico, vid. fol. 60, num. 138. 

3. Item out of Henrici Cornelij Agrippae libello de Vanitate 

Scientiarum, vid. fol. 59, num. 31. 

4. Item out of Johannis Valtini Andrcae Menippo sive Dia- 

logis Satyricis, vid. fol. 59, num. 32. 

5. Item out of the high-German Medicinal & Chirurgical 

Works of Thcophrastus Paracelsus, fol. 60, num. 219; 
whereof these are printed in the same Year, viz. 1603, 
both in folio at Strassburg & in 4 . at Frankfort, J 
quote them only Parac. fol. & Parac. 4 . where in their 
very Compleat Jndexes or Tables you may look for the 
pages, as also in mine Alvearialibus 10 (a small Mscript 
in 8°.) from page 170 to 274. 

Of these writings I further carried a deal into my Col- 
lectanea Theologica, and into my Talia Qualia Medici- 
nalia, &c. 
6. Item out of Nehemiae Grew's Tractatu de Sale Cathartico 
Ebeshamensi, Vide fol. 59, num. 125. 

7. Item Petri de Vcge Medici Gratianopolitani Tractatus duo, 

1. Pestis prsecavenda; & curandse Methodus certissima. 
II. Per Dogmaticorum cum Spagiricis, in 12 . 1628. Petrus 
de Vege sive Veganis. 

8. Item Cornelij Drcbclij Belgse Tractatus duo, 1. de Natura 
Elementorum; 11 quinta Essentia in 12 . 1628. 

9. Item Jan Locts Wintersche Avonden. gedruckt tot Utrecht, 

in 12 . 1650. 
10. Item Guldene Annotatien van Franciscus Heerman; den 
vyfthiende Druck, t' Amsterdam, in 12 . 1676. 11 



10 Cf. The table contents of Alvearialia. 

u In this Hive there are also alledged a few notable Sentences of the 
primitive Fathers, viz. Ignatius, Polycarpus, Dionysius, Justinus Martyr, 
Irenaeus, Tertullianus, Clemens Alexandrinus, Origenes, Gregorius Tha- 
cem[?], Cyprianus, Arnobius, Lactantius, Eusebius Canadensis, Athanasius, 



250 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

The author himself calls the hook an encyclopedia in the 
following verses taken from one of the several title-pages : 

"A Encyclopady of all that can be known, | Those very well may 

make by Common placing do * * * | 
The better sort of things, out of the best of Books, | Who happily 

their Spears beat into Pruning hooks. | " 

The further history of the MS. is seen from the following: 

"At the first undertaking of this Book my mean Scope was, for 
the future Imitation of my two Sons, onely to collect Common 
Proverbs, witty Sentences, wise and godly Sayings, with the like 
substantial Marrow of other Men's Writings, &c. See pag. 55. 

But afterwards Considering the Copiousness of Words, Phrases 
& Expressions in the English ( : my said two Sons Country-lan- 
guage; For seeing J and my wife are both Germans, J dare not well 
call it their Mother :) -Tongue, which they, if possible, should per- 
fectly learn To Read & Write, and to Jndite, J took as much pain- & 
patience as to Jmport into this Alphabetical Alvearium all & Singular 
Terms, Jdioms. Matters of Stile & Speech used in the same. Now 
Jnasmuch the former is to supply the place of honey, so these latter 
J would have to be accounted if not for Wax. yet for hive dross. &c. 
See pag. si 

"When he took this in hand, he did not think To shew to any 
man his Paper and his Jnk; His only Purpose was in black and white 
With his two little ones (: departing:) to abide. Nevertheless this 
may live when he is dead ; And thus he leaves it to the perusing of his 

lir- : not caring a doit, whether they will like or dislike it." 

The genesis of the book and the mode of procedure are given 
in what seems to be the earliest form of the title-page. 12 Here 



Hilarius, Cyrillus, Ephraem Syrus, Basilius Magnus, Gregorius Xazianzenus, 
Epiphanius, Ambrosius, Gregorius Nyssenus, Theotoretus, Hieronynms. 
Chrysostomus, Augustinus, Petrus Chrysologus, Prosper, Fulgentius, Gre- 
gorius Magnus, Isidi . . Johanes Damascenus, Xicephorus, Theophy- 
lactus, Anselmus, Rupertus, Bernardus, Petrus Lombardus, Alexander Hales, 
Bonaventura, Thomas Aquinas. X B. Those of Thomas a Kempis you'll 
find in my Collect. Theolog. in 4 . 

" Cf. the title-page in seven languages, especially the English form of 
the title: 

"Francis Daniel Pastorius' Paper-Hive. 
Whose Beginning once was in Tage Fifty-five." 




\.tu ' &€frnU»4 ><■" ■■■'' -;■'- rV %U *m£fit 

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04*.jS< ■■)'"'■ /".,.. 

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Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Beehive". 

(Manuscript temporarily deposited by a lineal descendent of Francis 
Daniel Pastorius in the Library of the University of Pennsylvania.) 



The Founder of Germantown 251 



we find the interesting statement that the original form of the 
Beehive was written on a quire of paper which Jacob Tellner gave 
Pastorius before leaving for Europe : 

"After J had collected Two Volums of delightful Proverbs, 
witty Sentences, wise and godly Sayings; Comprizing for the most 
part necessary & profitable Caveats, Advises, Doctrines & Instruc- 
tions ; out of many Authors of many minds & different Opinions, not 
only in my Mother-Tongue, but likewise in the Low-Dutch, French, 
Jtalian and Latin which both Books in 4 are still with me. For the 
better learning of the English, and that my two Sons ( : who prob- 
ably will never attain to the Understanding of the said Languages:) 
might hereafter have some of their Fathers Steps, thereby to be 
guided to the same Diligence & Assiduity of Picking the Best out of 
Good Writings, J endeavoured at Spare-times to make this present 
Hive on a Quire of fine Paper, which a Friend of mine [ : Jacob 
Tellner:] departing for Europe did give me; And when allover filled 
up with honey-combs, J was Constrained to enlarge my Hive with 
more courser, homely or home-spun Stuff of this Country-Product. 
Thus J leave it for the Perusing of those for whom it was contrived 
in the first beginning thereof; Nevertheless Jf any other besides 
them should happen to be benefitted by these Miscellanies, Jt will not 
sad, but glad my heart. 

Nam Prodesse volo cunctis, nulliq. Nocere : ) 

Semper amare bonos, et tolerare malos. 5 

As for my performance herein J could heartily wish it might 
prove to all honest people's good liking. 

The final fullest form of the title seems to be that in seven 
languages, which runs as follows : 13 

[Folio 3?} 

'H tov cppai'^KT^ov AafcjXc? Uaaroptov Kn^ieXi) MeXtTTWi/ 
Franciscus Daniel Pastorius Alvear istud 

Jure sibi proprio vindicat atj. suis. 

Francis Daniel Pastorius's Paper-Hive, 

Whose Beginning once was in page Fifty-five 

adde pag. 54, 51,49.9. 8 > & 7- 

Franz Daniel Pastorius syn Bie-Stock. 

Frantz Daniel Pastorius sein Immen-korb. 

L'Avia (Albio o Cupile) di Francesco Daniele Pastorio. 

La Ruche (Auge, Panier on Catoire) de Francois Daniel Pastorius. 



" Cf. the photographic reproduction. 



252 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Jn these Seven Languages J this my Book do own, vide infra p. 7 num 

Friend, if thou find it, Send the same to Germantown ; 

Thy Recompense shall be the half of half a Crown : 

But, tho' it be no more than half the half of this, 

Pray! Be Content therewith, & think it not amiss. 

Yea and if, when thou com'st, my Cash perhaps is gone, 

(For Money is thus scarce, that often J have none) 

A Cup of Drink may do : Or else, alas ! thou must 

Trust unto me a while, As J to Others Trust, 

Who failing make me fail : A thing extreme unjust ! 

To which J have no lust ; But must per Force, poor Dust. 

Freund, Was du findest, wiedergieb, 
Sonst halt man dich vor einen Dieb 

In diesem; und in jenem Leben 
Folgt anders nichts als Hollen-pein. 

Gott Selbst hat disz Gesetz gegeben 
Zu thun, wie man Gethan will seyn. 
Quod Tibi vis fieri, hoc facias Alijs. 

2. ,1/j 1 Brains J may not longer break, When now the Hive itself 
does speak. 

Come Friend ! Be't Gentleman or Groom, 

Peruse me in my Master's Room ; 

But never talk of Borrowing, 

He mightily dislikes the Thing. &c. 

J once was lent, and almost lost ; 

Henceforth J'll keep at home, 

And thus attending on my Post, 

Fear nothing that may come. 

F. D. P. 
Fretus Dei Pra?sentia, 
Fatigabo Difficultates Patientia, 
Frustraborq. Dolos Prudentia. 

Fortunante Deo Pietas Fert Denique Pair am, vide infra pag. 
55 & 67. 

And to my two Sons Jt saith: 

Part not with me! J'm excellently good, 
If rightly us'd & rightly understood. 
You full well know, your father never would 
Have sold this Hive for 7 lbs. of Gold 
Or 462 sh. Currt. Silver Money 
of Penn Silvania. 14 



" Written vertically on right margin. 



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Index to Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Beehive." 



The Founder of Germantown 253 

Po'cW Me\«7Ta(? jxev y\vKrj aTci^ei Me'Xt, 
'Evdev S' A/sa^ve? aiavov ' iov Trlei. Adde infra pag. 54, § 3 . 
Rosa quidem Apibus Mel dulce stillat, 
Sed inde Aranea grave efficit Venenum. 
From that Rose, whence the Bees their sweetest honey pluck, 
The Spiders, Tarantuls, the worst of Venom suck. 
Besser bringt man Honigseim 
Jmmen-gleich von fernen heim, 
Als dass man nach art der Spinnen 
Selbst was giftigs solt ersinnen. 

'Aycnra Me\i "Ap/cTo?. Mel diligit Ursus. 
Ursus Ego: laetor liquidi dulcedine Mellis, 
Inq. meis Nectar dispono dapsile Cellis. 

Mi) vefiiaa (Saioiaiv; Xa/M9 (Saioiaiv ovrjBel. 

Ne parviducas Parva, est sua Gratia Parvis. 

J with Demochares, small Things to scorn forbid : 

Oft in a little Place great Treasures may be hid. 

A Nightingale is better than a kite. Levit. n : 14. 

No Alms, nor Gift above the Widows Mite. Mark. 12:42. 
A small Diamond is of more worth than the largest Brick. 
In kleinen Sacken ist das best Gewiirtz. 



4. Index to the Beehive. 

Several thousand | Crannies | of | F. D. P.s | Alphabetical 
Hive I in Folio, | Jnto which he collected | 
I. Variety of Words, Phrases & Anglicisms, | 
II. Variety of Comon Sayings & Proverbs | 
III. Rarity of more Jmportant Matters. &c. 15 

The MS. is 3^4 x 6 inches in size and contains 53 written 

pages, 3 blank pages and one fly-leaf in the front, upon which is 

written : 

"Presented Aug. 18. 1859 

To Mrs Ann Eliza Schuster 

by Charles M. Wagner, 

Presented to Washington Pastorius 

by his cousin Ann Eliza Pastorius Schuster" 

done in the handwriting of the respective donors. The book is 



" For the detailed title-page see the photographic reproduction. 



254 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

bound in boards, on the inside of which is pasted, front and back, 
a sheet of the same paper as that upon which the book is written. 
Back of these inside pages and on the last page of the MS. are 
mottoes and sentiments written in Pastorius' hand. The first 
inside cover page contains the following anagram and verses: 

"F. D. P. Favos Diligentia Parat 
Studium et Constantia, 
Labor & Tolerantia 
Colligunt ab Infantia, 
Lectorem Delectantia. 
Et Finem Coronantia. 
Jf we not exercise our Wit, 
A short Time's Sloth corrupteth it. 

Jgnavus : Jgnarus. 
Neglectis urenda Filix innascitur Agris. 
Wie in syn Lant geen Koren saeyt ; 
'Tis seeker, dat hy Distels maeyt. 
An Encyclopedy of all what can be known, 
May very Well be made by Comon-placing down 
The Better Sort of Things out of the Best of Books; 
And such a Work, no doubt, the Best of men would own, 
Some Better lay aside their Surplis & their Gown, 
Yea and Good Captains beat their Spears to Pruning-hooks. 
Fac Deus Providebit." 



5. Alvearialia. 

Alvearialia, | Or such Phrases and Sentences, | which in haste 
were Booked down here, | before J had Time to Carry them to 
their respective proper Places in my | English-Folio-Bee-hive. 
Francis Daniel Pastorius. | Fac bene Dum vivis, Post | mortem 
vivere, si vis. | Finis Dabit Praemium. | 

On the left margin of the title-page is written: "Francis 
Daniel Pastorius." As will be seen from the photographic half- 
tone, the title-page is decorated with leaves done in colors, which 
are much dimmed with age and use. 

The size of the MS. is a small 8° of the time, containing 359 
written and 17 numbered blank pp. bound in vellum, covered with 
brown paper. On the vellum and paper cover is written on 




Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Alvearialia. 



The Founder of Germantown 255 

margin and top Alvearialia. On the inside of the cover, on the 
right margin, is a faint but partially legible Latin inscription: 
"Me jurat Innumeros." 

A kind of explanatory title preface follows the title proper: 

"F. D. P. 

Looking over of late my Rejectanea or Waste-papers, | among a 
great heap of others J met also with | these here partly Jnclosed & 
partly stitch'd together, | which making (as you see) a pretty Little 
Book, I deserve (methinks) a Frontispiece or Title-page | and for- 
asmuch as all whats cancell'd is Jnserted | in mine English Bee-Hive 
in folio, I J thought convenient to call them | Tafitm Quantum Lac 
Infantum, Or \ Talia Qualia Alvearialia, | What others did contrive 
J carry to my Hive. | desiring those, to whose hands they may come, 
I that perhaps shall never have the Opportunity | to behold mine 
abovesd Alphabetical Hive to | make good Use of these hasty Pud- 
dings or Schediasms, | minding always the h : Apostles wholsom 
Admonition | 1. Thess. 9:20. | 

Omnia explorantes Bonum tenetc. \ the ear trieth words, &c. 
Job. 34. 3. I 

Read Reader, read Judiciusly, | 
Shun Jmplicit Credulity: | 
Prove first and then Approve what's Good: | 
Judge not of things not understood. | 
These foregoing few Lines are in lieu of a Preface, | And if any 
would have me dedicate it to some Body, | I herewith Complement- 
ally consecrate the same | To himself, | of what Quality Soever; | 
provided nevertheless he be One of the Excellent | Spirited in this 
New English World, &c. | Or a True English Soul, as the 
Athenia Oracles phrase is. | 

NB. Post haste did write these Sheets: S Zoilus, the Nibbler, 
Says well, he can't read all, & therefore calls me Scribbler: 
But if he can not and other can ; Whom J dare call a Better man. 
The Authors, whereout J \ after the manner | of Bees have 
gathcr'd the little Honey & Wax \ which you find in the following 
sheets, are | 

1. the first Volume of the Athenian Oracle, p. 1 

2. Reginald Scot's discovery of Witchcraft p. 35 

3. The Rights of the Christian Church asserted agt all 

priests who claim an Jndependent Power over it. 

Anonymous p. 41 

4. E. W. the husbandman's Manual p. 53 
R. B. nine ivorthies (sic) 



256 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

5. W m Temples two Volumes of Letters and his Observa- 

tions on the United provinces of Netherland 

6. Edward Cocker's Arithmetick 

7. Poor Robins Almanack 1686 

8. Francis Quarlcs Emblems & hieroglyphicks 

9. the Trueborn Englishman D Foe 

10. Henry Sackeverell's Sermon 

11. Ainsworth's Quotations upon the 5 books of Mo 

Psalms 

12. Mamut or the Turkish Spy's first volume. 
Ejusdem Seventh and Eighth Volumes 

14. William Penn's divers Treatises 

15. Don Diego Saavcdra's 100 Emblems 

16. Still Ainsworth's Quotations upon the Song of Songs 

17. Theophrasti Paracelsi Opera in Fol°. two Volumes 

18. Don Francesco de Qnavedo's Visions 

19. Pietae Hallensis, concerning the Orphan-house 

Glencka 

20. Ashhurst's Remarks on Kath. Heywood's Life 

21. Henry Coley's Almanack 1698 

22. Geo. Parker's Almanack 1699 agt John Partridge 

23. John Partridge's Almanack 1699 

24. Jane Lead's Message to the Philadelphian Society &c 

Bundle of Revelations untied &c 

25. Jacobi Viverij Werelt's Beschryvinghe 

26. N. H. the husband forced to be Jealous 

27. Culpepper's Physician's library or ye London Dispensa 

tory 

28. le Febure's Compleat Body of Chymistry 

29. Edward Phillip's Theatrum Poetarum 

30. An account of the Success of the two Danish Missionaries 

in Malabar, 1709 p. 233 

31. Out of divers Writings J know not which. However 

from p. 235 to p. 242 much is taken out of the Life 
of Ambrosius Merlin, written by Thomas Heywood 
in 4 quern merito Valem dixeris atq Magum — a 
prophetical poet p. 234 

31. John Tomkins Piety promoted, Second part p. 250 

32. More out of Jane Lead's Writings p. 252 
More out of Theophr. Paracelsi Operibus p. 255 

33. Concerning the repealing Penal Laws and Test p. 274 

34. John Beaumont's Treatise of Spirits 1705 p. 281 

35. John Tomkin's Piety promoted, first part p. 291 

36. Reflections upon a Book called Pax I 'obis p. 75 



p 


• 57 


p- 


72 


p- 


73 


p- 


77 


p 


■ 85 


p- 


9i 


p- 


93 


p- 


103 


p- 


125 


p- 


113 


p- 


147 


p- 


157 


p- 


169 


p- 


170 


p- 


181 


at 




P- 


197 


P- 


201 


P- 


205 


P- 


206 


P- 


211 


P- 


212 


P- 


213 


P- 


216 


P- 


221 


P- 


224 


P- 


230 







ft 



4 



Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Alvearialia. 



The Founder of Germantown 257 

37. Mass Aurcllo's history, the second part p. 275 

38. the Life of Comific, Count of U If eld Great Master of 

Denmarck 1695 p. 276 

39. John Hepburn's Essay agt. Negro-Slavery p. 278 

40. Arthur Dent's Path- Way to Heaven p. 292 

41. The Secret Amours of M. de Maintenon &c p. 329 

42. Tho. Creeck's The Life of Alexander the Great p. 278 

43. Will. Chandler's brief Apology p. 312 

44. Culpcper's Astrological Judgmt. of Diseases p. 312 

45. Free-holder begun the 23th day of December 1715 p. 333 

46. A Dream at Woodstock p. 297 

47. Gazettes or News-Letters. Ibid. p. 330 

48. Joseph Glanvil's Saducimus Triumphatus p. 335 

48. Robert Boyle's Medicinal Experiments 3 parts p. 316 

49. John Tomkin's Piety promoted, third part p. 300 

50. Reflections upon the book Pax Vobis p. 75 

51. The Loyal Americans Almanack 1715 p. 76 

52. Z. Hawkins the Life of Gilbert Lateys p. 303 

53. Anth. Will. Bohm's the faithful Steward (Hen. Will. 

Ludolf ) p. 316 

54. Religuiac Ludolfianae p. 318 

55. W m Pens & Geo. Whithead's Serious Apology p. 154 

56. Frances Shaftoe's Narrative p. 345 

57. Ralph Winterton's Consid ons upon Eternity p. eodem. 

58. London Yearly Meeting's Epistle 1718 p. 303 

59. Dr. Stoughton's Elixir Magnum p. Jbid. 

60. Geo. Wither 's Abuses Stript & Whipt p. 304 

61. The Spectator Vol. 1 p. 156: 5th Vol. 2 d p. 156 

62. Abr. Coivley's Works in fol. 1688 p. 292 

63. W m Hughes Flower Garden & Compleat Vineyard, p. 319 

64. Julian the Apostate ./. n. 8° 1682 p. 320 

[5?] 

65. Fra. Bacon's Resuscitatio ./. in fol. 1647 p. 321 

66. The Life & death of Lazarillo de Tormes in which book 

was a defect from p. 5. to 21 p. 156 
and from p. 74. to 95. & from 100. to 117 

67. John Nicholl's hourglass of Jndian News p. 353 

68. Francis Fairweather's pleasant prognostication p. 326 

69. Rich d Pccke's Three to One: An English-Spanish Corn- 

bate p. 327 

70. the pleasant history of Jack of Newberie p. 353 

71. W. Kempe's the Education of Children in Learning p. 327 

72. the Secret history of Q. Elizabeth & the E. of Essex p. 354 
72- Sir David Lindsay's Works in 12 1714 at Belfast p. 357 
74. the history of Genesis in 8° 1708 p. 358 
75 A New Academy of Complements in 12 1717 p. 296." 



258 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

6. The Young Country-Clerks Collection. 

The young Country-Clerk's Collection | of the best Presidents 
of Bills, Bonds, Conditions, Acquittances, Releases, | Jndentures, 
Deeds of Sale, Letters of Attorney, Last Wills & Testaments, 
&c. I With many other necessary and useful Forms of such 
like Writings | as are vulgarly in use between Man and Man. | 
An Alphabetical Table whereof is thereunto prefixed. | by 
Francis Daniel Pastorius &c. 16 

The MS. is 6 3-16 x 7 11-16 inches. It begins with page 
200 and continues to page 383 (pp. 372-381 apparently missing). 
As regards the first 199 pages, the compiler gives this informa- 
tion at the Cope of the title-page : 

"Where is the Rest, One hundred ninety-nine? 17 
Within some Sheets ( : most like to these:) of mine." 

The book was a most indispensable handbook for the 
scrivener of that day. The forms are in English for the most 
part, but occasionally in German. The MS. bears the marks of 
other and later hands, into which it came; for example, on one 
of the original blank pages (266) is written: 

"The Property of Charles Macknet Pastorius, the great great 
Grandson of the Author of this Book. Presented by his Uncle, his 
best friend, and Adopted Father: 

January 1st 1812." 

On page 315 is found a Deed of Sale with the following 
heading, and the name of the famous English scrivener, Charles 
Brockden : 

"Short Deed of Sale. Ch. Brockden." 

7 a . Delicae Hortenses, &c. 

Francisci Danielis Pastorij | Deliciae Hortenses, | Or | Garden- 
Recreations. I 

Honest Country-man, Cultor virentis Agelli | 
Thy Garden, Orchard, Fields, 



" For full detail of the title-page see the photographic reproduction. 
"The last half of the first verse almost entirely gone. 



J«y<t«-j jt°T.X~ Ai t ^yjj. „„ £■¥"<»* Jarl-ajw . MPCC VI 




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Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' " Delici.e Hortenses." 



The Founder of Germantown 259 

And Vineyard being planted 
With what good Nature yields, 

Brave things to thee are granted ; 
Besides the Gifts of Grace. 

Therefore go on, and gather, 
Use each kind in its place: 

And our God & Father, 
Who gives thus liberally, 

What's needful for our Living; 
And would us have reply 

Jn bowed-Down Thanksgiving, 
To him, to Whom belongs 
All Praise, in Prose and Songs. Adde pag. 12. 
Halle-Lu-Jah! 
Halle-Lu-Jah! 
Soli Deo Gloria ! 
Jn Sempiterna Secula. 
Amen. 

The above is the title-page proper. Around all four margins 
are written sentiments in English and Latin, as may be seen in 
the half-tone reproduction of the title-page. The second part has 
the following title-page : 

7 b . Voluptates Apianae. 

Pars Altera Libri, | Sive | Voluptates Apianae: | Nectar et 
Ambrosia | id est | A little Time of Leasure Full of the 
greatest Pleasure. | or | 

A mouthful of fresh Air among my Bees, 
The sweetest of all Birds man ever sees. 
Brave-harmless Creatures, which do always sing, 
Hymn hum ! & never bite ; but sometimes sting 
Unchaste or Wanton-ones, and Drunkards too ; 
Vor ihnen gute Leut hab'n gute Ruh. 
That is to say, All those for them have Rest, 
Who may be call'd Good, Better, Best. 
Thou that art None of Such, The smallest Bee 
Here in my Garden is Convincing Thee 
Of thy Mis-doings, and we want no more. 
A thousand Witnesses ! My Friend therefore 
Repent of all what's bad ; Amend, and then 
A sure Reward will crown the End. Amen ! 17a 



" a Cf. photographic reproduction for full title-page. 



260 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

8. Res Propriae. 
Francisci Danielis Pastoij / Res Propriae. 

A small, neatly written manuscript, bound, measuring 
from margin to margin 6*A x 3% inches, and cotnaining: 

P. 1 Epitome of his life till 20 of June, 1715. 

P. 2 Genealogical chart. 

P. 3-9 Kurtzer Lebens Lauff, &c. 

P. 10 Blank. 

P. 11-14 Additamenta zu vorgehen, &c. 

P. i4(Repeated) 30 Inventory of effects brought to Amer- 
ica, Book, &c. 

P. 31. Blank. 

P. 32-39 Account Ennecke Klostermann's land. 

P. 40-41 and two unnumbered, giving an account of his two 
sons. 

The terminus ad quern is 171 5, as is to be seen in the fact 
that Pastorius gives an epitome of his life till June, 1715, entries 
are made as late as 1 716/17. This manuscript is invaluable for 
data relating to the early life of Pastorius ami has been freely 
drawn upon in this biography. 

Pastorius' Official Documents. 

In addition to the works in manuscript already discussed, 
Pastorius left a number of important public documents, which 
bear the impress of his mind, ranging all the way from the Protest 
against Negro Slavery of the year 1688, to the Record of Friends 
Certificates of Marriage. These works are here mentioned by 
title and treated briefly in order to give a complete view of Pas- 
torius' activity as a writer. They are five in all, and numbered 
here for convenience in cronological order. 

The most important question of public moment touched upon 
by Pastorius was that of Negro Slavery. While we have no 
statement that he formulated the Protest brought by the Germans 
before the Friends Meeting in 1688, it is easy to detect the ear- 
marks of his style and manner of thought in the quaint German- 
isms of the document. The handwriting also is his. 



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Title Page ok Francis Daniel Pastorius' " Voluptates Ai'ian.l. 



The Founder of Germantown 261 



Germantown Friends' Protest Against Slavery, ic 

"This is to y e Monthly Meeting held at Richard Warrell's. 

These are the reasons why we are against the traffick of men 
Body, as followeth : Js there any that would be done or handled at 
this manner? viz., to be sold or made a slave for all the time of his 
life? How fearfull & fainthearted are many on sea when they see a 
strange vassel, being afraid it should be a Turck, and they should be 
tacken and sold for slaves into Turckey. Now what is this better 
done as Turcks doe? yea rather is it worse for them, w ch say they 
are Christians ; for we hear that ye most part of such Negers are 
brought heither against their will & consent; and that many of them 
are stollen. Xow, tho' they are black, we cannot conceive there is 
more liberty to have them slaves, as it is to have other white ones. 
There is a saying, that we shall doe to all men, licke as we will be 
done our selves ; making no difference of what generation, descent or 
Colour they are. And those who steal or robb men, and those who 
buy or purchase them, are they not all alike? Here is liberty of 
Conscience, w ch is right & reasonable ; here ought to be lickewise 
liberty of y e body, except of evildoers, w ch is an other case. But to 
bring men hither, or to robb and sell them against their will, we 
stand against. Jn Europe there are many oppressed for Conscience 
sacke ; and here there are those oppressed w ch are of a black Colour. 
And we, who know that men must not comitt adultery, some doe 
comitt adultery in others, separating wifes from their housbands and 
giving them to others; and some sell the children of those poor 
Creatures to other men. Oh ! doe consider well this things, you who 
doe it; if you would be done at this manner? and if it is done accord- 
ing Christianity? You surpass Holland and Germany in this thing. 
This mackes an ill report in all those Countries of Europe, where 
they hear off, that y e Quackers doe here handel men licke they handel 
there y e Cattel. And for that reason some have no mind or inclina- 
tion to come hither, and who shall maintaine this your cause or 
plaid for it? Truely we can not do so, except you shall inform us 
better hereoff, viz: that christians have liberty to practise this 
things. Pray! What thing in the world can be done worse towards 
us, then if men should robb or steal us away, & sell us for slaves to 
strange Countries, separating housbandfs] from their wifes & chil- 
dren. Being now this is not done at that manner, we will be done at, 
therefore we contradict & are against this traffick of menbody. And 
we who profess that it is not lawfull to steal, must lickewise avoid to 
purchase such things as are stollen, but rather help to stop this rob- 
bing and stealing if possible; and such men ought to be delivered out 
of y e hands of y e Robbers & and sett free as well as in Europe. Then 



262 Francis Daniel Pastorins 

is Pennsilvania to have a good report, instead it hath now a bad one 
for this sacke in other Countries. Especially whereas y e Europeans 
are desirous to know in what manner y e Quackers doe rule in their 
Province; & most of them doe loock upon us with an envious eye. 
But if this is done well, what shall we say is done evill? 

If once these slaves, ( :w ch they say are so wicked and stubbern 
men:) should joint themselves, fight for their freedom and handel 
their masters & mastrisses as they did handel them before; will these 
Masters and mastrisses tacke the sword at hand & warr against these 
poor slaves, licke we are able to belive, some will not refuse to doe? 
Or have these Negers not as much right to fight for their freedom, 
as you have to keep them slaves ? 

Now consider well this thing, if it is good or bad? and in case 
you find it to be good to handel these blacks at that manner, we 
desire & require you hereby lovingly, that you may informe us here 
in, which at this time never was done, viz., that Christians have such 
a liberty to do so. to the end we shall be satisfied in this point, & 
satisfie lickewise our good friends & acquaintances in our natif 
Country, to whose it is a terrour or fairfull thing that men should 
be handeld so in Peiisilvania. 

This is from our Meeting at Germantown held y e 18. of the 2. 
month 1688. to be delivred to the Monthly Meeting at Richard 
Warrel's. 

gerret hendericks 
derick op de graeff 
Francis Daniell Pastorius 
Abraham op Den graef." 



"At our monthly meeting at Dublin, ye 30 — 2 mo — : 1688 we 
having inspected y e matter above mentioned & considered of it, we 
finde it so weighty that we think it not Expedient for vs to meddle 
with it here, but do Rather comit it to y e consideration of y e Quar- 
terly meeting; y e termor of it being nearly Related to y e truth. 
On behalf e of y e monthly meeting. 
Signed. P Jo: Hart." 

This, above mentioned was read in our quarterly meetting at 
Philadelphia, the 4 of y e 4th mo 88 and was from thence recom- 
mended to the Yearly Meetting and the abovesaid Derick and the 
other two mentioned therein to present the same to y e Abovesaid 
meetting it being a thing of too great A weight for this meeting to 
determine. 

Signed by order of y e meetting 
Anthonv Morris. " 17b 



" b These two minutes arc written on the original document. 






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F AC-SIMILE OF FIRST PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY 
1 K\ rHK Courtesy of rHE Editor 01 "Old Germantown.' 







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The Founder of Germantoivn 263 

Minute of Burlington Yearly Meeting Minute on the above Protest: 

"At a Yearly Meeting held at Burlington the 5th day of the 7th 
month, 1688. 

A Paper being here presented by some German Friends Con- 
cerning the Lawfulness and Unlawfulness of Buying and keeping 
Negroes, It was adjudged not to be so proper for this Meeting to 
give a Positive Judgment in the Case, It having so General a Relation 
to many other Parts, and therefore at present they forbear It." I?c 



The Generall Court Book | of the Corporation of | Germantown. 
I oder I Raths-Buch | der Germantownischen Gemeinde, | 
angefangen den 2 ten tag des 4 ten Monats Anno 1691. 

The MS. is 8 3-16x12 11-16 inches in size and contains: 

1. The Raths-Buch, pp. 1-32. 

2. Alphabet to Book I, Vol. 5, 7 pp. 

3. An old plot of survey. 

4. 79 pp. (unnumbered and all blank except two). 

This MS. of the Raths-Buch is evidently the original minutes 
of the General Court of Germantown, as the entries are in different 
hands. Three different languages — German, Dutch, English — 
are used in various parts of the record. The Raths-Buch is a 
most valuable document for the history of the German language 
in America, inasmuch as it shows that the speech mixture, so 
familiar in the later day American German, especially the Penn- 
sylvania German, began with the pioneers almost immediately 
after their arrival. 

3a. 

Lex Pennsylvaniensis | in Compedium | redacta. : | h. e. | The 
Great Law of Penn- | silvania — abridged, | for the particular 
use of I Francis Daniel Pastorius. | Salus Populi Suprema Lex 

esto ! 

MDCXCIII. 



"° A sequel to the Protest is found in An Exhortation and Caution To 
Friends Concerning buying and keeping of Negroes, printed in 1693, "t' le first 
protest against slavery printed in America." 



264 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

A manuscript 53^4x8 1-16 inches in size, containing: 

Title page, 1 p. 

Index, 6 pp. 

Laws of Pennsylvania, beginning with No. 20 (Laws 1-19 
are wanting), 22 pp. 

Blank 2 pp. 

The laws in this part are briefly abstracted for ready refer- 
ence in practice. 

3b- 

Leges Pennsilvanianae | h: e: | The great Law of the | Province 

I of I Penn Silvania. | Francis Daniel Pastorius 

his Book I . . . 1690 .... 

The size of this manuscript is 6x7^ inches. The contents 
are : 

Title page, 1 p. (See photographic reproduction.) 

Entry of the dates on which the laws were enacted, p. 2. 

The full text of the laws, pp. 3-82. 

Blank, 4 pp. 

Index, 3 pp. 

Blank, 7 pp. 

3C- 

1. Copia des Germantownischen Charters. | 

2. Gesetz, Ordnungen und Statuten der Gemeinden 1S | zu 
Germantown, in denen daselbstigen generalen | Raths Ver- 
samblungen von Zeit zu Zeit gemacht | und publicirt | " 

3. The Laws of the Province of Pennsylvania | antecedent to 
the sd Charter & By-Laws . | .... | M. DC. XCIII. 

The manuscript measures 6 3-16 (6%)x.7}i inches and con- 
tains 28 pages in all. It was originally bound in rough black 
pasteboard, which is still preserved. 

All three of these MSS. are now bound up together in the 
order here given, and found in the Historical Society of Penn- 
sylvania. As the title page shows the Leges Pennsilvanianae 



" Written "Gemeind" in title to the section containing the text 
" Replaced by "verfertigt" in the title before the text. 



The Founder of Germantown 265 

codex is the oldest of the three. It is probable that the third codex, 
containing the Gesctc, Ordnungcn und Statutcn of Germantown, 
are of equally early date, although transferred later to this MS. 



4- 

Grund- und Lager-Buch | aller und jeden unbeweglichen 
Giiter, | geklart- und ungeklarten | Landes, | in der gantzen 
German Township | Durch Ordre Einer daseibstigen Generalen 
Court J angefangen | von | Francisco Daniele Pastorio 

The book is a large MS. folio, 11^2 x 18 inches, and has 
the following contents : 

Title page, 1 page unnumbered; Ansprach an die Nachkom- 
lingschafft, &c, 1 unnumbered page; Copia des Patents oder 
Grund-Brieffs iiber die gesamte Germantownship, p. 1 ; Number 
of acres bought by original purchasers and number of acres in 
the four towns, Germantown, Krissheim, Sommerhausen, Cre- 
feld, p. 2 ; List of original purchases, p. 3 ; Purchases in Kriss- 
heim, p. 4 ; Purchases in Sommerhausen, p. 5 ; Purchases in Cre- 
feld (no names entered), p. 6; Blank, pp. 7-10; Die Franckfur- 
tische Compagnie (no entries), p. 1 1 ; Blank, 12-42 (4 pp. less 
than numbering calls for); Jacob Tellner (no entry), p. 43; 
Blank, pp. 44-48 ; Power of Attorney of Johan Stripers and his 
wife, p. 50; Blank, pp. 51-54 (2 pp. wanting); Dirck Lipman, 
ein Erster Kaiiffer (no entry), p. 55; Blank, pp. 56-60; Govert 
Remkins, ein Erster Kaiiffer (no entry), p. 61 ; Blank pp. 62- 
64; Lenert Arets, ein Erster Kaiiffer, p. 65; Blank, pp. 66-70; 
Jacob Jsaacs. ein Erster Kaiiffer (no entry), p. 71; Blank, pp. 
72-76 (2 pp. wanting); Franz Daniel Pastorius (no entry), p. 
yy; Blank, pp. 78-80 (81-82 wanting); Georg Hartzfelder (no 
entry), p. 83; Blank, pp. 84-86; Peter Keiirlis (no entry), p. 87-, 
Blank, pp. 88-90; Tiines Kunders (no entry), p. 91 ; Blank, pp. 
92-94; Jan Lensen (two documents), p. 95; Blank, pp. 96-98; 
Reinert Tisen (five documents), pp. 99-100; Blank, pp. 101-104; 
Jan Liicken (one document), p. 105; Blank, pp. 106-110 (111- 
112 wanting) ; Gerhard Henrichs (no entry), p. 113; Blank, pp. 



-''xi Francis Daniel Pastorius 

114-118; David Scherckges (no entry), p. 119; Shoemaker 
document, p. 120; Blank, pp. 121-122; Wolter Simens (no en- 
try), p. 123; Blank, pp. 124-126; Dirck Kolck (no entry), p. 127; 
Blank, pp. 128-130; Wigart Levering (no entry), p. 131 ; Blank, 
p. 132; Herman von Bon (no entry), p. 133; Blank, p. 134; 
Gerhard Levering (no entry), p. 135; Blank, pp. 136-138; Hen- 
rich Sellen (no entry), p. 139; Blank, pp. 140-142; Jsaack 
Schefer (no entry), p. 143; Blank, pp. 144-146 (147-148 want- 
ing) ; Heinrich Buchholtz (no entry), p. 149; Blank, pp. 150- 
152; Cornelis Bom (no entry), p. 153; Blank, pp. 154-156 (157- 
158 wanting); Isaac Dilheeck, pp. 159-160 (two documents); 
Blank, pp. 161 -162; Eiiecke Klostermans (two documents), p. 
163; Blank, pp. 164-166; Jan Doeden (no entry), p. 167; Blank, 
pp. 168-170; Andres Souplis (no entry), p. 171 ; Blank, pp. 172- 
174; Willem Riittinghusen (no entry), p. 175; Blank, pp. 176- 
178; Claus Riittinghusen (no entry), p. 179; Blank, pp. 180- 
182; Dirck Keyser (no entry), p. 183; Blank, pp. 184-186; Wil- 
lem Strepers (four documents), pp. 187-189; Blank, p. 190; 
Dirck op de Graeff (no entry), p. 191 ; Blank, pp. 192-194; Her- 
man op de Graeff (one document), p. 195; Blank, p. 196; Five 
op den Graaff documents and memorandum, p. 197; Herman 
Dors document, p. 198; Abraham op de Graeff (one document), 
p. 19; Blank, pp. 200-201; George Walker (one document), p. 
202; Jan Simens (one document), p. 203; William Strepers 
document, p. 204; Blank, pp. 205-206; Paul Wulff, pp. 207-210 
(five documents); Johannes Bleickers, pp. 211-212 (two docu- 
ments); Blank, pp. 213-214; Jacob Schumacher (no entry), p. 
215; Blank, p. 216-218; Heifert Papen (double document), pp. 
219-220; Blank, pp. 221-222; Jacob Jansen Kliimges (no en- 
try), p. 223; Blank, pp. 224-226; Cornelis Sjoerts (no entry), 
p. 227; Blank, pp. 228-230; Hans Peter Umstat (no entry), p. 
231; Blank, pp. 232-234; Peter Schumacher (four documents), 
pp. 235-236; Blank, pp. 237-238 (239-240 wanting); Claus 
Tamson (one document), p. 241; Blank, pp. 242-244; Hanns 
Milan (no entry), p. 245; Blank, pp. 246-248; Henrich Frey 
(no entry), p. 249; Blank, pp. 250-252; Johannes Kassel und 









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Title Page of the "Grund- und Lager-Buch". 



The Founder of Germantozun 267 

Arnold Cassel (four documents), pp. 253-254; Blank, pp. 255- 
258; Aret Klincken (three documents), pp. 259-260; Blank, pp. 
261-262; John Silans (three documents), p. 263; Blank, pp. 264- 
266; Reinier Hermans (no entry), p. 267; Blank (268-269 
wanting), pp. 270-272; Henrich Sellen (no entry), p. 273; 
Blank, pp. 274-276; Dirck Sellen (one document), p. 277; Blank, 
pp. 278-281; Gerard Riittinghousen (one document), p. 282; 
Blank, pp. 283-288 ; Willjam Streper's document and Matthias 
van Bebber document, p. 289; Blank, pp. 290-304; William Strep- 
ers document and Matthias van Bebber document, pp. 305-306 ; 
Blank, pp. 307-323; Thomas Tresse (one document), p. 324; 
Blank, pp. 325-338 (2 pp. numbered 328) ; William Streepers 
(three documents), pp. 239-241; Blank, pp. 342-344; Abraham 
Tonnis (one document), pp. 345-346; Blank, pp. 347-368; Jn 
het Lands van Crefelt (one document), p. 369; Blank, pp. 370- 
3S0; [Index], 2 unnumbered pages and 1 blank page. 

The Grund und Lager-Buch is in a sense the most national 
book indited by Pastorius, inasmuch as it is addressed to the 
German people in America and their descendants. It is also 
from the literary point of view the most interesting document 
emanating from him alone because the Latin "Address to Pos- 
terity" has become immortalized as classical in English Amer- 
ican literature by the Quaker poet Whittier, in his Pennsylvania 
Pilgrim. The Latin and German addresses are given here both 
in the original and in English translation, as well as in the photo- 
graphic reproduction. 

"Salve Posteritas ! 

Posteritas Germanopolitana ! 

et ex argumento insequentis paginas 

primitus observa, 

Parentes ac Ma j ores Tuos 

ALEMANIAM, 

dulce Solum, quod eos genuerat, alueratq* diu, 

voluntario exilio 

deseruisse ; 

[ : oh Patrios Focos ! :] 

ut in silvosa hac Pennsilvania, 

deserta Solitudine, 



268 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

minus Soliciti 

residuum ^Etatis 

Germane, h. e. instar Fratrum, 

transigerent. 

Porro etiam inde addiscas, 

Qvantae molis erat, 

exantlato jam mari Atlantico, 

in Septentrionali ist hoc America tractu, 

GERM AX AM 

condere gentem. 

Tuqve 

Series dilecta Nepotum! 

ubi fuimus exemplar honesti, 

nostrum imitare exemplum : 

Sin autem a semita tarn difficili aberravimus, 

Quod pamitenter agnoscitur, 

ignosce ; 

Et sic te faciant aliena pericula Cautam. 

Vale Posteritas! 

Vale Germanitas ! 

yEternum Vale! 

F. D. P." 

"Ansprach an die Nachkomlingschaft, und Alle, die dieses 
Lager-Buch continuiren oder fortsetzen. 

Wehrte und Geliebte Nachkomlixge! Damit Jhr zu alien 
Zeiten wissen moget, von vveme, wann, wie undt warumb die so ge- 
nannte Germantovvnship sey angefangen worden ; und also Eurer 
Vor- Eltern ursprung merckliche ungemachligkeiten und wohlmein- 
endliche Jntention Euch kiirtzlich entdecket werde, babe ich allhier 
Vorredsweis was weniges darvon bey zu fiigen meiner Schuldigkeit 
zu seyn erachtet. Anfanglich nun Xachdem Carolus, dieses Xahmens 
der Zweyte, Konig von Engelland, (lurch sonderbahre Schickung des 
Allerhochsten und aus erheblichen ursachenhiesigeLandschafft Penn- 
silvanien an YYilljam-Penn und seine Erben, krafft offenen brieffs 
de dato den 4ten Marti j 1680., iibergeben und abgetretten hatte, sind 
nebenst andern auch einige Personen in Hoch- und Nieder Teutsch- 
land ( :deren Nahmen in dem allgemeinen Patent oder Grundbrieff 
iiber diese Germantownship p. t. zu ersehen:) bewogen worden, in 
allem 43000. Acker lands in gemeldter Provinz Pennsilvanien von 
gedm Willjam Penn, vermittelst Benjamin Furlv. dessen LU'vollmach- 
tigten zu Rotterdam in Holland, an sich zu kauffen, der zuvcrlassigen 
Absicht, bey damahligen schweren laiifften sowohl selbst aus dem 
verwirrten Europa anhero [ : als in ein zweytes Pellam:] zu entflihen, 
wie nicht minder andere redliche und arbeitsame lent zu transportiren 
umb allhier untcr mehrerwehnten Willjam Penns verhoffentlich 



The Founder of Germatitown 269 

gerechten und liebreichen Regierung ein friedsam, still und Gottge- 
falliges Leben zu fiihren. Anno 1683. den 2ten tag des 2ten Monats 
( :Aprilis :) begab ich Frantz Daniel Pastorius mich ( :gleich ein Vor- 
lauffer vermuthlich vieler nachfolgenden ehrlichen lands leute:) auff 
den weg, und arrivirte den 20ten des 6ten Monats ( :Augusti:) mit 
etlichen knechten und magden Gott lob ! frisch und gesund zu Phila- 
delphia. Bald darauff nembl. den 6ten des 8ten Monats ( : Octobris :) 
kamen eben falls in besagtem Philada. an Dirck- und Herman- 
und Abraham Jsaacs op den Graeff, Lenert Arets, Tunes Kunders, 
Reinert Tisen, Willhelm Strepers, Jan Lensen, Peter Keurlis, Jan 
Simens Johanes Bleickers, Abraham Tunes und Jan Liicken, mit 
dero respective Weibern, Kindern und gesind, zusamen 13. Fami- 
lien. Da wir dann ungesaiimt von Willjam Penn begehrten, dass £r 
das samtliche von obgedn Hoch- und Nieder Teutschen erkauffte 
Land an einem stuck, und zwar bey einem schiffbaren Strom, solte 
auslegen und abmessen lassen. Dieweilen Er aber uns hierinnen 
nicht willfahren kunnte, sondern bisz zu iiberkunfft mehrerer 
Hausgesinde eine Township unfern dem Philadelphischen Stattgebiet 
etliche meil oberhalb des Scullkill Falls, anprxsentirte, haben wir 
sothanen Landstrich besichtiget und demnach derselbe uns seiner 
hohen geburg halber nicht anstandig, von oftgem. Willjam Penn 
versucht, die Township lieber buschwarts ein auff ebenern grund zu 
zustehen; dessen Er wohl zufrieden, und darauff den 24ten Octobris 
durch Thomas Fairman 14. losen oder Erbe abmessen liesz, umb 
welche oberwehnte 13. Familien den 25ten dito durch Zettul das los 
zogen, und sofort anfiengen Keller und Hutten zu machen, worinnen 
sie den Winter nicht sonder grosse beschwerligkeit zubrachten. 

"Den Ort nennten wir Germantown, welches der Teutschen item 
Briider Statt bedeutet; Etliche gaben ihm den bey Nahmen Armen 
Town, sindemahl viel der vorgedn. ersten begihere sich nicht einst 
auff etliche wochen, zu geschweigen Monaten, provisioniren kunnten. 
Und mag weder genug beschrieben, noch von denen vermoglichern 
Nachkomlingen geglaubt werden, in was Mangel und Armuth, anbey 
mit welch einer Christn. Vergniigligkeit und unermudetem Fleiss 
diese German Township begunen sey ; da dan mehrgemn. Willjam 
Penns offtmaliger durchdringender Anmuthigung und wiirklichen 
assistenz nicht zu vergessen ; wie auch, dasz, als Er nacher Engelland 
abgesegelt. gegen das 'Vorjahr einigen der Einwohner ihr muth so 
gar entfallen, dass sie anders wohin verhausen wolten ; welches doch 
auff der bestandigern Zusprach unterblieben ist, und Sie anjetzo 
beederseits ursach haben, Gottes vatterliche Giite und Vorsorg dank- 
barlich zu ruhmen. 

"Anno 1684, den 20ten und folgende tag des i2ten Monats 
( :Februar:) wurde von gedm. Thomas Fairman der umbkreisz der 
Germantownship, nemblich nach Jnnhalt des von Willjam Penn er- 
theilten, und ins general landmesser Amt eingelieferten, warrants, 



2yo Francis Daniel Pastorius 

6000. Ackers abgemessen, kurtz darnach aber durch dessen ordre 
( : unerachtet wz wir dagegen einvvendcn kunnten:) 1000. ackers 
darvon, liings der Scullkillseitej wieder abgeschnitten ; wobey es also 
verblieben, bisz Anno 1687. den 29. Decembris diese unsre < iennan- 
township zum andern mahl von Thomas Fairman, und zwar mit 
accurater sorgfalt, gemessen, und darinnen 5700. acker lands be- 
funden worden, iiber welche wir das auff folgender Seite abcopirte 
Patent oder Grundbrieff genomen haben. 

"Ferner wurden zu selbiger Zeit alien und Jeden Einwohnern 
zu Germantown ihre gantze und halbe losen in richtiger Ordnung 
zugemessen, wie aus dem draught oder Abriss und gegenwartigem 
buch, clarer erhellet; Nembl : 2750. ackers. Anno 1689. den 4tcn des 
2ten Monats (:Aprilis:) haben die Kaiiffer und Erbpachts leut, 
denen die ubrige 2950. ackers der Germantownship zubehoren, 
dieselbe durchs los unter sich in drey absonderliche Dorffsschafften 
vertheilt; und Anno 1690. den i4ten des Xlten Monats ( Januarii:) 
von Thomas Fairman die Durchschnitt dardurch thun lassen ; den 
vordersten an Germantown anstossenden Theil Kriszheim; den Mit- 
telsten ( :von meiner geburts statt:) Sommerhausen ; und den hin- 
dersten Crefeld benahmset ; wie p. 2. umbstandlicher ausweiset. 

"Hierbey ist gelegentlich zu erinnern, dasz wir die Urheber 
dieses Wercks, wegen ermanglender sattsamer experienz in solcherley 
sachen, vieles gethan haben, das wir hernach theils selbst andern, 
theils der kliigern Nachfahren Verbesserung anbefehlen, miissen. 
Dan in ansehung der beschwerlichen Ausrottung des holtzes &C. 
haben wir anfangl: die Erb oder Losen nur 7. ruthen breit ausgelegt; 
jedoch nachgehends, da mit dergleichen harten arbeit was beszer ge- 
wehren kunnten, dieselbe urn andere 7. ruthen und 4. Fuss erweitert. 
Auch war unser ersteres Vornehmen, es bey 25. losen bewenden zu 
lassen ; weszhalben wir dann vor dem sechsten Erb auff der W'est- 
seite ( : als neben einer Zwerchstrasz, und inmitten des Orts:) einen 
acker zum Alarck- und begrabnisz platz, auch zu gemeinen Gebaiien 
vorbehalten haben. Dieweilen aber verschiedene, beedes gewesene 
Dienstboten und aus Teutschland iiberkorhende, gern 1> y uns zu 
Germantown bleiben und wohnen wolten, vergrosserten wir die 
anzahl der losen auf 55. Jngleichen hatte unserer Jntention nach die 
lange strasz in einer geraden Nord West linj durch gantz German- 
town lauffen und die zwerchstraszen recht gegen einander iiber und 
von einerley Weite seyn sollen ; welches doch die darzwischen fal- 
lende Siimpff und unbeqvemheiten ; haubtsachl : aber die mit dem 
Volk anwachsende diversitat der Sinnen und andere dergestaltige 
umbstande verhindert haben. 

Zum beschlusz mag ich wohl mit einem angehenckten NB. 
denen Nachkomlingen zu wissen fiigen, dasz German Towns vor- 
nehmste eusserliche Auffnehmen ( : wofern bereits so zu reden gezie- 
met:) vom Flachs bau, spinnen und weben herriihre; und sonder 



The Founder of Germantozvn 271 

Zweiffel durch dieses Kraiitlein auch hinfiiro die Armuth und Durff- 
tigkeit noch vieler curirt werden konne ; weshalben dan daszelbe mit 
gebuhrlichem Fleiss zu saen und wahr zu nehmen ist. 

"Hiermit nun abbrechende, wunsche ich von hertzen, dasz die 
leider ! schon all zu viel iiberthatige Zwietracht und Uneinigkeit aus 
der Germantowner hertzen und gemiithern gantzlich vertilgt werde, 
sie samtlich aber, alte und Junge, grosse und kleine in wahrer Liebe 
zu Gott und ihrem Neben Menschen fromm und gerecht leben, 
gedultig leiden, selig sterben, und so in die Ewige Rub u. Herrligkeit 
eingehen mogen ! Amen. 

Frantz Daniel Pastorius." 

Translation. 

"Hail to Posterity ! 
Hail future men of Germanopolis ! 

Let the young generations yet to be 
Look kindly upon this. 
Think how your fathers left their native land, — 

Dear German land ! O sacret hearths and homes ! — 
And where the wild beast roams 

In patience planned 
New forest homes beyond the mighty sea, 

There undisturbed and free 
To live as brothers of one family, 
What pains and cares befell, 
What trials and what fears, 
Remember, and wherein we have done well 

Follow our footsteps, men of coming years ! 
Where we have failed to do 
Aright, or wisely live, 
Be warned by us, the better way pursue, 
And knowing we were human, even as you, 
Pity us and forgive ! 

Farewell, Posterity! 
Farewell, dear Germany ! 
Forevermore farewell ! 

F. D. P." 10 a 

Address to posterity and all who shall continue or keep up 
this Land Record. 

Dear and Beloved Successors. In order that you may 
know at all times by whom, when, how, and why the so-called 
Germantownship was begun and that the origin, noteworthy 

" a The verses are from Whittier*s Pennsylvania Pilgrim. 



272 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

hardships and well-meaning purpose of your forefathers may be 
briefly disclosed to you, I have considered it my duty to add a lit- 
tle about it here by way of preface. In the beginning, then, after 
Charles, King of England, the second of this name, by the special 
Providence of the Most High and for weighty considerations had 
granted and ceded to William Penn and his heirs the Province of 
Pennsylvania in a public charter dated March 4th, 1680, a number 
of persons in High and Low Germany (whose names may be seen 
in the general patent or grant of this Germantownship p. 1) among 
others were led to purchase of the said William Penn through Ben- 
jamin Furly his plenipotentiary at Rotterdam in Holland 43000 
acres of land in all in the above mentioned Province of Pennsyl- 
vania, with the confident expectation that by fleeing hither from 
Europe, as it were into a second Pellam, we might escape the dis- 
turbances and oppressions of that time, and, likewise transport 
other honest and industrious people in order that we might lead a 
quiet, peaceful, Godly life under the rule of the oft-mentioned Wil- 
liam Penn, which it is hoped, will be just and benign. On the sec- 
ond day of the second month (April) 1683, I, Francis Daniel Pas- 
torius (a forerunner presumably of many honest countrymen who 
are to follow), began the journey and arrived the 20th of the sixth 
month (August) with a number of hired men and maids, God be 
praised, safe and sound, in Philadelphia. Soon afterwards, viz. on 
the 6th of the eighth month (October) arrived likewise in Phila- 
delphia Dirck and Herman and Abraham Isaacs op den Graeff, 
Lenert Arets, Times Kunders, Reinert Tisen, Wilhelm Strepers, 
Jan Lensen, Peter Keurlis, Jan Simens, Johanes Bleickers, Abra- 
ham Times, and Jan Liicken, with their respective wives, children, 
and servants, together thirteen families, when we without delay 
requested of William Penn that he should have laid out and sur- 
veyed in one tract on a navigable stream all the land bought by the 
above mentioned High and Low Germans. 

Inasmuch as he could not accede to our wishes in tin- matter, 
but offered a township some miles above the Falls of the Schuvl- 
kill not far from the city of Philadelphia, awaiting the arrival of a 
number of families, we examined the land, and. as it was not suit- 
able for us because of its high hills, we requested William Penn 
that he grant us the township on more level ground in the wooded 
region, to which he agreed and afterwards on the 24th of October 
had fourteen lots or hereditary shares, surveyed by Thomas Fair- 
man, for which the above mentioned thirteen families drew lots on 
the 25th of the same month, and began forthwith to construct cel- 
lars and houses, in which they spent the winter, not without great 
hardships. 

We called the place Germantown, which signifies likewise the 



The Founder of Germantown 273 

city of Germans and the city of Brothers; some gave it the name 
Armentown (Poortown) because many of the aforesaid settlers 
could not procure themselves provision for even a few weeks much 
less months. And it cannot be adequately described nor believed 
by the more prosperous decendents, in what want and poverty, but 
at the same time with what Christian contentment and unwearied 
industry this Germantown was begun. 

Therefore, the frequent earnest encouragement and actual as- 
sistance of William Penn, who has often been mentioned, are not to 
be forgotten ; also the fact that when he had sailed to England, and 
the courage of some of the inhabitants had failed at the thought 
of the previous year, so that they wished to take up their abode else- 
where, which however was prevented by his continued encourage- 
ment ; and you now have reason on both accounts to gratefully 
praise the fatherly goodness and care of God. 

Anno 1684, the 20th and following days of the 12th month 
(February) the tract of the German township viz., 6000 acres ac- 
cording to the purport of the warrant issued by William Penn and 
delivered to the Surveyor General's office, was surveyed ; but shortly 
afterwards by his order 1000 acres of it along the Schuylkill were 
again cut off (regardless of what we could say against it). Thus 
it remained until this our German township was again surveyed a 
second time by Thomas Fairman on the 29th of December, and this 
time with scrupulous accuracy and found to contain 5700 acres of 
land for which we have taken out the patent or land charter copied 
on the next page. 

Moreover, at the same time the whole and half lots were sur- 
veyed in proper order to the inhabitants of Germantown, all and 
singly, as may be seen more clearly from the draft or chart and 
this book, namely, 2750 acres. On the 4th of the second month 
(April) 1689, the purchasers and hereditary tenants to whom the 
remaining 2950 acres of the German township belong, distributed this 
land among themselves, by lot, into three separate villages, and, 
on the 14th of the nth month (January) 1690, had it laid off by 
Thomas Fairman, and called the nearest portion, adjoining Ger- 
mantown. Krissheim, the middle portion Sommerhausen, after my 
native city, and the farthest portion Crefeld, as is shown more in 
detail on page 2. In this connection it is to be incidentally remem- 
bered that we, the beginners in this work, because of the lack of 
sufficient experience in such things, have done many things which 
we afterwards must ourselves change or recommend to our wiser 
successors for improvement. For because of the difficult clearing 
of the woodland, etc., we laid out in the beginning only seven-rod 
tracts or lots, but afterwards when we were able to get along better 
with such difficult labor, we added to these lots seven rods and 



274 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

four feet. Then, too, our first intention was to stop with 25 lots; 
accordingly, we then reserved an acre for a market place, a grave- 
yard, and also for public buildings on the west side in front of 
the sixth lot by a cross street in the middle of the town ; but inasmuch 
as a number of former servants and others arriving from Ger- 
many wished to remain and live with us in Germantown, we in- 
creased the number of lots to 55. In like manner, it was our in- 
tention that the long street was to run in a straight northwest line 
through the entire village of Germantown, and the cross streets 
directly opposite each other and of one width, which, however, the 
intervening swamps and inconveniences, but chiefly the growing 
diversity of opinion among the people, prevented. 

In conclusion, I may properly add with an appended N. B., 
for the information of those that are to follow, that Germantown's 
most prominent external prosperity, so far as it is befitting to speak 
of such at this early stage, is due to flax raising, spinning, and 
weaving, and doubtless by means of this little plant, also in the 
future the poverty and want of many can yet be remedied, and for 
this reason it should be sown and cared for with becoming indus- 
try. Closing with this, I wish sincerely that the dissension and 
strife which, alas! are all too rife, may be entirely erased from the 
hearts and minds of the people of Germantown, and that they all, 
old and young, great and small, may live piously and honestly in 
true love to God and their neighbors, suffer in patience, die happy, 
and thus enter into eternal peace and glory. Amen. 

Franz Daniel Pastorius." 



A Record | of Friends Certificates of Marriage | belonging to 
the Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 1672. 

The first marriages recorded took place in England. The 
last entry in Pastorius's hand is dated "15th, 4th, 1699." The 
record is then continued in another hand. 

pastorius' manuscripts and printed books. 23 

A complete list of books in Pastorius' library is preserved 

in his own hand and is here printed: 

An Manuscriptis habe ich 

.n earlier and slightly variant but less complete list is found in the 
Beehive, p. 386. The list here given is taken from the Res Propria, which is 
later than the Beehive. Seidensticker (First Century of German Printing in 
Ameriea) printed the shorter list. 



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Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' Book of Forms, "The Young 
Country Clerk's Collection." 



The Founder of Germantown 275 

In Folio. 
1. Alvearium or Alphabetical Hive. 

In Quarto. 

Academische Spaarstunden. 

Miscellanea Theologico-Moralia. 

Exercit. Arithmet. 

Emblematical Recreations. 

Ein dick ungeschrieben buch. 

Young Countrey-Clerk. 

Confusanea Geometriae. 

Gramatical Rudiments of the Latin Tongue. 

Pensylvane. Gesetz. Item Germantone. Statutae. 

Deliciae hortenses & Voluptates Apianae. 

Anleitung zur Englischen Sprach. 

Poetica Pastoriana. 

Moral Sayings meeterly Versified. 

Johafiis Godtmanni Speculum Sapientiae. 

W™ Pens Schluszel von mir iibersetzt. 

An Omer full of Mafia for my Ship-mates. 

Good Counsel for bad Lawyers & Attornies. 

Vaticinium de Reditu Guillielmi Penni. 

A Compendium of Arithmetick. 

In Octavo. 

Meine Reisbeschreibung od Jtinerarium. 

Phraseologia Teutonica. 

Academischer Spaar-Stunden Vorlauffer od Miscellanea 

prima. 
Liber Epitaphiorum. 
Artzney- und Kuntsbiichlein. 
Haushaltungs-Reguln. 
Rudimento Linguae Angl. 
Collections Biblicae oder Theologica Anglicana in grun 

Pergament nebenst vielen andern, so uneingebunden. 
Melligo Sententiarum latine. 
Calendarium Calendariorum. 
Angling & other Tracts of Husbandry. 
The Monthly Monitor. 
Discipline of the Church of Christ. 
Deliciae hortenses Germanopolitanae. 
Arithmetick and Copies. 
Apiarium :oder Bienen-biichlein. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 
11 
12 

13 
14 
IS 
16 

17 
18 

19 



9 
10 
11 
12 

13 
14 

15 
16 



276 



Francis Daniel PastTtits 



17. Onomastical Considerations. 

18. Bemh. Pet. Karl's Catechism English'd b) me. 

19. English Rhymes, tw 

20. \Y m Pen- Friichte der Einsamk, von mir verteutscht. 

21. Alvearialia. 

22. Private Annotations. 

23. A Fascicle of Several Mens Mscripts. 

24. J Saml. Pastorius his Cherry harvest of Arithmet. 

In Duodecimo. 

1. Law-Term- added to the Compleat Justice. 

2. Additamenta ad Fehe's Grafhaticam Gallicam. 

3. ad Caffae - Jtalicam. 

4. - - - ad the Writing Scholars Companion. 

5. Latinae Primordia Linguae. 

6. Ein geschr. Anhang an Tim. Rolls Garten-biichlein. 

7. Spiegel eines wahrhafftig bekehrten Christen. 

An Land-Charten, Die 4 Welltheil u. Teutschland. 

KB. Mein zu Altorff gewesener Stubengesell Willhelm 

Diiten J. U. Lie. enthielt mir 2. geschriebene Phrasesbiichlein. 



von 



[Two works at least, which are known to have existed, but are 
not included in this list, are: 



1. 
2. 



Res Propria. 
Cash Book. | 



An Gedruckten Biichern habe ich theils mit ins land gebracht, 
theils verehrt bekonien, auch einige wenige gekauft: Hingegen 
andere verkaufft und weggegeben, als hier mit angemerckt steht. 



1 
2 

3 
4 

5 
6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 



In Folio. 

Ed: Leighij. Critica Sacra. 

Der Staten I libel. 

Cambridge Concordance. 

Hohbergs Georgica Curiosa. 

Tabulae Chronologicae Helmstadiensis. 

Sebast. Franckens Cosmographia. 

Xich. Bayard's Tryal for high Treason. 

An Act for Ascertaining the Currency of Money. 

The Uishops Declaration. 

John Casimir's Catalogue of Medicine--. 

I 1 Fox to the Planters in America. 

Philaretus agt. Swearing & Cursing. 



The Founder of Germantown 277 

13. Concerning Election of Assembly men. 

14. Cone. Csesar's Due. 

15. Th. Layths Warning. 

16. Joh Clausen Zeugnisz. 

17. Ben. Fletcher's Proclamation. 

18. Geo. Joy's Complaint agt New England. 

19. D. Erberfelds frauen leich-Reimen. 

20. Proceeding agt Rebels. 

21. Yearly Meeting Epistles. 

22. G Keiths Appeal. 

23. Tho. Budd ag 4 W m Pen. 

In Quarto. 

1. An English Bible, printed at Oxford. 

2. Rob. Barclay's Apology. 

3. Ein Hochteutsche Bible, gedruckt zu Lunenburg. 

4. A Collection of several Friends Writings. 

5. Nich. Hunt's Newborn Christian. 

6. Joh. Henr. Voigts prognostica. 

7. Ant. W m Boehm. fun. Sermon to Pr Geo: twice, gave to 

each one. 

8. Jac. Telner's Treatise. 

9. Dan. Leeds rebuked. 

10. Js. Peiiingtons Wegh des Levens ende Doots. to Henry P. 

11. Rob. Barcl. Apology nederduytsch. to Henry P. 

12. Du Mont's Reyse naa het Oosten. 

13. Fragmentum Alcorani, in hochteutsch. 

14. J. Tauleri Kern-lehr. 

15. Casp. Panthesij Jtinerarium. 

16. Geo : Keith's Universal Grace asserted. 

17. Marg. Fells Standard of the Lord revealed. 

18. An Abstract of the Laws of Perisilva. 

19. In einem Band : Jn-liefde tot de Verloorene. Js. Peningt. 

wegh des levens en doots. W Ames van den Wegh des 
levens. W. Pens Waarheyt ontdecht. J. Park's Chr. 
Jesus verhooght. G. Fox wat wy van Christo geloven. 
M F. Vrouwen Spreeken. Fr. Howgils heerlyckheyt 
van de waere Kerch. Stephen Crips geklanck des 
alarms. Bened Figken beantwortet. Jtem Gerrit 
Roosen. Jt: ein Jesuit. Jt. Ds Minist. zu Hamburg 
Verschiedene Sendbrief. Morgan Watkins Marks of 
the true Church. Nic. Knights Comparison between 
true & false Ministers. Tho. Hudchinsons forced Uni- 
formity. R. Farnsworths pure langvage, & W. Pens 
farewell. 



278 



Francis Daniel Pastorius 



20. 



21. 



22. 



27. 

28. 
29. 



30. 

3i- 
32. 
33- 

34- 



23. G 



24. E 



25- 



26. G 



Sonst Zusamen gcbunden : Pens & Meads Tryal. W. Pens 
Answ: to a libell. Ejusd. Answ: to a Letter. W. 
Shewens agt. Talebearers. G. Foxes line of right. 
Clergy-mans letter to a Clergy man. A letter to R. 
Bridgeman Shipton Wifes & others prophecies. 

G. Foxes Vision. [ ?] Beware of Seducing Spirits. Qua- 
kers no plotters. An answ : to Semper Jdem. agt. per- 
secution. Qrs. assemblies vindicated. 

W. P. Continued Cry of the Oppressed for Justice. G. 
Benson cone: Oaths & Swearing. Th. Ellwoods Cau- 
tion to Constables. Ben. Lindleys Shiboleth of Priest- 
hood. R. Haydocks Skirmisher Confounded. Tarn 
Quam for Jurors. Jnocency defended agt. Lord Corn- 
bury. Dying-words of some young men. 
Whiteheads Truth & Jnocency vindicated. Answer to 
Lod. Muggleton. the Anabaptists lying wonder, relig- 
ious Meetings no Conventicles. 

Burne's Looking Glass. W. Smiths earthly Wisdom 
Confounded. J. Parke's God's Judgments upon the 
wicked world. J. S.'s the Case of Qrs. cone: Oathes. 
the Case of protestant dissenters, shewing those to be 
no papists, & the Law of absenting from Church not 
agt. them. 

Dan. Leeds rebuked. G Keith proved a prevaricator: 
proteus Ecclesiasticus, or G K proved an Apostate, the 
Bomb Search'd. Remarks upon the great Mystery of 
Fox-Craft. J. Wyeth's Vindication of W. P. 
Ks refutation of 3. Opposers to Truth. Ejusd Serious 
Appeal. Qrs. of Rhode Island vindicated. G Ks plea 
of the Jnnocent. Ejusd. Some Fundamental Truths. 
Ejusd. Expostulation with Tho: Lloid. An Exhorta- 
tion cone : buying of Negroes. Gross Error & hypoc- 
rasie detected in Geo : Whitehead. W m Lancasters 
questions. 

the Rulers & Priests of Somerset shire persecuting the 
faithful Witnesses of the Lord. 

John Perrots Epistle &c. & Judas his 30. pieces. 

G. Foxes family order of Whites, Blacks & Jndians. Ap- 
peal that there may not be a beggar in England. Wm. 
Shewen agt. Talebearers. 

W m Russels No Seventh-day-Sabbath. 

A short View of the Prelatical Church of England. 

Hen. Bemh Kosters Advice for all Professors. 

Edw. Coote's English School-master. 

Ziegenbalgs bericht aus Tranquebar. R. Coppers 2. Schrei- 
ben. T. L. Kohlhansen schrift an die Obrigkeit zu 
Dantzig. 




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Oldest Title Page of Pastorius' Copy of the "Laws 01 
l'l nnsylvania". 



The Founder of Germantown 279 

35. Wederlegginge H. Jungs. G. Foxen Sendbrief u. Richt 

snoer. P. Hendricks Answ : aen Gerrit Roosen. R 
Barcl : brief aan de Ambass. tot Nimegen. St Crisps 
Oorsaecken van de Ellende der Nederlanden. Spiegel 
voor de Stad Emden. Jt. voor Niew-York door J. T. 
G Ks antw op XI. Vragen. S Crisps Klaren Wegh. 

36. G. Foxen antw : an Tob. Stietman. P. Henrichs ad 

eundem. R. Bare!. Antw. an Ben. Figken. G. Fox ad 
eundem. Jtem an Adrian Pauli. 

37. S. Crisps Klang des Allarms. G. Fox von d tauff. James 

Parnels Untersuchung des glaubens. W. Catons Wort 
zu rechter Zeit. W. Ames Guter Rath. G. Fox wider 
Verfolfung. Antw. an Ben. Figken. Jt. an Gerrit 
Roosen. W. Gibsons Ansprach an die Obr. zu Dant- 
zig. G Foxen Warming an die Obr. zu Hamburg. 

38. Disputatio Jnauguralis F. D. P. 

39. W. Catons een Woort ter rechten tyt. M. F. vrouwen. 

Spreeken gerechtvaerdigt. Fr. Howgils Erfdeel Jakobs. 
W. Catons Ondersoeker voldaen. W. P. Christenryck 
gedagvaart. M. Stephensons Roep van de Dott tot het 
leven. 

40. Fr. Howgils Eroffnung des bauchs der Morgenrothe. 

Edw. Burroughs Baniere alien Volckern dargestellt. 
Warumb die Ors d.Weltlehrer verleugnen. G. Fox an 
alle Konig. Ejusd. Sendschreiben an John III Konig in 
Pohlen. 

41. Den Grooten en Witten Duyvel. 

42. De Bisschop voor Groningen, Tragi-Comedie. 

43. Joh. Rode Baniere of Standaert des Heeren. 

44. Ouadrans Astronomicus & Geometricus. 

45. Conductor Generalis, Or a Guide for Constables. &c. 1686. 

In Great Octavo. 

1. B. Arias Montani Nov. Test. Graeco-lat. 

2. Elisha Coles Dictionary. 

3. Binarti Dictionarium Belgico-lat. 

4. Nath. Duez Diction : Jtalico-Gallicum. 

5. Mich. Pexenfelderi Apparatus Eruditionis. 

6. Macarij u. anderer Altvatter Schrifften. 

7. Claude Mauger's Gramaire Franchise. 

In Octavo. 

1. An English Bible printed at Oxford. 

2. Pauli Tossani Loci Comunes Theologici. 

3. Jer. Dyke's good Conscience. 

4. Nich. Culpper's English Physician. 



2 8o Francis Daniel Pastorius 

5. Jac. Schutzij Compedium Juris Civilis. 

6. Andr. Reyheri Manuductio Poetica. 

7. Comenij Lexicon Atriale. 

8. Ejusd. Janua Lingu : Lat: Germ: Gall: & Ital. 

9. Ejusd. janua Lingu. Lat: & Angl. 

10. Joh. Val. Andreae Menippus. 

11. Melch. Ad. Pastorij Contemplatio terrestr. Vanitatum. 

12. Bart. Keckermafii Sy sterna Logicae. 

13. Riverij Observationes Medicae. 

14. Pet. Rami Praelectiones in Virgilij Georgica. 

15. Joh. Boemi Mores omnium Gentium. 

16. Le Maitre d'hotch verehrt an Elisabeth Hill. 

17. Xtian Keiman Gramatica Graeca. 

18. Lutheri Teutsche Bibel. gegeben an Heinrich P. 

19. Ejusd. Neu Testament, cum Judice Manuscripto. 

20. Felbingers neu Testament. 

21. Rob. Barclay's Catechismus in Latein. 

22. — Jtem in English, to J. Samuel Pastorius. 

23. — Jtem in Nieder-teutsch. to Henry P. 

24. Tho. Chalkley's loving Jnvitation. twice, gave to each one. 

25. Wm. Penn's Call to Christendom. 

26. Wm. Dell's Laerdom om Daabe. 

27. Betriibter Seelen Heiligthum. 

28. Wm. Penns No Cross, No Crown. 

29. Rob. Barclay's English Catechism bought for is. 

30. Dan. Leed's Trumpet, for is. 

31. the 12. Patriarch's Testamts. twice, for 2s. to each one. 

32. A Short Jntroduction of Grarhar. for iod. 

33. Wil Bartjens Cyfferinge. 

34. Christ All in All, & Woe to Drunkards. 

35. R. H. the young Clerks Guide. 

36. Edw. Cocker the young Clerk's Tutor. 

37. Wel-Levens-Kunst. 

38. The Elements of Geometric 

39. Old Almanacks. 

40. Kohlhansens Erinerung. 

41. Ejusd. Anmerkungen. 

42. Ejusd. abscheul. finsterniss. 

43. P. Henr. Entdecker Entdeckt. 

44. St. Crisps Triumph d Wahrheit. 

45. Th. Lawson's Ant wort. 

46. The Young Mans Companion. 

47. The privilege of Liberty & Property. 

48. Geo. Fox the Younger's Collection. 

49. G. F. & E. H. Arraignmt. of Popery. 

50. E. P. Rabshakeh rebuked. 



The Founder of Germantown 281 

51. Th. Elwoods Answer to G. Ks. Narrative. 

52. Kohlhansens Schrifften wider Lobern. 

— . auch sein und mein Brief an die Pietisten. 

53. Rich. Baker's Testimony to the power of God. 

54. Guill Penn's la Clef. 

55. J. Bockett's ye poor mechanick's Plea. 

56. Jos. Wyeth's primitive Christianity continued. 

57. Th. Elwood's Truth Defended. 

58. G. Keith's pretended antidote proved Poyson. 

59. Dan. Leeds News of a Trumpet. 

60. Pietas Hallensis. part 2d & Progress of the Conversion of 

the Malabarians. part 2d. 

61. Jerem. Love's Clavis Medicinae. 

62. Hinr. Meiszners Arithmet : Blumgartlein. 

63. Steven Crisp's Triumph der Wahrheit. 

64. Th. Lawsons Antwort an Zentgraff. 

65. A just Censure of Fr. Bugg's address to the Parliamt. 

66. W m . Davis's Answ : to John Wats. 

67. A Letter to Mons. Pettecum. 

68. Reflexions on the State of the Church Universal. 

69. Ant. Will Boehm's Sermon on ye day of Epiphany. 

70. Pet. Henrich's Antwort an P. Reinhard Hermanni. 

71. G. Foxen Sent-brief. 

72. John Tribbeko's Farewel-Sermon to the Palatines. 
yi. Pet. Hendrich's algemeene Sendbrief. 

&Benj. Furley's Wederlegger wederleghit. 

74. Geo. Foxe's la primitive Ordination des Eveques. 

75. Dan. Leeds brief Reply to Caleb Pusey's mscript. 

76. Abr. Fuller's Testimony concerning his Son Joseph. 

yy. Zusam gebunden: M. J. Baurin abschieds-reden. Dis- 
quisitio de SS: Trinitate. Arnds Vorred. Justiniani 
bekehrung unglaubiger Volcker, Jt. : Verlaugnung sein- 
selt. Geist. lieder. the Christian a Quaker, good hus- 
bandry. Geode Vrydag. der Vlamingen geloofs Con- 
fessie. Felbingers Politien. Christ: huyshoudinge. Betkij 
leidens gemeinschaft. Lobwasser vom Reich Christi. 
Joh. Michaelis Glaubens grund. Domin. Beer ged : 
iiber Biblische Spriich. 

78. Van Gods Voorweetenschap en's Menssn Vrye Werking. 

79. Dirk Muller's Christelycke Gesangen van Christus. 

80. Spiegel der lydsame Heyligen. 

81. Wortel der Nederlantsche Oorloghen. 

82. Le Guide de Londres. 17 10. 

83. Le Nouveau Testament, a Mons. 1677. 

84. Claudius Mauger's French Gramer, 1688, an Heinrich P. 



282 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

In Duodecimo. 

1. Th. Tryon's Miscellanea. 19:2c!. 

2. Ejusd. Some Memoirs of his Life. 

3. The Compleat Justice. 

4. The young Secretaries Guide. 

5. Job. Arnds Wahres Christenthum, sold for 15 s . 

6. Statij Schatzkamer der glaubigen, for 10 s . Spener's prie- 

sterthum, for 2 s . 

7. W m . Shewen's Christian Faith & Experience. 

8. Ejusd. Councel to the Christian Traveller. 

9. Spira respirans. 

10. Meditationi di S. Agostino. 

11. Subyte Geestelycke Meditatien by J. Clemens. 

12. Freyburgers Chiliasmus Sanctus. 

13. Adam Reussners Psalmenbuch. 

14. Ralph Venning' s Orthodox Paradoxes. 

15. Theatrum Poetarum by Edw. Phillips. 

16. Welt- Alter. 

17. Cheureau L'Ecole du Sage. 

18. Comenij Synopsis Physicae. 

19. L. An. Seneca; Opera. 

20. Guil Amesij Casus Conscientia;. 

21. J. Soet's Wintersche Avonden. 

22. Geo: Hornij Orbis Jmperans & Politicus. 

23. Ejusd. Area Mosis. 

24. W. C. Kriegsman von Eintzeln Zusarhenkiinfrten. 

25. John Seller's hydrographia. 

26. An English Bible bought of Rich, vander Werf for 17s. 

was spoiled by J. Pettinger. to H. P. 

28. The Writing Scholars Companion, for I s . 3 d . 

29. J. D. Gramatica Hispanica. Gramaire Espangnole. 

30. Fr. de Fehe Gramatica Gallica 

r~ i- /- xx— 1- — Ti r S cum Annotat. 

31. Caroh Caftae Gram. Itahca. < 

t manuscriptis. 

32. Tho. Upsher's Epistle to Friends in Jreland. 

33. Jac. Bohmens Aurora. 

34. Ejusd. Weg zu Christo. 

35. The Negro Christianized. 

36. A Catalogue of Books. 

37. Jer. Dykens Wiirdiger Tischgenoss. 

38. Wil. Saldeni Christliche Kinderschul. 

39. Ladies rich Closet of Rarities, lent to Eliz. Hood. 

40. And. Schotti Jtinerarium Jtaliae. 

41. Jod. Sinceri Jtinerarium Galli;e. 

42. Weghweyser door Vranckryck. 

43. Gotfr. Hegenitij Jtinerarium. 

44. Mart. Beers Enchiridion Geopraphi;e. 



The Founder of Germantown 283 

45. Fr. Heerman's guldene Annotatien. 

46. Defensie van D. Martin Luther. 

47. D. J. Bedas Judicium de bonorum Secessione a malis. 

48. Dr. Jac. Spenneri pia desideria. 

49. Raed aen de gescheyrde Christenhyt. 

50. La Lyturgie ou Prieres publiques. 

51. Catechisme familier par Phillippe le Noir. 

52. The English Schoolmaster. 

53. Tim. Rolls Blumen Buchlein. 

54. M. A. Pastorij Soliloquia. Ejusd. Jnstitutio Xtiana. 

55. Wasenburgij gheestelycke Scheepvsert. an Mar-Sprick. 

56. G. Foxe's Primmer. 

57. Keache's Jnstruction for Children. 

58. Lubini Clavis Grace linguae. 

59. Dictionariolum Germ : Gall : Latinum. 

60. Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules. 

61. Char. Hooles Vocabularium parvum. 

62. Ein anders von 8. Sprachen. 

63. John Tomkin's Trumpet Sounded. & W m . Tomlinson's 

short work of greatest Concern. 

64. ]. Aug. Lietzheimer- u. August Herman Franckens 

Schrifften. 

65. Keiizeichen eines Wahren Christen. 

66. Corn. Drebelij de Natura elementorum. 

67. Nich. Bifield's Signs of a godly man. 

68. Henr. Corn. Agrippa de Vanitate Scientiarum. 

69. J : Axford's hidden things brought to Light. 

70. Oliver Heywood's heavenly Converse. 

71. Mar. Jul. Baurin lebens-lauff. 

72. W m . Pens Expostulacon with the Jnhah. of Pensilva. 

73. An Essay towards the peace of Europe. 

74. Edw. Cooks Reports. 

75. Hier Cardani Neroos Lof ( ?) 

In 24°. 

1. Joh. Wollebij Compendium Theologian 

2. Edw. Cooks Reports in 12 . 

3. Graad Boecxken. 

4. Ben. Baxter's Cases of Difficulty. 

5. [crossed out] 

6. Bacchean Magazine by W. Y. 

7. Pauli Egardi Koniglich Priesterthum. 

8. Micro-Cosmographie. 

9. Ch. Marshall's Epistle. 

10. Lutheri Neu Testament. 

11. Lud. Baily's iibung der Gottseligkeit. 

12. Joh. Jonstonij Constantia Naturae. 



284 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

13. Th. a Kempis 4. libri de Jmitatione Christi. in latein. 

14. Jtem, in English, given to Sarah Goodsofi. 

15. Jtem, in French. 

16. Joseph Hall's beschaffenheit eines wahren Christen. 

17. Gedenckbuchlein, und Psalmen Davids. 

18. Joh. Matthiae Ramus Olivse Septentr. 

19. Er. Roterod. Encomium Moriae. 

20. Dionisij Speculum Amatorum Mundi. 

21. J. H. Horbij Von Gott besuchtes Wintzheim. 

22. Enchiridion of Popish Devotion. 

23. Gesangbiichlein. 

24. Nieder Teutsch Testament. Sold for 4 s . 

Although the range of Pastorius's reading in English litera- 
ture includes the Venerable Bede among the Church Fathers, and 
Chaucer among the poets, he seems to have known nothing of 
Shakespeare. Indeed, it is surprising that in the century when 
English comedians had made a deep impression upon the Ger- 
man stage, including in their repertoire a number of Shakes- 
peare's plays, a German scholar like Pastorius, who had himself 
been in England in the early eighties of that same century, 
should not once mention the name of the Bard of Avon. This 
shows how little the personality of Shakespeare meant to the 
Continent, as for that matter, to England itself, in the second 
half of the seventeenth century, and it explains the dazzling effect 
of the discovery of Shakespeare's genius in the middle of the 
eighteenth century in Germany. 

On the other hand, Pastorius was strongly influenced by the 
religious literature of England, as may be clearly seen from the 
title of the books from which he made extracts for his Beehive, 
and from the works mentioned in his library, as well as from the 
enormous collection of Ouakeriana and other works mentioned 
or recommended in the Beehive. 

The poetic technique exhibited in his poems is that of the 
seventeenth century. The Alexandrine is perhaps the most 
prominent form of verse in Pastorius's serious poems. The poems 
dedicated to the daughters of Thomas Lloyd and to William 
Penn and others are written for the most part in Alexandrines. 

An equally frequent form is the "Knittelvers" of Hans 



The Founder of Germantown 285 

Sachs. 20 Instead of the rimed couplets, which are the rule in 
Flans Sachs, Pastorius occasionally continues the same rime 
scheme for ten or more verses, as in the poem on books.- 1 
Another form of verse quite frequently employed is the four- 
stress trochaic verse which is derived from the mediaeval Latin 
hymn. 22 In addition to these very typical forms of verse Pas- 
torius employed a great variety of shorter verse-forms, combining 
them frequently into strophic groups of unusual rhythmical 
effect. Even the antique is reflected in his work, but he seems to 
have preferred for his own thought the metrical forms of the 
period lying closer to his own time. There is little evidence that 
he was particularly interested in the content of the writings of 
either the First or Second Silesian School of Poets. He seems 
to have drawn his insipration, like Opitz and Fleming, from 
earlier sources. 

Pastorius's Last Days. 
Although Pastorius seems to have had a "choleric" tempera- 
ment, suggesting physical disorder, he seems to have enjoyed 
general good health. Nevertheless he had a number of severe 
illnesses and seems to have had his share of malaria, which then 
sprang up spontaneously out of the new soil and densely wooded 
swamps. He relates that seventeen months after his arrival he 
was attacked by a severe exhausting fever, January 23, 1685, 
which jeopardized his life. Then in 171 3 he suffered intensely 
from a gathering on the thigh, which healed only after a long 
time, during wdiich period he re-wrote his treatise on Good Coun- 
sel to Bad Lazvycrs and Attorneys. The next year, May 16, 
1 7 14, he had another attack of fever (such as he had frequently 
experienced and cured it with rum and pepperberries), curing it 
with Epsom salt. February 25th, 171 6-1 7 he was seized with a 
severe cough and expectoration, and, after holding out some 
days in the schoolroom, was attacked by a fever and was criti- 



20 Cf. The poems entitled: Zur Zeit dcr Anno 1692 in P ennsylvanien ent- 
standenen Trennuny.. (Printed from the Beehive in Americana Germanica I, 
4, pp. 107-110.) 

21 Silvula Rhythmnrum Germanopolitanorum, Xo. 35. (Cf. Americana 
Germanica I, 4, pp. 106-7.) 

22 Cf. the Latin Epistle addressed to Schnmbergius. (Cf. Silvula, No. 
121 in the Beehive and also F. D. P. and the Beschreibung,) 



1 



286 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

cally ill, but recovered his appetite after three weeks. He men- 
tions Griffith Owen, Richard and Hannah Hill, Samuel Preston, 
Isaac and Mary Norris and "several of the Germans" as having 
been very kind and attentive to him during this illness. 

We learn here incidentally that Pastorius was still teaching 
school in 171 6-17 within some two years of the time of his 
death. The attack last described was evidently pneumonia or 
incipient tuberculosis and showed a deterioration of his system. 

The exact date of Pastorius's death is not known, but was 
between December 26th, 1719, the date of his will, and January 
13th, 1720, the date the will was proven. In his will he described 
himself as "being at present very sick and weak in body." The 
inventory of his effects was filed January 21st, 1720. The late 
D. P. Bruner left this note : 

"I think he must have died unexpectedly, December 27, 1719." 

The older statements that Pastorius died September 27th, 
1719, as recorded in the Beehive, by Henry Pastorius, his son, is 
evidently a mistake, as Pastorius wrote and witnessed a deed 
from Reese Potts and Elizabeth, his wife, to John Cunrads the 
"First day of October in the sixth year of the reign of King 
George over Great Britain, &c, A. D., 1719." 

He was interred presumably in the Friends' Burying 
Ground, 23a in Germantown, althouhg neither record nor tomb- 
stone tells us where. 

It was fitting that he who cared so little for the esteem of 
the world while he lived should, like his fellow Pietests and 
Friends, rest in obscuritv in the little German Town, which has 



" a Mr. Edwin C. Jellett, of Germantown, under date of Sep. 3, 1008, 
kindly sent me the following letter after this chapter was in press: 

"There is a tradition in Germantown, that he was buried in the "Geissler 
Burying Ground." This I believe, though I cannot prove. Pastorius, you 
well know, lived on the "Great Road," between D. Geissler and J. Doeden. 
With Geissler lived Dr. Witt; and both were friends of Pastorius. In early 
Germantown it was not usual in bury on home grounds, but Geissler laid out 
a private ground, and the right to its use he reserved at the time of sale. 
Both Geissler and Witt were buried in this lot, and the tradition is that 
Kelpius and Pastorius were also buried in it. The lot is now partially 
covered by the vestry room of St. Michael's 1'. E. Church. Hoping this may 
be new to you, I am, 

Very sincerely and truly yours. 

Edwin C. Jellett. 




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Frani I- Daniei PASTORll'S 



The Founder of Germantown 287 

kept pace with the march of the centuries without losing many 
of its old landmarks. 

It would be easy to select an epitaph for the German Jurist- 
Pioneer from the testimony of his contemporaries, such as the 
tribute of William Penn, who called him 

"Vir sobrius, probus, prudens & pius." 
or the poetic tribute paid by Howell Powell a short time after 
the death of Pastorius : 

A Commemoratory Poem on Francis Daniel Pastorius. 

What Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Hath tane his flight from hence to Olympus ? 

Lost to his Posterity, y e German Town Speci'lly 

Lost (tho' great gaines tj him) it was to many. 

The Hermes, Glory, Crown, and Linguist's gone 

Who oft Jnterpreted Teutonick tongue. 

The Scribe, and Tutor, German's Bolar Guide, 

An Antiquarian that was far from Pride, 

Religious Zealous Amanuensis ; 

An Universal man in Arts [&] Sciences : 

Who Lov'd his Friends; Britains; yea are Na[tions] 

Zealous for the Truth, full of Compassions 

Ah ! may Germanopolis be 'gen supplied 

Of that great Loss, their Honour Once, their Guide, 

A wise Achilles as he was be Sent 

Lowly, Lovely Learn'd Lively Still Content. 

Now free from Cares, Dire troubles that attend 

This brittle Case, the Heavnely Quire befriend 

Him Still : Joyes in the Glorious Lamb alone 

Seeth the Beatifick Vision 

You his Family offspring take Example 

By Francis Just Sincere & truly humble 

Tho' you Condole the Loss of 's Company 

He got a better ; be Content thereby, 

Tho many Lost a Friend ; He got, yet they 

Rejoyce that he hath Nobler still for ay : 

Tho Dead to his Corp'ral Form, that Sleep, He Lives 

Jn Jmmortality needs no Reprieve. 

Vade Dijs Superis homo Scandere Culmen Olympi, 

Francisce aeque vale ; tu cape carpe viam. 

Opto simul quieris, vestigia recta sequiq ; 

Te pedibus verbij, te simul esse bonos. 

Howell Powell fecit 
31 mo 3th mense 1720 



288 Francis Daniel Pastorius 



Appendix A. 

Diplomatic Print of the Agreement of the German Company of 

Frankfurt. 

Jm Nahmen und zur Ehre GOttes! 

Wir Unterschriebene urkunden und bekennen hiemit / demnach 
wir zusammen ftinff und zwantzig tausend Acker / Englischer Masz 
/ unvertheilten Lands / in der Americanischen Provintz Pennsyl- 
vania, gesampter Hand gekauffet / auch jeglicher sein Antheil nach 
Auszweisz dariiber besagender Rechnungen wiircklich bezahlt haben : 
Nemlich 

Jacob von de Wallen 2500 

und Caspar Merian 2500. jetzund Jacob 

von de Walk 833/3 5 °°°- 

und Daniel Behagel 1666^3 ' 

Lt. Johann Jacob Schiitz 4000 ) 

Johann Wilhelm Uberfeld / jetzund Franz f 5000. 

Daniel Pastorius 1000 

Jacob von de Wallen 1666 2 , 3 

Georg Strausz / jetzund Johanna Eleonora 

von Merlau / 5000 

M. Johann Wilhelm Peters 24 Hauszfrau . 16663% 

Daniel Behagel 1666 2 3 

Dr. Gerhard von Mastricht 1601 1 ") 

Dr. Thomas von Wilich 1666 - 3 j- 5000. 

und Johannes le Briin i666 2 3 J 

Balthasar Jawert 3333^ 1 5000. 

Johannes Kemler 166673 j 

Summa. . . .25000. 

Dass wir wegen sothaner Giither / vor uns / respective unsere 
Hauszfrauen / kinder und Erben / ini Nahmen GOttes eine Gemein- 
schafft oder Societat angetretten und geschlossen haben / auff Art 
und Weisz als hiernach folgt : 

1. Obbesagte Landereyen [sic] wie und wo sie uns sampt und 
sonders angewiesen seyn / oder ins kiinfftige angewiesen werden 
mogen / selbsten auch die iiber obig speeificirte / uns competivendt 
Stadt-losz / namlich die vier oder sechs Platze in der Stadt Philadel- 



: ' Mistake for Petersen, sec the signature at the end of the document. 



it. 3m unwrf)0|jtcn Sail 6&er furfj eMt Mng Jisifcpcn unij unfcrm Cfrbfn tint 
<Ftflcbfomrn/roegen ^tc^rt■ @ut«un^ rtttrn dependenticn clnlgfrSltfrccrftanbC'bcTait* 
(afjjturtgtrclt mfallen inftcfctc/ fell (M<s jtrifcfjen ten (flltcrcm bet (BciedfcKifft/ 
cDet bnfern ttefe eon beriberi Ibellenmcf't gani? wu'artbertii'cii gchaltcn tt , urt'en ; buhi 
anbete ton ten unetntgen <pattl)et)en ctnmutbtgllcb crtvchlte jtvet) rcbitdic'pcrfcbiKn/ 
nitt SJlactt/^oil Mcfc Jtrct) crn>eWtf <pai'chncn' etc rrtttt/rpantt tic c« ufthig ,i4if f n/ ju 
|tct) tubmen' nuff 81rt unb Wml ait teijt befdjneben twb/ g^tltrfitct roerben : 9fcm» 
u4biceim>cWtc®a)teb$.5 tc mirefollmauffburiinvtm iaguubC'rtb/m'Scr>K>cfra 
bet imfjWligen <parthri)cn/ oter bcr* •arbollinacbtigten/ nachJitiruffung ©ortlirbm 
'BcriftanbS/ unD retfflfc6ct bet ©iirfjcn Ubetlegutig / ba« 2Bttct tin* thtcm bclim 
23ct|"tajit unb Qutbuncfm bureti Ibrc Urthctl / reann lie etc <partfwcn nutt ettglrt. 
efctn fbruKu/ entfefjriben. 3m Jail "Bet bitfc brcrt nicfct rtnig rocrbcii/ obcr etc meiffe 
'@runmaHtic&taui]finbfn Wnten / fc follcn |1c ficu bcr cin obcr ;trcr>cn £aupt pj»i- 
apantm iRatW etholen/ unb barnoet) Mc Urthctl * crfaffen unb outiiptcc^cn : ©ogc. 
gen (jctnodS>ct auff fruit 2Bofj obcr3Jcg (treat frnict gtrfyan/ gcfianbclt obcr admini- 
ttt wrtbfu foU/ anff fetne®rifj otffl S&fl/ mix 9lec6t obcr tmt (8rrw»(t/ uon retnem 
3Mcr)ttt eber OTmfdxn/ bttgaiu)cii3Bclt/m Europa obtt America : Unb bafcrn jcuianb 
tjtrtgegenfKt) }u fettn anmaflhi twite/ ("oil et cb ipfo fanes ganljcnSltUfjette verluftig) 
unbbariube«Drt«/ nwrttwrjnrt/nUa^nrmmaiuuofcn.Sflficnmttcinfrirmiffil 

DCtl ioo.9Wjl ofW ""» CMepdon, OUCl} Oftllt fCtnctt declaration, ipfo taito mfallcn 

fan. 

SUIti trrulict) unb fonbet ©cfafirbe : ©tficn ju roaftrct Utfunb ift gegctm>arti» 
get nacr) rttfflut)cr Uberlegung son alien imctciicnten euuttuthglul) beliebtcr Crieff/ 
untttalltt unb icbet ttgrnbdnbtgeit UnterWjttflt unb ttorgctaicftcm 3n(lcivl SWWff. 
inafjf auftjefcrtiget/unb jtglicrjrm beffeu eta exemplar jugcftellct/ aud; cincs \u ben gc. 
metnfitaffnutjm documenm gtkgct trorben. SBtlc&er gcgebcu }U (£raiicffurt am 
ffiUWfi/ ba»i».No?emb.annoi68«, ^_ 

'■S Ji / / fs^>r~~ r?~ f 




{ 



H Kv<j/»i 



L^:,^ 



l^ftej. 






/*9WV 1^* 4> 



A^t/f/f .■ 



A^?,.....:r/'.:..- /('■ 





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Signatures of the "Agreement" of the Frankfurt Company, 

November 12, 1686. 

(Original in the Collection of George C. Thomas, of Philadelphia,) 



The Founder of Germantown 289 

phia zum Auffbauen neuer Hauser / unci iucirca beylaufftig 300. 
Acker in der Stadt Gerechtigkeit und Freyheit vor und umb Phila- 
delphia gelegen / und das neulichst / zur Ziegelbackerey [sic] / an 
Schollkiel / erkauffte Land / sampt alien und jeden / an alien Orten 
und Enden in gantz P ennsylvanien auffgerichteten und kiinfftigen 
Gebauen und anderen meliorationen, auch dahin gesendete / dorten 
gekauffte oder sonsten erlangte Victualia, Kauffmanns Wahren / 
Viehe / Hauszgerath / &c. erlangte und kiinfftige Real- Rechten und 
Gerechtigkeiten / sollen jetzt und kiinfftig / in gleichen Rechten 
gemeinschafftlich seyn und bleiben / nach eines jeden obspecificirtem 
Antheil / so er in derselben Compagnie hat. 

2. Alles und jedes / was zu deren cultivirung und Anrichtung 
/ zu Gebauen / item zu Uberschickung [sic] der Dienstbotten / 
Pacht-Leuten und andern Personen / auch der Kauffmanns-Wahren 
/ Lebens-Mitteln / Werckzeug &c. und dorten im Lande an Hand- 
wercker und Taglohner &c. Summa an alien Kosten / wie die 
Nahmen haben mogen / in America und Europa biszhero angewendet 
worden ist / oder kiinfftig auff hiernechst benahmte Weisz / ver- 
wendet werden mochte / soil auff gemeine Kosten geschehen pro rato 
eines jeden Antheils. 

3. Dargegen auch alle Nutzungen / Gefall / was daselbsten 
erworben / gebauet / gepflantzet / fruchtbar gemacht / und gezeuget 
wird / es sey an Erd-Gewachs / leibeigenen Menschen / Viehe / 
Maniifacturen &c. nichts iiberall auszgenommen / sollen unter alien 
Inter ess enten pro rato der Ackerzahl / getnein seyn. 

4. Was dieser Compagnie Angelegenheit betrifft / sollen die 
fiinff Haupt-Stamme (jedes 5000. vor ein Haupt-Stamm gerechnet / 
oder wie man sich kiinfftig etwan anders vergleichen mag) unter 
sich iiberlegen / und nach den meisten Stimmen (jegliches tausend 
Acker hat zehen Stimmen) forderlichst beschliessen. 

5. Dorten im Land soil jederzeit ein Bevollmachtigter der 
Compagnie, und auff dessen Sterbens-Abwesens- und Unvermogens- 
Fall / demselben ein Substitiitus, mit Schrifftlicher / von beyden Par- 
theyen auszgefertigten Bestallung / verordnet seyn: Diese beyde 
sollen jahrlich unter ihrer beyder Hand-Unterschrifften / und der 
Compagnie Pettschafft / ein ordentliches Inventarium, alles dessen / 
was die Compagnie dorten hat / mit Specification der gebauten und 
ungebauten Aecker / Wiesen / Wasseren / Waldungen / Hauser / 
dero Grentzen / auch des Gesindes / der Pacht-Leuten / des Viehes 
/ der Friichten / Victualien, Kauffmanns-Wahren / Schulden und 
Gegenschulden / Paarschafften &c. verfertigen / und neben dero 
Rechnung / iiber Kosten und Nutzungen / Einnahmen und Auszgab 
/ Ab- und Zugang / in alien Stiicken / an demjemgen / welchem 
jedesmahls der Compagnie Correspondents committiret seyn wird / 
und mit einem andern folgenden Schiff / dessen noch ein auszge- 



290 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

fertigtes Original herausz senden / audi auff solche Manier den 
dortigen Zustand zeitlich berichten. 

6. Hier zu Land sollen ein oder zwey Schreiber der Com- 
fagnie, entweder ausz den Compagnons oder Frembden / durch die 
meinste Stimmen / schrifftlich bestellet werden / welche der Com- 
pagnic Rechnungen und Correspondents in Amcricam fuhren / dero 
gehorigc Brieffen erbrechen / ihren Jnhalt Extracts Weise / oder 
da es nothig / Copeylich / an die. 5. Haupt-Stamme (von welchen 
und durch welche ferner alle und jcde Interesscnten das 
Jhrige zu erlangen / auch zu bestellen und zu verrichten 
haben) insinuiren / das Tag-Buch / wegen des Pennsyl- 
vanischen Wercks / ausz dortigen Brieffen / oder hiesigen 
Begebenheiten / mit kurtzen Worten / doch auszfiihrlich und fleissig 
einschreiben / was zu bestellen oder zu beobachten ist / in ein son- 
deres Memorial notiren / die Rechnungen nechst revision der Inven- 
torien / und annotation des Zu- oder Abgangs / mit Tag und datum, 
so weit man ausz Brieffen oder sonsten kommen kan / alle Jahr 
ultimo Decembr. schliessen / nach beschehener approbation der fiinff 
Haupt-Stamme / oder dero Bevollmachtigten / in ein Buch zusam- 
men schreiben / und neben den Documenten und dero Compagnie 
Original- Schreiben / mit auffgeschriebenem Tag und datum, auch 
Copeyen der abgelassenen Brieffen / an einen sichern der Com- 
pagnie beliebigen Ort / und zwar zu jetgiger Zeit zu Franckfurt am 
Mayn / als woselbsten dieses Werck seinen ersten Anfang genom- 
men / und die starkste Theil noch zur Zeit hingehoren / in guter 
Ordnung nach dero Register / unter zweyen Schlossen verwahren / 
und in allem ohne der fiinff Haupt-Stamme absonderliche Bewil- 
ligung nichts Hauptsachliches unternehmen oder auszfertigen / 
dabeneben vor alle diese Miihe / nach Gestalt der Sachen / eine 
mittelmassige Ergetzlichkeit ausz der Compagnie geniessen sollen : 
Dabeneben mag jeglicher Haupt-Stam vor sich und seine zugehorige 
Theilsgenossen / was ihme beliebet / ausz sothanen Brieffen ex- 
trahiren : Die Originalia aber sollen in der Schreiberey verwahrt 
bleiben. 

7. Kiinfftig sol die Compagnie dero Brieff und Contracten &c. 
mit einem besondem / nebens vorgedachten Original documcntis 
verwahrten Siegel auszfertigen / auch ein anderes / in Grosse und 
Umbschrifft etwas unterschiedenes Siegel dero Factom in Pennsyl- 
vania, (lessen sich daselbsten gleicher massen zu bedienen / tibersen- 
den : Ohne solche Siegel sollen keine Brieff oder Contracten / im 
Nahmen der Compagnie hin und her gesendet / oder giiltig geachtet 
werden. 

8. Dafern jemand von uns / oder unsern Erben selbsten nach 
Pennsylvania reisen / oder ihm einen Sitz zubereiten einen vorausz- 
gehenden Bevallmachtigten vor sich allein senden / und allerley 



The Founder of Germantown 291 

Eigenthumb zu seinem Gebrauch deme mitgeben oder mitnehmen 
wolte / so mag der oder dieselbe / solches auff seine eigene Kosten 
und Gefabr than / folgendlich pro rato seines Antheils vor jedes 
tausend Acker sechzig an einem Stuck unbereitetes Land / wie wir 
es von dem Gouvemeur empfangen / vor sich auszlesen / und davon 
soli er der Compagnie jahrlich von jeden zehen Acker einen Eng- 
lischen Schilling / als Erb-Pacht / zur recognition entrichten : Und 
wo ihm dieses Land nicht genug / sondern zu enge seyn wiirde 
/ sollen ihme noch weiter / nach proportion seines Antheils / 60. 
Acker wie gemeldt / von tausenden gerechnet / umb die Helfft des 
Preises /als es die Compagnie selbiger Zeit an Frembde in Erb-Pacht 
auszzugeben pfleget / auch im Fall er noch mehrers Land verlangte 
/ wann es die Compagnie entbehren mag / in dem Preisz / und mit 
denen Conditionibus, wie einem Frembden iiberlassen werden. Auff 
diesen Landern nun / welche einer oder der andere soldier Gestalten 
vor sich allein beziehet / soil derselbe nach Belieben handeln / auch 
allerley gemeinschafftliche / dortige bewegliche und unbewegliche 
Giiter / fiir andern Frembden / gebrauchen und geniessen ; doch 
dasz dieses alles dem gemeinen Wesen der Compagnie ohnnachtheilig 
seye; auch sollen solche in Pennsylvania wohnende Compagnons, der 
Compagnie dortigem Factor, den Landsiiblichen Zinsz / Lohn / 
Bezahlung oder Wehrt von allem / was sie gemeinschafftliches vor 
sich gebrauchen / entrichten ; worvon sie bey folgender repartition 
ihren Antheil wieder zu empfangen haben. Wolte aber die Gesampte 
Compagnie auff allgemeines Gutbefinden / jemanden von ihren Theil- 
genossen / zu ihrem gemeinschafftlichen Dienst / und auff ihre 
gemeinschafftliche Kosten dorthin iibergehen lassen / so soil mit 
selbigem auff solchen Fall absonderlicher Vergleich getroffen 
werden: Auff alien Fall aber und in alien Stucken die dortige Com- 
pagnons und deren Erben nicht weniger als die in Europa seynd / 
an diesem Contract, und der meisten Stimmen kunfftige Verord- 
nungen / verbunden seyn. 

9. Da fern die Schreiber oder sonsten einer oder mehrere mit 
der Compagnie Gutbefinden / als obgemeldet / Geld vorschiessen 
wurden / so sollen solche debitores dero vorgeschossenes Capital 
auffs langste innerhalb Jahres Frist / von dato des Vorschusses / 
sampt fiinff pro Cento Jahrlichen Interesse wieder zu entrichten 
schuldig / und desswegen ihr Antheil zur special-hypothec hiemit 
in bester Form Rechtens verschrieben seyn. 

10. Da jemand von uns / oder den unserigen / iiber kurtz oder 
lang / ohne Ehegemahl / und ohne Eheliche Leibs-Erben verstiirbe / 
auch wie er es mit seinem Antheil / dieser gemeinschafftlichen Giiter 
/ nach seinem Todt gehalten haben wolle / per Testamentnm oder 
andere schrifft-oder miindliche glaubwiirdige Verordnung nicht ausz- 
triicklich und absonderlich erkliiret hiitte / so soil dessen Antheil der 



292 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

samptlichen Compagnie, jeden nach proportion seines habenden 
Antheils / anwachsen und hiemit iibergeben seyn / auch anders niclit 
/ als ob er allein den Gebrauch solcher Giiter / Zeit seines Lebens 
sich vorbehalten / und das wahre Eigenthumb der Compagnie gleich 
Anfangs incorporivet hatte / gehalten werden ; und ,-ollen alle die 
Sterb-Fall der Compagnons, auch wer derselben in diesem Werck 
nachgelassene Erben seyen / von dero jedesmahliger Schreiber in 
beglaubter Form entweder unter des Verstorbenen gesampter nechs- 
ten Verwandschafft / oder anderer beglaubten Pe/sohnen attestat, 
forderlich berichtet / oder bisz zu dessen Gewissheit / des Verstor- 
benen Nahmen in Rechnungen und Biicher continuiret / und dessen 
etwa erfolgendes contingent, in der Compagnie Cassa, bey den 
Or/f/iHaZ-Brieffschafften verwahret werden. 

11. Es soil niemand / so ein Participant in dieser Compagnie 
ist / bemachtigt seyn / sein Land oder dessen Gerechtigkeit / alles 
oder zum Theil / an jemanden / ausser der Compagnie, ohne Bewil- 
ligung / oder wenigstens ersten Anbietung / der Compagnie, zu 
veraussern ; wolte aber eines oder das andere von uns / unsern 
Weibern / Kindern / oder wer kiinfftig Participant der Compagnie 
seyn mochte / seine portion oder dero Antheil iiber kurtz oder lang 
begeben / aber ausz der Compagnie niemand selbiges an sich bringen 
oder kauffen / alsdann erst soil dem Yerkauffer frey stehen / an 
jemanden anders zu verkauffen / doch dergestalt / dasz jederzeit die 
Compagnie, oder wann sie es nicht haben wolte / jemanden ausz der 
Compagnie innerhalb drey Monat / nach geschehener Anzeigung der 
Verausserung / frey stehen solle / das Verkauffte mit Darlegung 
des Kauffschillings an sich zu nehmen / und zu ihrem Profit zehen 
pro Cento vom Kauffschilling abzuziehen / oder weniger zu geben / 
als solcher neue Kauffer das verausserte Antheil gekaufft hat : 
Dessen YVehrt der Verkauffer und Kauffer auff sein Gewissen 
anzuzeigen schuldig seyn soil. 

12. Jm unvershofften Fall iiber kurtz oder lang zwichen uns 
/ unseren Erben und Nachkomen / wegen dieser Giiter und deren 
dependentien einiger Miszverstand oder Anlass zum Streit vorfallen 
mochte / soil solches zwischen den Gliedern der Gesellschafft / oder 
dafern diese von beyden Theilen nicht gantz unpartheyisch gehalten 
wiirden / durch andere von den uneinigen Partheyen / einmuthiglich 
erwehlte zwey redliche Persohnen / mit Macht / dasz diese zwey 
ervvehlte Persohnen / die dritte / wann sie es noting achten / zu sich 
nehmen /auff Art und Weisz / als jetzt beschrieben wird / ge- 
schlichtet werden : Nemlich die erwehlte Schieds-Freunde sollen auff 
bestimpten Tag und Orth / in Beywesen der misshelligen Partheyen 
/ oder dero Bevollmachtigten / nach Anruffung Gottlichen Bey- 
stands / und reifflicher der Sachen Uberlegung / das Werck nach 
ihrem besten Verstand und Gutdiincken durch ihre Urtheil / wann 



The Founder of Germantown 293 

sie die Partheyen nicht vergleichen konnen / entscheiden. Jm Fall 
aber diese drey nicht einig werden / oder die meiste Stimmen nicht 
auszfinden konten / so sollen sie sich bey ein oder zweyen Haupt- 
participanten Raths erholen / and darnach die Urtheil verfassen und 
auszsprechen : Wogegen hemacher auff keine Weisz oder Weg 
etwas ferner gethan / gehandelt oder admittiret werden soil / auff 
keine Weisz oder Weg / mit Recht oder mit Gewalt / von keinem 
Richter oder Menschen / der gantzen Welt / in Euro pa oder Amer- 
ica: Und dafern jemand hiergegen sich zu setzen anmassen wolte / 
soil er eb ipso seines gantzen Antheils verlustig / und darzu des Orts 
/ wo er wohnet / allgemeinen Allmosen-Kasten mit einer Straff / 
von 200. Rthl. ohne alle exception, auch ohne fernere declaration, 
ipso facto verfallen seyn. 

Alles treulich und sonder Gefahrde: Dessen zu wahrer Urkund 
ist gegenwartiger nach reiffiicher Uberlegung von alien Interessenten 
einmuthiglich beliebter Brieff / unter aller und jeder eigenhandigen 
Unterschrifft und vorgetrucktem Jnsiegel zwolffmahl auszgefertiget 
/ und jeglichem dessen ein exemplar zugestellet / auch eines zu den 
gemeinschafftlichen documentis geleget worden. Welcher gegeben 
zu Franckfurt am Mayn / den 12. Novemb. anno 1686. 

(Seal) Johann Jacob Schiitz 

(Seal) Gerhard Von Mastricht 

(Seal) Daniel Bahaghel 

(Seal) Jacobus Vande Walle 

(Seal) iohan Wilhelm Petersen 

(Seal) Johannes Kemler 

(Seal) Frantz Daniel Pastorius 
(Seal) Thorn, v. wylich 
(Seal) Johan Le Brun 

(Seal) Balthaser jawert 25 



:5 The foreign words are written in antiqua in the original, according to 
the custom of the time, but are here set in italic. A sample page with signatures 
is reproduced in half-tone from Pastorius' own copy of the Agreement, which 
is now in the Collection of Mr. George C. Thomas, of Philadelphia. 



294 Francis Daniel Pastorius 



Appendix B. 

Exemplum sine Exemplo. 

Or 

(to borrow the Jnscription of One of John Wilson's Plays.) 

The Cheats and the Projectors. 

J Francis Daniel Pastorius having formerly, (to wit these 
28 years past,) by Doctor Schultz & other honest men in high 
Germany, (Purchasers of 25000. Acres of land in this Province 
of Pennsilvania, and known by the name of the Francfort Com- 
pany,) been made & Constituted their Attorney, And still being 
concern'd as Copartner with them, to clear my Conscience (as 
touching the Administration of their sd Estate,) before all 
People, to whom the Reading hereof may come, as J always en- 
deavour'd to keep the same void of offence towards the all-seeing 
Eyes of God, J am, if it were, constrained to publish this short 
Relation, for as much as the aforesd Francfort Company is at present 
Ejected outof their 25000. Acres of land, sumo Jure i. e. Suma 
Jnjuria, by extreme Right, extreme Wrong. Now Jntending Brevity, 
J shall let my Reader know, that the sd Company ( : being all persons 
of approved Jntegrity & learning became at least some of them per- 
sonally acquainted with out Worthy Proprietary & Govern. 1 " William 
Penn, and purchased of him at a full rate the abovementioned 25000. 
Acres, & in the very Jnfancy of this sd Province disbursed large 
Sums of money for the transporting of Servants Tenants and others: 
And that J according to the best of my poor Ability (as many of the 
primitive Jnhabitants & Settlers yet Surviving Swedes Dutch and 
English may testify,) administred their Affairs 17. years and an 
half; But conscious of my weakness, have often requested them to 
disburden me of this Load of theirs J took on my shoulders by their 
frequent Assurance to be behind my heels into this Country as soon 
as the Jce were broken : Whereupon the heirs of the sd first Pur- 
chasers did appoint in my room Daniel Falkner, John Kelpius & 
John Jawert, NB to act Jointly & not Severally. 

However when the sd John Kelpius had a forecast, in what 
chanel things would run, he with all speed in a certain Jnstrument 
( : of Geo : Lowther's devise, who was the first Lawyer, that un- 
happily got an hand into the Companies business,:) declared his 
Unwillingness to be any further Concern'd therein, & therefore was 
termed Civiliter Mortuus. Then Daniel Falkner & John Jawert acted 
in the dual number as the sd Companies Attornies for some few 
years : For he the sd Jawert being married and Settled in Marieland, 
Falkner turn'd such a Spent-thrift and Ever-drunk-ever-dry, that 



The Founder of Germantown 295 

he made Bone-fires of the Companies flax in open Street at German- 
town, giving a bit of Silver money to one Lad for lighting his 
Tobacco-pipe, and a piece of Eight to another for shewing him a 
house in Philadelphia, which in his Sober-fits he knew as well as his 
own. &c. Hereupon his Joint-Attorney John Jawert affixed an 
Advertisement at the then Meeting house of Germantown aforesd 
dated the 9th of November 1705. wherein he forewarn'd all persons, 
who had any Rent or other Debt to pay into the sd Company, to 
forbear the Paying thereof, &c. And so all was a sleep, as Dormice 
do in winter, till about 2. years agoe one, John Henry Sprogel, 
arrived in this Province, who being he, that by the Collusion and 
treachery of the sd Daniel Falkner, & by the wicked Assistance of 
the Projectors hereafter to be spoken of, has through J know not 
what Fiction of the Law, Ejected the sd Company out of their real 
Estate of 25000. Acres, J think it not amiss to give some little Account 
of him. 

His Parents, I hear, are of a good report, and to be pittied for 
such a Scandal to their Family ; this Degenerate & Prodigal Child 
came the first time into this Province in anno 1700. and quickly 
Owing more than he was worth, went over to his Native land in 
order to procure some cash of his Father, whom he said to be a rich 
Bishop on that side. Jn his return he was taken by the French, & 
carried to Dunkerk, whence he escap'd with an empty Brigantine 
into Holland, and by the (now repented of) Recomendation of 
Benjamin Furly & his Book keeper H. L. found so much Credit with 
John van der Gaegh Merchant at Rotterdam & others as to bee 
Jntrusted with a deal of goods ; After he departed outof that coun- 
try and could not be found when search'd for in England, he came 
at last to Philada. and there took his Oath, (as J am credibly in- 
form'd) that all the sd Goods were his own directly & Jndirectly. 
Some of the Germantown people then Visiting this their Great Coun- 
treyman, and inquiring for Letters, were looked upon as Slaves, he 
being the only Anglified in all the Province of Pennsilvania. 

How be it, none of us all (J believe,) will ever have such a 
base and disloyal heart towards our Soveraign Lady the Queen of 
Great Britain, as to get his Naturaliation by the like disingenuous 
knack as he did, viz. to borrow a key & to wear another man's Coat 
as though it were his own. &c. 

But to return to the Francfort Companies Concern, he the 
aforesd John Henry Sprogel, having along with him a Letter of 
Attorney from the sd Benjamin Furly, sold 1000. Acres of land, 
part of the sd Furly's Purchase in this Province unto David Lloyd, 
at a reasonable price, so as to have his Jrreasonable advice in Law 
for the most unjust Entry upon the Companie's land. For he the 
sd Sprogel finding no means to satisfy his Old and Just Debts, was 
forced to cantrive a New untrodden way of Clearing his Scores, and 



296 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

to play the Gentleman sprung outof a Grocer's Shop ; Therefore 
Among a Swarm of tedious Lies, ( :wherewith J dare not trouble 
the Reader,:) he also spread this, that he stroke a bargain for the 
Companies land with Doctor Gerhard van Mastricht, one of the part- 
ners, of whom J but newly received an extreme kind Letter to the 
clean Contrary thereof ; Moreover, the sd Sprogel to pacify the above 
mentioned John Jawert, ( : who likewise has a Share in the sd Com- 
pany :) proffered unto him 700. Pounds Pensilvania Silver money for 
the land, and 100. Pounds besides as a Gratuity to himself, &c. But 
he, the sd Jawert being to honest for an Imposture & Bribe of this 
black stamp, Sprogel was driven to that Extremity ( : hap what may, 
and let Frost & Fraud have hereafter as foul Ends as they will,:) 
that he now must Obtain the 25000. Acres & Arrears of Quitrents 
due to the Francfort Company solely & alone of Daniel Falkner, who 
plunged in needlessly contracted Debts over head & ears, could 
expect no gladder Tidings, (as he said himself:) than the same 
Proffer made unto him. Here David Lloyd ( : whom to name again, 
J am almost ashamed,:) very gingerly to play his Roll, Fictionem 
Juris ad re ipsa detrudendos veros Possessores, the which never the 
less, it seems he was not bold-faced enough to do in his proper 
Clothes, but one Tho: Macnamara, a Lawyer, if it were, started up 
for the purpose outof Marieland, ( : for a couple of Periwigs, which 
he himself told me was all the Fee he had of this my brave Client for 
blushing in this Case:) Nominally inserted in the Ejectment, lending 
like as the Cat her Paws to a more crafty Creature, for the drawing 
of the rosted Chestnuts from off the glewing Coals. Jf any demand 
how this D — LI. and Macnamara could possibly in so horrible a 
manner Circumvent the County Court ? J suppose, the fittest Answer, 
J can give to this Question, is what Judge Groudon de- 
clared before our honourable Lieutenant Govern 1 " sitting in 
Council, viz that at the tail of the Court Daniel Falkner 
and John Henry Sprogel did appear, and the aforenamed D — LI. and 
M. laid the Matter before the Court, and none there, to Object any 
thing. &c. ( : For this cheating trick was managed so Clandestinely, 
that J and John Jawert were altogether ignorant thereof. And when 
Tho: Clark the Queens Attorney then present in Court did but rise. 
the others Suspecting he might say somewhat in Obstruction of their 
hainous design, was gently pull'd down by the sleeve, and promised 
40. Shillings to be quiet, when he had nothing to offer,:) Thus they 
surprised the Court, and Ob-et Subreptitie compassed the Eject- 
ment. Three days after the breaking up of the aforesd Court J 
heard of this unhandsom Juggle, and gave Intelligence thereof to 
John Jawert, who forthwith came up, and putt in his humble Request 
to our sd well respected Lieutenant Govern. r and his hon'able Coun- 
cil, we had the sd Tho: Clark assign 'd to defend or Pleade our 
Cause, and so Jawert paid him a Fee of ten Pounds, but to this 



The Founder of Gennantown 297 

day the sd Sprogel still stirs his stumps in the Companies lands & 
Rents without the least Controlment. 

Since all this there arrived divers Letters from beyond Sea, 
deciphering pretty fully abundance of the detestable gulleries, where 
by he, the sd Sprogel, ensnared & trapan'd the Jmplicity of Upright 
& plaindealing people in Holland, Admonishing him not to persist in 
his Evil-doings, but to Confess and make reparations to the de- 
frauded, if not fourfold as peninent Zaccheus did, Yet as far as 
his ill gotten Griff-graff gains would reach, &c. And further there 
came also fresh Letters of Attorney from all the Partners of the 
Francfort Company Living in Germany Jmpow'ring some very able 
Men in Philada. to redress their so horribly disdressed Estate in this 
Province, by one worse than the worst Land-Pirate in the world 
could have done, the which J hope they will undertake, and heartily 
wish, that the Lord ( : who is called a Father of the fatherless, and a 
Judge of the Widows, whereof there are at this Jnstant Several 
in the abovesd Company:) may prosper their Just Proceedings, and 
all, who reverence Righteousness & Equity, Countenance them 
therein and not be partakers of the Spoil, ( : nor of the Curse entailed 
thereon:) with the aforesd John Henry Sprogel, for whom not- 
withstanding the foregoing discoverey of his unheard-of Villainies 
J retain that sincere love as to pray to God Allmighty to Convict & 
Convert of & from his Perverseness, that he forsake his diabolical 
lies, pride, bragging and boasting, and not longer continue 
the Vasal of Satan and heir of Hell, but become a child of heaven, 
and a Follower of Christ, our Ever-blessed Saviour, who as he is 
Truth Jtself, so likewise meek and lowly in heart, leading outof all 
Cozening Practices into the way of holiness & Eternal Felicity. 



298 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Appendix C. 

Description of the Map of Germantown, 1688. 

Situation der Germantonship in Pennsilvania. 
6 Englische Meil von Philadelphia gelegen. 

Diese Township begriefft 5190 acker landts, deren Lini aus gegenwartigem 
abrisz von Marckbaum zu marckbaum kann ersehen werden. Sie komt Eigen- 
thumlich denen iTurtischen und Crefeltn. Kaiiffern in gleicher Helffte zu, wie 
bereits anderwerts gemeldet. 

Die Scolkill num 2. ligt nur cine halbe stund darvon, u. konnen wir bey 
Stillem Wetter den daselbctigen VVasserfall num: 1. deutl: horen. 

Aus gedm. Scollkill fliszt ein bach, von den Indianern Wesehetkum 
genannt, num: 3, in ctl. noch Kleinere vertheilt, durch unsere Township, auch 
rinnt noch einander bach in unser land nahmens Wingacocum. num. 4, an 
welchem Gerhard Heinrichs dicht hinter seinem Vatter eine miihl num. 5 
zu bauen Vorhabens ist. 

Jn der vor etl. Jahren angelegten Statt Germantown sind 54. Statt Erb 
od losen auffgenommen, und bisz auff Sieben bereits beseht. unsere Compe 
hat darinn 5^4 losz so bisz auf eines geclart und besamt ; die iibrige aber an 
Erbpachtsleut ausgethan worden. Der Compe los sind sub num 6. mit-h 
notiret, und steht deroselben Haus aua denen zwey ersten. + + 

Die lange strasz mitten durch den platz ist 60 und die Zwerchgassen 40 
fusz jedes los aber 14 ruthen breit die Einwohner sind folgende in nachgsetz- 
ter ordnung. auff der ostseite I. Peter Keurlis. 2. Thunes Kunders. 3. Jan 
lensen. 4. Lenert Arets. 5. Reinert Tissen. 6. Jan Liicken.* 7. Abraham 
Thunes.* 8. et. 9. Geerhart Heinrix. 10. David Scherges.* 11. Wolter 
Simens.* 12. Derick op den Kalck.* 13. Wigart Levering. 14. Hermann 
von Bonn.* 15. Gerhard Levering.* 16. Heinrich Sellen. 17. Jsaac Schafer.* 
18. Heinrich Bucliholtz.* 19^- die Ffurte Compe 20. Cornells Bom.* z /i. 
Jsaac Dilhreck.* [sic] 22. Ffurt. Compe. 23 J4. Jan Duten. 24. Andres Suply. 

Auff der Westseite. I. Jann Strepers. 2. Derick op den graef. 3. 
Hermann op den graef. 4. Abraham op den graef. 5. Willjam Strepers. 6. 
Paul Wulff.* 7. Johannes Bleikers.* 8 und 9. Ffurte Compagnie. 10. 
Jacob Schumacher. 11. Jsaac Jacobs. 12. Jacob Tellner. 13. Heifert Pape.* 
14. Jacob Kliimkcs.* 15. Cornells Sjoert. 16. Hanns Peter Umbstet. 17'A- 
Peter Schumacher. i8J4. Jacob Tellner.* 20^2. Baron Wunderlich.* 21^2. 
Andres Kriskum. 22. Claus Tamson.* 23. Hanns Millan.* 24!^. Heinrich 
Frey.* 

NB. : Die Nahmen, worhinter ein * stehet, sind unserer Compe Erb- 
pachtleut. 

Dieweilen wir Germantown num 6. angelegt, ehe uns dz land zuge- 
messen worden, und sich nachgehendts auf der Seite nach Philadelphia weg 
der Statt Liberty nicht eben viel land vor uns finden laszen, komt es, dasz 
sothan Germantown gleichsam auff der fordersten Spitz der township lieget, 
damit aber nun ebenwohl das hintere land auch moge employirt und genutzet 
werden, haben wir zusammen entschlossen, ein neu Dorff num. 7. fast am end 
anzulegen, auf dasz beede platz ihre felder und Vietrifft in mitten der town- 
ship, und also nach miiglich bey hand haben mogen. Dieser Neue ort 
ist noch nicht begonnen, hat auch noch Keinen nahmen. Diirffte aber nun 
bey der letztmahligen Krisheimer freund gliickln tiberkunfft ein anfang 
alldar gemacht werden, und Johannes Caszel einer von den ersten alldort 
seyn. worvon mit nechstem umbstandlre nachricht ertheile.* 



♦English, French and Latin words and names are written in Latin script 
in the original, the rest of the text is in German script. 



m 



a 



«?vO« O 



w a ^ r& c» ^ ^ o o © 







The Founder of Germantozvn 299 



Appendix D. 
Letter of Attorney to Falkncr, Kclpius and J divert. 

Wir Endesunterschriebene urkunden hiemitt undt bekennen 
demnach wir 25000 Acker unvertheilten Landes in pensylvania lauth 
deren dariiber besagenten documenten, mit besondern privilegien und 
Gerechtigkeiten gesamter Handt gekauffet, und deszwegen in 
Krafft desz den I2ten Qbris 1686 beliebten Brieffes, eine Soeietdt 
geschlossen, auch zu Cultiitir, und Administrirung solchen Landes 
Herren Frantz Daniel pastorium U. J. Ltum, besage desz unterm 
2ten Aprill 1683 auszgefertigten procuratorii, bevollmachtigt haben ; 
und aber durch absterben einiger Haupter dieser unsrer Compagnic 
und darzwischen eingefallenen Franzosischen Krieg wie nicht 
weniger wegen abweszenheit des Herren Gouverneurs und indis- 
position unsers besagten Factors diese Sachen ins stecken gerathen 
sindt, mebrgemeldter Herr pastorius auch biszhero in verschiedenen 
Brieffen ersuchet hat, Jhme diese verwaltung wieder abzunehmen ; 
Dasz wir zu solchem Ende Vollkomene Macht undt special gewalt 
aufgetragen haben, Herren Daniel Falckner. undt Herrn Johann 
Kclpio, alsz nunmehrigen Einwohnern in pensylvania, wie auch 
Herrn Johann Jawert, alsz Sohn eines principalen Nahmens Herrn 
Balthasar Jawerts von Liibeck, welcher dahin zu reisen entschloszen 
ist, also undt dergestalt dasz diese unsere drey gevollmachtigte 
gesambter Handt, oder in Fall eines oder des anderen todtlichen 
Hintrittes, die oder der noch in leben iibrig bleibende die Adminis- 
trirung aller unserer daselbst habenden Giither und Landereyen, wie 
und wo sie unsz sambt undt sonders angewieszen seyn, oder noch 
anzuweiszen, und zu zu meszen sindt, auch deren iiber die 25m. 
Acker Landes unsz Competirenden Stattlosze, nemblich der vier oder 
sechsz plaze in der statt Philadelphia und incirea 300 Acker in der 
Statt gerechtigkeit undt Freyheit vor und umb Philadelphia gelegen, 
und desz an Scollkiel zur Ziegelbackery erkaufften Landes, sambt 
alien und Jeden auffgerichteten Gabauden, undt anderen mcliora- 
tionen auch dahier gesandten, dorten gekaufften oder sonsten er- 
langten victualicn Kauffmans Wahren, Viehe, Hauszgerath Werck- 
zeug, Dienstbotten Pachtleuthen, und andern Persohnen in optima 
forma, haben, auch deszwegen in unserem Nahmen von obbesagtem 
unseren biszherigen bevollmachtigten/w/omrechnung fodern.pflegen 
und abnehmen. Hierauff alle solche unsere giither undt Effecten, 
da einige davon ohne unszer wiszen vereuszert waren, zufoderst 
vindiciren, so dann iiherhaupt, oder besonders, wie sichs am besten 



300 Francis Daniel Pastoriiis 

wird thun lasscn, verhandlen vertauschen verkauffen,, dasz 
geld dafiir crhcbcn dariiber quittirtn transijiren [?], Documen- 
ted auszfertigen W'ehrschafften leisten, und in SuiTia alles 
thun undt lassen sollen, was wir selbsten zugegen, thun und 
laszen solten konten oder mochten cum potcstatc substituendi et 
Substitutionem, toties quoties revocandi, cum ejs clausulis, rati, (/rati, 
omnibusq, aliis, illius cori et fori neccssariis ct consuetis,un<\ da mehr 
gemeldte unsere bevollmachtigte eines weiteres Gewaltsalszhierinnen 
enthalten bedorfftig sein solten, denselben wollen wir Jhnen gleich- 
falls wiszentlich hiermit ertheilet, audi dasiegen Orthes Herren Gou- 
verneurs und Obrigkeiten gebiihrend ersuchet haben, selbige dafiir 
zu erkennen und denenselbigen alle Obrigkeitliche Hiilffe, da sie 
soldier benothiget sein wiirden, auff ihre ansuchen zu leisten, dahin- 
gegen werden diese unsere bevollmachtigte sambt undt Minders 
angewiesen an die beyde I [auptstame zu Franckfurt am Mayn, vveyl 
llerrn Jacob von de Walle und Daniel Behagels seelig Erben, von 
alien und Jeden ihren Verrichtungen zeitlich part redt und rechen- 
schafft zu geben, audi gelder oder wahren an dieselben iiber Engel- 
landt zu addressimn, mit ihnen zu Correspondirea und von ihnen in 
Nahmen der ganzen Compagnie mitt welcher sie dieszfalls ferner 
Comuniciren und ihren Consent einhohlen werden, ferner ordre undt 
mandaten, da notig zu ervvartten ; Endlich undt zum Lezten [sic] 
geben wir ihnen audi hiemit nodi special Gewalt zum behuff eines 
Schulmeisters in Germantooun 50 Acker Landes daselbst von den 
unserigen dazu zu wiedmen, damit die Jugendt im lesen, schreiben, 
gutten sitten, zucht undt ohnpartheyischer \*ermahnung zu Gott 
undt Christo angewiesen und unterichtet werden moge. Alles Treu- 
lich undt ohne gefiilirde. Deszen zu wahrer urkundt haben wir diese 
Vollwacht eigenhiindig unterschrieben, besiegelt, und unter offent- 
licher Authorit'dt auszfertigen laszen, So gegeben zu Franckfurth 
am Mayn. den 2ten Januarii, 1700. 

(Seal) Catharina Elisabetha Schiitzin, wittib 
1 Seal ) de weduwe van Jacobus vande Walk salig 
\ Seal ) Daniel Behaghels Seel Erben 
(Seal) Johannes Kemler 
(Seal) Balthasar jawert 
(Seal) Johan Wilhelm Petersen 
(Seal) Gcrh. von Mastricht 
(Seal) Johan Le brun 

(Seal) Maria van de Wall weduwe van Doctor tho. von 
Wylich salig met haer intressende 
Johann Jawert 
Gevollmachtigte Daniel Falkner 
M. Johannes Kelpius 



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Page from an Autograph Letter of Marti nus Pastor, Dated 
January 8, 1619 (Original in the Archives of Warburg). 



The Founder of Germantown 301 

Appendix E. 
The Pastorius Family. 

The name Pastorius (Pastor, Pastoir) was doubtless 
originally a cognomen. The earliest record of the name thus far 
found is that of "Herrn Pastor von Burtscheid," Feb. 11, 1325. 
The name of "Pieter der Pastoir" with that of his father, "Ritter 
Ludwig von Cleberg," is mentioned as a "Burgmann" of the 
House of Grentzau, Nov. 11, 1338. Both Pieter and his father 
have the title Ritter von Cleberg. This accounts for the clover 
leaf in the coat-of-arms of certain branches of the Pastorius 
family, for the three hills on the datestone of Melchior Adam 
Pastorius' house in Sommerhausen and possibly for the clover 
leaf which Francis Daniel Pastorius placed on the seal of Ger- 
mantown. 

The present writer has been able, with the aid of newly dis- 
covered sources, to trace the Westphalian branch of the Pastorius 
family, the ancestors of Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of 
Germantown, back to the early fifteenth century. The name 
appears in the Low German form of "Scepers" in the list of the 
members of the City Council (Stadtrat) of Warburg, Westphalia, 
for more than a century, as the following names and dates from 
the list of the Warburg Council will show : 

1439 Henrich Scepers. 

1440 loan Scepers. 

1441 Henrich Scepers. 

1442 loan Scepers. 

1443 Henrich Scepers. 

1444 loan Scepers. 

1445 Henrich Scepers. 
1447 loan Scepers. 
1449 loan Scepers. 

1 45 1 Henrich Scepers. 

(Starb in diesem Jahr. ) 



302 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

1452 loan Scepers. 
1459 Henrich Scepers. 
1 46 1 Henrich Scepers. 
1463 Henrich Scepers. 
obiit hoc anno 
1475 Henrich Scepers. 

1478, 1480, 1485, 1487, 1489, 1491, 1493, 1496, 149s, 1500, 
1504, 1506, 1508, 1 5 10, 1 512 Henrich Scepers. 
1513, 1517, Hillebrand Scepers. 

1 5 18 Henrich Scepers. 

1 5 19 Hillebrand Scepers. 

1520 Henrich Scepers. 

1 52 1, 1523 Hillebrand Scepers. 

1524 loan Scepers. 

1525, 1527 Hillebrand Scepers. 

1528, 1530 Henrich Scepers. 

1 531, 1533, 1535 Hillebrand Scepers. 

1536 Henrich Scepers. 

1537 Hillebrand Scepers. 

1538 Henrich Scepers. 

1539 Hillebrand Scepers. 

(bekleidete im Stadtrate das Amt eines Weinherrn 
u. starb urn Ostern des Jahres. ) 

1540 Henrich Scepers. 

1 54 1 Balzer Scepers. 

In the Archives of Warburg other valuable manuscript docu- 
ments were found relating to the Pastorius family. Among 
these are three letters written by Martinus Pastorius (or Pastor 
as he signs himself) of Erfurt, to recover a debt due him from 
his brother Henrich and his half-brother Herbold as his part 
of the inheritance — a consideration of 27>4 rix dollars, fixed July 
24, 1618, by two commissaries of the Council, Henrich Thwing 
and Jobst Thoman, as one letter relates. The three letters are 
addressed to the City Council of Warburg and dated Jan. 8, 1619 
(correcto stilo), Feb. 18, 1620, and Oct. 26, 1621, respectively. 



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Decision of the Juristic Faculty of the University of Jena in 
the Suit of Martinis Pastor, October 17, 1621 (O, S.). 



(V^^j,,, -\^S^.C.\;-.(. .-V •!••/»»..> 17;.,. 1 



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Dei ision or ruE Juristic Faci ltv of i hi University 01 |ena in 
the Sim of Martinis Pastor, Octobei 17. 1621 (O. S 



The Founder of Germantown 303 

In the letter of Oct. 26, 1621, we learn that the half-brother, Her- 
bold, robbed his old father and cruelly treated him and that the 
father died at Easter 1620. 26 

The case of Martin Pastor against his brothers was finally 
decided by the Juristic Faculty of the University of Jena in a 
document, which we reproduce here photographically, because of 
its interest as a legal form of the time. The document is dated 
Oct. 17, 1621 (O. S.). 

The other letter found among the Archives of Warburg 
is addressed by Melchior Adam Pastorius of Windsheim to the 
Council of Warburg, inquiring about his ancestors. Here we 
learn for the first time that the (High) German form of the Pas- 
torius name was "Schafrer," and that the family were weavers by 
trade. The text of the letter, which is in Melchior Adam Pas- 
torius' own clear hand, is printed here for the first time : 

"Wohledle Fiirsichtige undt Hochweise 
Insonders Grosgiinstige Hochgeehrte Herren. 

Denenselben mag ich hierbey nicht verhalten, wie das mein 
gelibter Vatter Martin Pastor, zu Teutsch Schaffer genanth, gewe- 
ster assessor des lobl. Chur Mayntzischen Gerichts in der Statt Er- 
ffurtt, seel, aus dero Statt geburttig, und Eines Warburgischen Bur- 
gers Sohn gewesen, dessen Briidere dem Verlauth nach ettwa Zeug- 
webere gewesen sein sollen : 

Wann dann nun durch die passirte sowohlen 30. Iahrige, als 
auch nach der hand mehr gefolgte Kriegs Tumulten Ich unter andern 
obgedachten Martin Pastors kindern weith in die frembde gerathen, 
und mich bey 3J/2 jahren in Jtalien, zu Rom, nachgehends in Franck- 
reich und Oestreich uffgehalten, bis mich durch Gottlichen Rath und 
schickunge in dess heyl. Romischen Reichs Statt Windsheimb in 
Francken hauslich nidergelassen, und anfanglichen Eine Raths : nach 
der handt Burgemeisters Stelle sampt andern Ehren Aemptern ver- 
tretten, auch mitt lieben kindern von Gott gesegnet worden bin, so 
zum theil ihre studia absoluiret, zum theil aber denen noch incum- 
biren, vnd Nun ich sampt disen posterirenden lieben Meinigen sehr 
hohes Verlangen tragen ettwas wenigs von unserm Origine und 
lieben VorEltern in notitiam und Wissenschafft zu bringen. So will 
solchem nach die guete zuuersicht zu Meinen Grosgiinstig : Hoch- 



"' "Und Montag Anno 1620. inn den heyligen Osternn mein lieber Vatter 
verstorben," &c. 



3°4 



Francis Daniel Past irius 



geehrten Herren tragen, die werden ob solchen meinem hertzlichen 
Verlangen nit allein kein Missfallen iragen, sondern audi dcr licben 
Warheit zu steur Mir so Vie] gutthat und freundschafft erweisen, 
das sic aus dero Burger Registern sowohln, als dem Statt Tauffbuche 
Nachschlagen und uffsuchen lassen, all der ienigen Schaffere Nah- 
men undt hanthierungen, welche in dero lobl. Statt iemahls gewohnet 
haben, vnd solche durch dero verodneten Syndicum oder Statt- 
schreiber vmb die dancknehmige gebiihr extrahiren und vnter dero 
Cantzley Secret expediren, so dann Einem Kauff: oder Handel — 
manne, welcher nacher Franckfurtt correspondiret zuestellen zu las- 
sen, deme dann alle notificirende spesen und Amptsgebuhren durch 
He. Caspar Reinen Meinen gevollmachtigten mitt hochstem Dancke 
restituirt werden sollen. 

Vndt gleich wie ich mich hierinn falls hochgeneigter gratifica- 
tion undt willfahrigkeit getroste, als werde dise mir vor meinem 
Ende causirende frewede durch meine posteros gegen alle War- 
burgische Statt Kinder in zuetragenden gelegenheitten aller mog- 
ligkeit nach vergelten lassen, Inmassen dann nechst heylwarttiger 
Gottl. empfehlunge allsteths bin und verbleibe : 

Meiner Insonders Grosgiinstigen Hochgeehrten Herren 

Dienst bereith ergebenster 
Melchior Adam Pastorius J. V. D r . 
Aelterer Burgemeister, Scholarcha, 
und Bawherr in des. Heyl. Rom. Reichstatt 
Windsheimb in Francken. 

Datum Windsheimb den 23/13. Jan. 1680. 

Pastorius Genealogy. 27 

Fridericus Pastorius, of Warburg, Westphalia, died at 
Easter, 1620 (Melchior Adam Pastorius says he died in 1640, 
leaving an only son, Martinus Pastorius, but Martinus in a let- 
ter addressed to the Council of Warburg mentions two brothers, 
Heinrich and Herbold, designating the latter as "half brother," 
and stating that the father died at Easter, 1620). Francis Dan- 
iel Pastorius, son of Melchior Adam, gives the name of his great 
grandfather as Christian and not Fridericus. It is possible that he 
mistook the name of his maternal grandfather, Christianus von 
Flinsberg, for that of his paternal great grandfather. 

* The genealogy, printed in the following pages, was collected by the 
late Daniel Pastorius Bruncr. No attempt has been made to complete it. It 
is printed here, with some additions and corrections, in the hope that some 
member of the family may continue it. 



The Founder of Germantown 305 

Children: Martinus, 
Heinrich, 
Herbold. 

Martinus Pastorius (Fridericus), 28 born in Warburg, 
Westphalia, 1576, settled in Erfurt, probably in 1618. 
Married as his first wife, Eva Rodiger. 
Children : Casparus. 

Married as his second wife, Brigitta Flinsberger. 
Children: Johannes Augustinus, 

Margaretha (married Laurentius Bebeler, a Chir- 
urgus in Elfeld), 

Henricus, 

Rebecca, 

Melchior Adam, 

Balthasar. 

Melchior Adam Pastorius (Martinus, Fridericus), born 
at Erfurt, September 22, 1624, died at Niirnberg, February 4, 
1702. 

Married as his first wife, January 22, 1651, Magdalena Diez 
(born, February 4, 1607, died, March 27, 1657). 

Children : Franciscus Daniel Pastorius. 

Married as his second wife, February 9, 1658, Eva Mar- 
garetha Gelchsheimer (daughter of Johann Gelchsheimer, Jurium 
Doctor et Jure Consultus in Windsheim; died, June 14, 1661). 

Children: Susanna Eva (born, December 7, 1658, died, 
January 4 [14], 1659). 
Susanna Eva (born, June 10, 1660), 
Anonymous. 

Married as his third wife, January 21, 1662, Barbara Greu- 
lichen (or Greulich nee Heider, in Hfflttenheim; died, March 26, 
1674). 

No issue. 



28 The Christian names of the ancestors back to Fridericus are given in 
cus). For particulars of those members of the family having issue, see the 
paragraphs giving the names of the children. 



3°6 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Married, as his fourth wife, September 22, 1674, Dorothea 
Esther Volckmann (or Volckmanns, daughter of Adam Volck- 
mann, in Niirnberg). 

Children: Johann Samuel (born, Oct. 15, 1675, died, Aug. 
18, 1687). 
Anna Catharina (born, March 20, 1678). 
Margaretha Barbara (born, Aug. 14, 1680). 
Augustin Adam (born, Aug. 5, 1682). 

Franciscus Daniel Pastorius (Melchior Adam, Mar- 
tinus, Fridericus), born, September 26, 1651, in Sommerhausen, 
Franconia; died, in 1719, in Germantown Pennsylvania. Mar- 
ried, November 26, 1688, in Germantown, Enneke Klostermann, 
of Muhlheim-on-the-Ruhr (died, March 9, 1723). 

Children: Johann Samuel, 
Heinrich. 

Johann Samuel Pastorius (Franciscus Daniel, Melchior 
Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born, March 30-31, i690, 2 * in 
Germantown; died, April 29, 1722. 

Married, May 30, 1716, Hannah Lucken (daughter of Jan 
Lncken), passed meeting May 30, 1716. 

Children Daniel (born, December 22, 1717). 

John (born, July 16, 1721; died, Jan. 2, 1749- 
50); will dated November 2, 1749, proven 
January 17, 1750, buried at Germantown 
Meeting, November 4, 1749. 

Heinrich Pastorius (Franciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, 
Martinus, Fridericus), born, April 1, 1692, in Germantown. 

Married Sarah Boutcher, passed meeting November 30, 
1720. (An entry in the Beehive gives date of marriage thus: 
"Anno 1 720-1 the 7th day of February.") 



"Pastorius left this note in the Beehive: 

"NB. : This child being born on a First-day-night, the First in the house 
we now dwell in ;" &c. Here we have the approximate date of Pastorius' 
occupancy of the Germantown house. 



The Founder of Germantown 307 

Children: Mary (born, January 18, 1722). 
Samuel (born, March 15, 1724). 
Hannah (born, March 1, 1726; died, August 12, 

1727). 
Benjamin (born, August 4, 1728; died, October 

18, 1728). 
Ann (born, November 5, 1729; married John 

Wynn, about 1750) ; died Sept. 1, 1790. 

Daniel Pastorius (John Samuel, Franciscus Daniel, Mel- 
chior Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born, December 22, 1717; 
died, November, 1754. 

Married Sarah Shoemaker, February 23, 1743. 

Children: Hannah (born in Germantown, November 17, 

1743)- 
Abraham (born, October 10, 1745). 
Daniel (born, November 13, 1747). 
Samuel (see below). 

Ann Pastorius (Heinrich, Franciscus Daniel, Melchior 
Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born, November 5, 1729; died, 
September 1, 1790. 

Married John Wynn 30 (died, April 19, 1787). 
Children: Pastorius (died, April 25, 1787; unmarried). 

Sarah (married, February 11, 1772, James Hall. 
Isaac (born, March 29, 1759; died, February 16, 
1798; married, July 8, 1784, Mary East- 
burn, born August 3, 1769; died, August 
26, 1803, daughter of Robert and Esther 
(Franks) Eastburn. 
Mary. 

Ann (born, August 1, 1765; died, August 5, 
1857; married May 15, 1789, Thomas 



"* "The above family usually spelled the name Wynne without the "e" as 
do all of their descendants to the present day."— J- Clifford Campion, Jr. 



308 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Hooton, Jr., born, July 20, 1866; died, June 
n, 1806, son of Thomas and Bathsheba ( ) 
Hooton of Evesham Township, Burlington 
Co., N. J.). 

Abraham Pastorius (Daniel, John Samuel, Franciscus 
Daniel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born in German- 
town, October 10, 1745, in 1779 adjudged a traitor and lost his 
property by confiscation, after which he went with his family to 
Canada, died in New Orleans, in May, 1815. 

Married, April 20, 1769, Eleanor Leech (died Feb. 29, 1779, 
and buried at Oxford Meeting House.) 

Children: First child stillborn (buried at the Oxford Meet- 
ing)- 
Eleanor (born, January 8, 1772; died, October 

5- 1773)- 
Charles (born, February 15, 1774). 
Daniel (born, December, 1776). 
Margaret (born, October 4, 1777, on the night of 

the battle of Germantown). 
Eleanor Leech (born, February 29, 1779). 

Samuel Pastorius (Daniel, John Samuel, Franciscus Dan- 
iel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born in Germantown, 
September 13, 1747, died in Philadelphia, of yellow fever, Sep- 
tember 6, 1798; buried in the Friends' Burying Ground in Ger- 
mantown. 

Married, Sarah Lincoln (died of yellow fever September 1 1, 
1798; buried in the Friends' Burying Ground in Germantown). 
Children : Sarah, married John Tull, and had a large fam- 
ily. 
Francis Daniel, 
Mary (married Mr. Story). 
John (born, October 4, 1777, on the night of the 
battle of Germantown; died in February. 
1865, unmarried). 



The Founder of Germantown 309 

Esther (died in childhood). 

Abraham (born in Philadelphia, married Char- 
lotte Wilson, in 1816, lost at sea in 1825. 

Samuel (married and lived in Baltimore; no 
children). 

Rachel (died in childhood). 

Ann (married John Allen, died in 1876). 

Hannah (died in infancy). 
Charles Macknett. 

Daniel Pastorius, second (Daniel, John Samuel, Fran- 
ciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born in 
Germantown, will dated January 31, 1831, proven February 14, 
1831. 

Married Elizabeth Mechlin, April 19, 1786. 
Children: Mary (born, September 5, 1788; married John 
Reiff, of Montgomery Co.). 
Letitia (born, December 6, 1790; married Mr. 

Thomas ) . 
Joseph (born, March 7, 1793). 
Charles (born, October 5, 1795; married Mar- 
garet Broadus. This item is entered also 
under Joseph). 
Daniel (born, August 2, 1797). 

Francis Daniel Pastorius, second (Samuel, Daniel, John 
Samuel, Franciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Frideri- 
cus). 

Married Margaret 

Children: A daughter; married Mr. Lawrence Sinister, of 
Spring Garden, Philadelphia. 

Abraham Pastorius (Samuel, Daniel, John Samuel, Fran- 
ciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born in 
Philadelphia. 

Married Charlotte Wilson in 1816. 



310 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Children : Washington, 

Margaretta (born in Phila. July 2, 1820; married 
Elton Rogers; had two children; died March 

31. l8 49)- 
John (died in infancy). 
Francis Daniel (born, May I, 1825; died, 1828). 

Charles Macknett (Samuel, Daniel, John Samuel, Fran- 
ciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Fridericus). 
Married Ann Rex Hortter, of Germantown. 
Children: Jacob Macknett (died, October 11, 1832, aged 4 
years). 
Rachel (married Lemuel Zell, and had a number 

of children). 
Anna (born, August 26, 1833). 
Charles Macknett, 
Henry. 

Mary Pastorius (Daniel, Daniel, John Samuel, Franciscus 
Daniel, Melchior Adam. Martinus, Fridericus), born, September 

5. I778- 

Married John Reiff, of Montgomery County. 

Children: Jacob, 

Daniel P., 

Elisabeth, 

Letitia, 

William, 

Susan, 

Charles. 

Daniel Pastorius (Daniel, Daniel, John Samuel, Fran- 
ciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Fridericus), born, 
August 2, 1797; died, 1864. Married Tacy Styer, daughter of 
Charles and Tacy Styer, of Whitpain Township, Montgomery 
County, Pa. 



The Founder of Germantown 311 

Children: Myra (died in infancy). 

John (born, 1824; unmarried). 

Mary Macknett (see below). 

Elisabeth Sheppard (born, February 20, 1828; 

married, 1866, Rev. John S. Cromlich, of 

Pittsburg. No children). 
Daniel (died in infancy). 
Francis Daniel (married Frances Beaver; no 

children). 
Daniel (see below). 

i, [ (Twins died in infancy). 

Washington Pastorius (Abraham, Samuel, Daniel, John 
Samuel, Franciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, Martinus, Frideri- 
cus), born in Philadelphia, January 4, 1818; married Mary W. 
Wolff. 

Children: Henry Wolff (born in Germantown, July 12, 
1S55; died, August 11, 1869). 
Sallie Wolff (born in Germantown, July n, 
1858, married Joseph N. Damon; issue, 
Mary Pastorius, Samuel Foster and Sallie P. 
Damon). 
Washington (born in Roxboro, June 27, 1861). 
Francis Daniel ( born in Roxboro, September 
27, 1863; married, December 4, 1891, Ger- 
trude White; issue, Washington Pastorius, 
(born, September 1, 1892) ; married, March 
14, 1903, second wife, Mary A. Lockhart). 
Charles Sharpless (born in Germantown, April 

22, 1866). 
Charlotta (born in Germantown, January 23, 
1868; married Edmond McKendrie; issue, 
Edmond McKendrie, Jr.). 
Horace Evans (born in Germantown, September 
11, 1876; married, April 15, 1903, Elizabeth 
Walcott Hoagland ; issue, Horace E. Pas- 
torius, Jr., born, September 28, 1904, and 
Josephine Lillian Pastorius, July 3, 1907). 



312 Francis Daniel Pastorius 

Charles Macknett Pastorius (Charles Macknett, Sam- 
uel, Daniel, John Samuel, Franciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam, 
Martinus, Fridericus), born, October 5, 1837; died, September 
28, 1870. Married Hannah Nice, of Germantown. 
Children: Samuel Nice, 
Annie, 
Sallie, 
Ida. 

Henry Clay Pastorius (Charles Macknett, Samuel, 
Daniel, John Samuel, Franciscus Daniel, Melchoir Adam, Mar- 
tinus, Fridericus), born, February 7, 1850. Married Mary de 
Huff Smith. 

Children : Jacob Macknett. 

Cyrus Tatman (born, 1875). 
Henry Clay (born, February, 1877). 

Mary Macknett Pastorius (Daniel, Daniel, Daniel, John 
Samuel, Franciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam. Martinus, Frideri- 
cus), born, September 2, 1826. Married, August 1, 1849, Davies 
E. Bruner, son of Ab. Bruner, of Columbia, Lancaster County, 
Pa. 

Children: Davies Evans (born, September 12, 1850). 
Daniel Pastorius (born, May 15, 1852). 
Rebecca Tacy (born, December 2, 1857; died, 

January 4, 1858). 
Abraham (Abram), (born, January 9, 1859). 

Daniel Pastorius (Daniel, Daniel, Daniel, John Samuel, 
Franciscus Daniel, Melchior Adam. Martinus, Fridericus), born, 
March 6, 1836. Married Clara Dalzell, youngest daughter of 
William Dalzell, of New Jersey. 

Children: Clara Dalzell (born, November 3, 1869). 
Daniel Berkley (born, July 31, 1871). 



Finis 




(i KNEALOG l.\ PASTORIANA 

(l ROM PASTORIUS' " BEEHIVE" I 



Z-2. 



i^-iiS <ak:Hx Uh*x>, i''tjv9 , t. -<&■ 














INDEX 1 

Page 

Abington Monthly Meeting 22 ° 

Agreement of the German Company 2 88 « sc 'l- 

Altdorf Academy J?4 

Altdorf Gymnasium ■ • ■ °4 

Altdorf, University of ° 3 " 7 °'o 73 ^ 4 

Americana Germanica 2 4°» 2l -5 

Ames, William I04 

Appoldt, Georg ■ • • - • • • • • ■ 34 

Arets, Lenert 123, 130, 137, 138, 161, 168, 182, 183 

Armentown „3 

Armitage, Benjamin IB 3 

Armorial General 9~ 

Arndt, Johann I03 

Arts, Liberal I0 ~ 

Backer (Backer), alias Rutter, Cunrad II! ' II6 

Barclay, Robert : °5 

Basel, University of 72 

Bauhoffer, printer 74 

Baumann, W 18 3 

Bebber, Jacob Isaacs van I2 3> 170, 223 

Bebel, Balthasar 

Behaghel (Behagel), Daniel, 

89, no, 120, i2i, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 145, 147, 148, ISI 

Bernoulli, Dr. C. Ch 72 

Beyer, Wolffgang ■ ■ , " 2 

Bleickers (Bleikers), Johannes '3°, 138, 101, 182 

Bockler, Dr • 72, 73, 76, 87 

Bodeck, Johann Bonaventure von 03, 90-93. 107, 110, 113 

Bodeck van Ellgau 92 

Bodeck von Marwitz °2 

Bolton, Everard 22 ' 

Bom, Cornells '3° 

Bon (Bonn), Herman T 59, l»2 

Bon, Peter 

Bookwolt, Hindrick I01 

Bowyer, Thomas 22 9> 2 3° 

Brandis, Dr 74 

Breviary of Arithmetic 

Brockden, Charles 2 ^ b 

Bruner, Abram l8 4 

Bruner, D. P l8 4< 2 43 

Bruno, Jacob Pancratius 

Budd 2I J 

Biihler, burgomaster 74 

Burrough, Robert 222 

Busby, John '74 

Cadwallader, John '74 

1 The Index does not include the "Pastorius Genealogy" of Appendix E. 



316 Index 

Page 

Caffa, Carolo (Carlo) 75. 76 

Carols f eld, Schnorr von 4- 

Carpenter, Samuel 173. 174. '78, 221, 222 

Carpenter, Samuel, Jr 181 

( 'ash Book of Pastorius [82 

Cassel, Arnold Ill, 1.35, 161, 165 

Cassel, Heinrich 184 

Cassel, Johann 135, 136. 159 

I tier, Dr 73 

Castner (Kastner), Paul 164 

Caton, William 104 

Caves described by Pastorius 212 

Charles V, Emperor 103 

Christian Scholars' Pocket Book 185 

Church, Arthur L 191 

City Liberties 127, 128 

Claypoole 126, 129, 130 

Cochveis, Johann Cunrad 182 

Collection of English Rhymes 185 

Commonplace Book 248 

Corinna 100, 191 

Coulson, Joseph 149, 183 

Crefeld (settlement) 137 

Crefelders (Crefeld purchasers) 117, 122-138 

Cregel (Cregelius), Ernst 66, 78, 82 

Crisp, Stephen 104 

Cromwell, Oliver 209 

Dannhauer, Johann Konrad 87 

Davis, William 229, 230 

Delaplaine, Jacob 182 

Delaplaine, James 167, 184, 224 

1 )ewees, William 224 

Dickinson, James 222 

Dictionaire de la Noblesse 9 2 

Diepolt, Barthol 39 

Dietz, Stephan 50 

Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Abraham Ill, 117 

Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Isaac ill, 117, 135, 161, 193 

Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Jacob ill, 117 

Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Marieke Ill, 117 

Dilfeld, Georg Konrad 88 

Dozen in 

Durbrough, Hugh 174 

Duden (Doeden, Duten), Jan 161, 169, 182, 193 

Diirr, Johan Conrad . . 66, 73 

Dutrue, Monsieur 71, 72, 73 

Eiseneck, Widow Bauer von 106, no 

Enden, David van in 

I, Jacob 183 

Engel, Paul 183 

Exemplum sine Exemplo 150, 294 el seq. 

Falckner, Daniel 125, 145, 147, 151, 184 

I'alkner (Falckner), Justus 167 

Farmer, Edward 167 

Fenda (Fende, Fend), Christian 86, no, 121, 135, T36 

Ferdinand IV, King of Hungary 42 



Index 317 

Page 

Fetzer, Magnus 66, 77 

Feuerstatt, Otto Kunz 37 

Fichard, Juncker 86 

Finny, Samuel 149 

Fletcher, Gov. Benj 163 

Flinsberg, Christian von 8 

Flinsberger ( Flinsberg), Brigitta 7, 8 

Flower, Enoch 173, 175 

Formulae Solennes 185 

Forster, Heinrich 42 

Fort, Philipp 120 

Fox, George 105, 221 

Fox, James 173, 174, 221, 222 

Frame, Richard 158 

Francis, Robert 181 

Franciscus, Count of Limpurg 52-53, 54 

Franckforders (Ffranckfurters, Ffranckfords) 129, 130, 131 

Frankfurt Company 125, 135, 149 

Francfort Company, Case of 150 

Friends' Certificate of Marriage 260, 274 

Friends' School of Philadelphia 172-181, 184, 220 

Frischmuth, Johann 74 

Furly, Benjamin 105, 109, in, 114, 120, 135, 149 

Gasper, Thomas Ill, 117, 118 

Geiger, Johann Anton 66, 77, 78 

Gelchsheimer, Eva Margaretha 34 

Gelchsheimer, Johann 34 

Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania 194 

General Court Book 263 

Gerckes, Johannes 183 

Gering, Daniel 53 

Gerits, Wilhelm 183 

German Company, see German Society, High German Company, 

Francfort Company, &c 120-121, 122-158, 193, 196, 197 

Germans and Dutch Purchasers 130 

Germantown, Charter of 159, 194 

Germantown, Corporation of 160 

Germantown, Description of Map of 298 

Germantown, Frames Description of 158, 159 

Germantown, General Court of 161, 185 

Germantown, Seal of 160 

Geuder, Matthias 35 

Ghent, City and Princely Court of 103 

Gilg, Johann Wolffgang 58 

Goebel, Julius 62 

Good Counsel to Bad Lawyers, etc 285 

Good Order and Discipline, etc 185 

Goth. gen. Taschenbuch d. Freih. Hauser . . 92 

Gottschalk, Jacob 183 

Graef, Hans 184 

Graeff, Abraham Isaacs op den in, 130, 135, 138, 161, 182, 262 

Graeff, Dirck op den 130, 138, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 169, 262 

Graeff, Herman op den in, 130, 138, 169 

Graeff, Margaret op de 220 

Green, Nehemia 216 

Greulich, Barbara 35, 112 



318 Index 

Page 

Grimm, D H2 

Griskum, Andrew 138 

Growden (Grouden), Joseph 149, 153 

Grund- und Lager-Buch 265 

Gumprecht 71 

Giinterod (Giinderode), Juncker 91 

Gustavus Adolphus I 

Haesevoet, Abraham 137 

Hammer, Georg Reichart 07 

Hanssleiter, Rev. S 2 

Hare, Jo 262 

Hartmann, Dr. Ludwig 1 12 

Hartzfclder, Andreas 183 

Hartzfelder, Gorg 137 

Heldmann 73 

Hellmont m 

Henrix (Henrichs, Hendrics), Gerhard m, 138, 262 

Herberdink, Levin 182 

Hermans, Renier 182 

Herold, Rev. Rud 35 

Higgins, John 104 

Hill, Hanna (nee Lloyd) 198 

Hill, Richard 155 

Hirtenfcls, Augustin von 10 

Hodgkins, John 1 1 1 

Hoffmann, Moritz 65 

Horb (Horbius), Johann Heinrich 85-89 

Hosters, Wilhelm 184 

Howell, James 184 

Hudson, William 150 

Hiigelschaffer 1, 2 

Huggen, Richard . . ify 

Itinerary of F. D. Pastorius, Extracts from 94- 1 no 

Jansen, Dirck 182 

Jansen, Dirck, der Knecht 182 

Jawert, Balthasar 147, 148 

Jawert, Johann 12s, 140, 145, 147, 151 

Jena, University of 74 

Jacob, Isaacs 137, 138, 159, 161 

Jacobi, Daniel Caspar 58 

Jacobs, Jiirgen 183 

Jameson, J. F., Original Narratives, etc 235 

Jansen, Cunrad 183 

Jansen, Dirck 182, 184 

Jansen, Dirck der Knecht 182 

Jawert, Johann 184, 222 

Jellett, Edwin C 286 

Jewish Encyclopedia 92 

Johann Georg II, Elector of Saxony 10 

Johm, Joh. Ludwig 112 

Johm, Magdalena (m. Pastorius) 21S 

Johns, Richard 178, 179 

Johnson, Amandus 119 

Journal of Francis Daniel Pastorius in 

Kapp, Friedrich 130, 23s 

Kastner, Paul 182, 183, 194 



Index 319 

Page 

Kastner, Samuel 183 

Keith, Elizabeth 105 

Keith, George 105, 203, 213, 224 

Kelpius, Johannes 125, 145, 147, 151, 184 

Kemler, Johannes 140. '45. 148, 151 

Keurlis, Matthis 183 

Keurlis (Keerlis), Peter 130, 138, 161, 183 

Keyser, Dirck 161, 182 

Keyser, Peter 183 

Klincken, Anthony 184 

Klincken, Aret 136, 161, 165, 167, 169, 182, 222 

Klinger, Abraham 77 

Klostermann (Klostermanns), Ennecke 191, 193, 260 

Klostermanns, Jan, see Neuenhaus 191 

Klostermanns, Heinrich 191 

Kohlhans, Tob. Lud ill 

Kolk, Dirck van 159, 160 

Koster, Advice for all Professors 230 

Koster ( Koster ) , Henry Bernhardt 229 

Koster (Koster), Johannes 170 

Krissheim 137 

Kunders, Agnes 183 

Kunders (Cunders), Dennis (Tunes) ill, 130, 138, 159, 161, 182 

Kunders, Henry 194 

Kunders, Jan 183 

Kunders, Matthis 183 

Kiister, Aret 182, 183 

Kuster ( Kiister ) , Bernhardt 213 

Lampadius 73 

Languages, French and Italian 102 

Laurens, Jan 137 

Learned, M. D 63, 70, 73, 74 

Le Brunn, Johann 120, 13s, 140, 145, 148, 151 

Lehnman (Lehenmann), Johann Georg 127 

Lehnman, Philipp Theodor 127 

Lensen, Jan 130, 182 

Lersner, Hermann 91, 93 

Lersner, Maximilian no 

Lewis, Richard 221 

Limpurg, Countess Christine von Rechteren 52 

Linck, Heinrich 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 

Lingua Anglicana 185 

Lingua Latina 185 

Lloyd, David 149, 154, 164, 173, 174, 214, 222, 223 

Lloyd, Hanna (m. Hill) 198 e t seq., 286 

Lloyd, Mary (m. Norris) 198 e t seq., 286 

Lloyd, Rachel (m. Preston) 198 et seq., 286 

Lloyd, Thomas 118, 119, 164, 198 et seq., 213, 217 

Logan, James 155 

Loof, Anthony 162, 165, 166, 182, 184 

Lowther, George 149 

Loyol ( Loyola) 214 

Lucretia, Frau 71 

Luken (Liicken, Liickens), John (Jan) 126, 130, 13s, 138, 194 

Lutherans 219 

Macco, H. F 1 



320 Index 

Page 

Maier, Heinrich 78, 79 

Makin ( Makins), Thomas 173, 174. 177. 180 

Manatawny Patent 155 

Mansonin, Frau Hof rat 74 

Mastricht, Dr. Gerhard von 120, 140, 145, 148, 151 

Mather, Cotton 224, 226 

Mather, Increase 224 

Medicine Rook 188, 189 

Meels, Hans Henry 149, 183 

Memoirs of H. S. P 235 

Mennonites 104-105, 220, 223 

Mercklein, Caspar 37 

Mcrcklein, Frantz Jacob 112 

Mercklein, Ludwig Frantz 112 

Merckling (Mercklein), Johannes Joachimus 63, 71, 72, 112 

Merian, Caspar 89, no, 120, 140, 151 

Merlau (Morlaw), Eleanora von 106, 107, 121, 140 

Milan Matthis 184 

Millarn [ ?], Hans 161 

Miles, Griffith 183 

Mirabeau, Monsieur 7' 

Mitz, Daniel m 

Modelius, Georgius Leonhartus 36, 63, 125, 195 

Molitor, Christoph 66 

Monatlicher Auszug 236 

Moore, William 104 

Morgan, Benjamin 183 

Morris, Anthony 15°, 173, 174, 222, 262 

Morris, Thomas 202 

Midler, Gorg 155 

Muller, Johann Georg 37 

Miiller, Joh. Martin 112 

Miiller, Johann Sebastian 87 

Miinchhausen, Justus Theodor von 87 

Murray, Humphrey 222 

Nagel, Simon Sigmund 37 

Nensheim, Ennecke von 19' 

Nensheim, Willm von I9 1 

Neuenhaus, Johannes zu (see Klostermanns). 

New Franconia (Neu Franckenland) i3°- r 3i 

Neus ,Hans 184 

Neus, Jan J 83 

New Primmer *°S 

Norris, Isaac 155 

Norris, Mary (nee Lloyd) 198 

Obrecht, Prof 72 

Old South Leaflets 23s 

Olmius, Herman 1 14 

Op de Graeff, see Graeff. 

Orphood, Edmond 221 

Owen, Griffith 174, 215 et seq., 222, 286 

Pannebecker, Hendrick 223 

Papen, Heyvert (Heifert) 135. 159, 161, 165, 182 

Pastor family l 

Pastor, Martinus 2 

Pastorius, Abraham 243 



Index 321 

Page 

Pastorius, Augustin Adam 84 

Pastorius, Balthasar 7 

Pastorius, Barbara (nee Greulich) 35 

Pastorius, C. Sharpless 2 

Pastorius, Caspar 7, 9 

Pastorius, Charles Macknet 258 

Pastorius, Christian 6 

Pastorius, Daniel 243 

Pastorius, Dorothea Esther (see Volckmann) 35, 79, 113 

Pastorius, Eva Margaretha (nee Gelchsheimer) 34 

Pastorius family 299 et seq. 

Pastorius, Francis Daniel Ancestors, 1 et seq.; in Sommer- 

hausen, 51 et seq.; in Windsheim, 54 et seq.; at the University 
of Altdorf, 63 et seq., 73 et seq., 77 et seq. , at the University of 
Strassburg, 70 ct seq.. jt,; at the University of Basel, 72 et seq; 
at the University of Jena, 74 et seq.; at Regensburg, 76-77; dis- 
putation, 78 et seq.; years of travel, 82 et seq.; lawyer at Wind- 
sheim, 83-85; at Frankfurt, 85-90; Itinerarium, 94 etseq.; thoughts 
of America, 101 et seq.; Perm and the Quakers, 104 et seq.; 
effects brought over, 113-115; Agent of the German Company, 
116 ct seq.; founding Germantown, 124 et seq.: Pastorius' land, 
154-155; burgher, 156-172; schoolmaster, 172-187; in private life, 
188-224; lawgiver, scrivener and author, 225-275; MSS. and 
printed works, 276-285 ; last days, 285-287. 

Pastorius, Francis Daniel (son of Washington) 243 

Pastorius, Fridericus 6, 7 

Pastorius Genealogy 247, 301 et seq. 

Pastorius, Georg Adam 3 

Pastorius, Heinrich (Henry. Henricus) 7, 11, 125, 194, 243, 248 

Pastorius, Joachim 3-6 

Pastorius, Johann Augustin 7, 9, 10 

Pastorius, Johann Samuel 36, 79, 111, 125, 181, 186, 193, 194, 248 

I 'astorius, Magdalena (nee Dietz) 34, 53 

Pastorius, Margaretha 7 

Pastorius, Martinus (see Pastor) 7, 119 

Pastorius, Melchior Adam 4, 6, 8, 9, 10; at Erfurt, 12-13; at 

Wiirzburg, 13-14; journey to Rome, 14-17: at the German 
College in Rome, 17-21; journey to Austria. 21-25; lawyer in 
Rome, 23; journey to France and return to Germany, 23-28; in 
Sommerhausen, 28-34; in Windsheim, 34-41; printed works, 
41-45; Unpublished Mss., 45-47; library, 48-49; 50, 79, 125, 181, 
208, 210, 218. 

Pastorius Necrology 

Pastorius, Rebecca 

Pastorius' School in Germantown, List of Subscribers, etc 182, 

Pastorius, Washington 

Pemberton, Israel 176, 178, 179, 180, 

Pemberton, Phineas 175, 

Penn, John 

Penn, William 85, 105; Journal, 106, 107; Account. 108 and 109; 

121, 125, 157, 158, 180, 181, 206 et seq. 

Penn, William, Jr 

Pennsbury 

Pennsylvania Company 

Pennypacker, S. W 61, 89, 109, 120, 122, 123, 138, 149, 182, 191, 

Peters Reese 





247 


183' 


'. 1 1 

184 


181, 
176, 


245 
189 
180 




247 




127 




214 


"V. 


137 
226 




222 



322 Index 

Page 

Petersen (Peters once by mistake), John William. 121, 138, 140, 145, 148, 151 

Pettinger, Johannes 165 

Philadelphia Society, Books of 247 

Pia I (esideria 88 

Pietism (and Pietists) 87-90, 102, 104, 106, 107, 220 

Pionier, der Deutsche 182 

1 ■• met, Peter 88 

Potts, Jonas 182 

I '. >\\ ell, Howell, Comment. Poem to Pastorius 287 

Preston, Rachel (nee Lloyd) 198 

Preston, Samuel 150 

Preston, William 221 

Printz von York 236 

1 'n it est against Negro Slavery 260 cl seq. 

Quakers 104, 105, 106, 107, 218 cl scq., 223, 224 

Quakers, Writings of and about 246 et scq. 

Quick, Fritz 2 

Raths- liuch 161, 169, 182, 184, 185, 263 

Rauseher, family 91 

Redelhamerus, Adam Christianus 42 

Reinhart, Lucas Friedrich 66 

Remekins, Govert 123, 138 

Rennepage, Capt. Daniel 86 

Res Propriae 185, 191 

Rhein, M 112 

Richardson, Samuel 183 

Rittenhouse, William 223 

Ritter, Monsieur 71 

Rodeck ( mistake for Bodcck) 91 

Rodiger, Eva 7 

Rolf, George 104 

Romischer Adler 10, 41, 42 

Rosengarten, Joseph G 45 

Roth, Georg 77, 112 

Rutter (Riitters), Conrad 183 

Rutter, Thomas 229, 230 

Ruttinghusen (Riittinghauscn, Rittenhouse), Gerhard 182 

Ruttinghusen (Rittenhouse), Paul 183 

Saalhof, the 86, 102, no 

Sachsc, Julius F 124, 154, 243 

Sfe Augustine 103 

Saltzmann, S. R 70, 71 

Samuel, the Jew 89 

Saubertus, Johann 67 

Saur, Christoph 61 

Scepers 2 

Schaffer 2 

Scheper, Isack 161 

Schirmer, Christian Wilheltn 40 

Schmaltz, Dd 71 

Schmidt, Frantz Daniel 112 

Schmidt, Michael 112 

Scholl, Peter 183 

Schultze, I )avid 61 

Schumacher, [saak 182, 183 

Schumacher, Jacob 117. 13S 



Index 3 2 3 

Page 

Schumacher, Peter, Jr 161, 167, 168, 220 

Schumbergius ( Schumberg), Tobias 57-62, 195, 228, 285 

Schumway, D. B 

Schutz, Catharine Elizabeth 146 

Schutz, (Schutz), Christian 42 

Schutz (Schutz), Dr. Johann Jacob, 

86, 89, no, 120, 121, 125, 135. 136, 139, 140, 145. 151 

Schwartz, Melchior 39 

Seelig. Godf ried M9 

Seidensticker, Oswald 91, 106, 182, 184, 218, 243-244, 274 

Sellen, Heinrich 138 

Sgerkis, Vijt [6] 

Sli.ikt -pr.irc. William 284 

Shippen, Edward 1/3 

Shoemaker (Schumacher), George '83 

Shoemaker (Schumacher), Peter Ill, 136, 138, 182, 183 

Sibenmacher's Wappenbuch 92 

Simen, Jan 13° 

Simens (Sijmens), Wolter 161 

Simons, Jacob 182, 184 

Simons, Walter 1 ^4 

Simson, Frances ill, 118 

Sintern, Isaak van 183 

Sipman, Dirck 122, 123 

Siverts, Hanna 183 

Sjoert (Sivert, Siverts), Kornelis 138, 182, 183 

Smith, Charles Perring 198 

Somnierhausen 50-52 

Soupli, Andrew 170 

Sowerness, D. P. (-Daniel Pastorius) 178, 189 

Spener, Sophie Cacilia 88 

Spener (Spenner), Philipp Jacob 87, 88, 89, 90, no 

Sprogel ( Sprdgel), Johann Hendrick 149, 225 

Stanbury, Nathan 149 

Stellwagen (Stellwag), Johannes Mattheus 63, 70 

Stork (Storch), Arnold 152, 155 

Strampfer, Andreas 37 

Strassburg, University of 70-72, 73 

Strauss, Gorg 137, 140 

Strepers, Catharine 194 

Strepers ( Streepers, Streypers, Stripers), Jan 122, 138 

Strepers, William 130, 138, 161, 182, 183 

Stuart, Princess Elizabeth 106 

Stubb, John 104 

Sturm, Johann Christoph 67 

Sultzer, Je 112 

Swedes 218, 219, 236 

Tailcoat, William T05 

Tamson, Clans 182 

Tauler, Johann 103 

Taylor, Jacob 155 

Teague, Pentecost 150, 174 

Tellner (Telner), Jacob ill, 122, 138, 159, 160, 196, 197, 251 

Tentzel, Monatliche Unterredungen 62 

Thomas, George C 140, 293 

Tillemann, Dr 75 






324 Index 

Page 

Tilly 1 

Tisen, Cornells 183 

Tisen (Tisscn, Tysen), Reinert 130, 138, 161, 162, 166, 182, 221 

Ti hi r. the Great 102 

Townsend, Richard 183 

Tunis (Tunnes), Abraham 130, 138 

Ueberfeldt (Ubcrfcld), Johann Willhclm 135, 140, 151 

Ulrici, Prof 72 

Umstatt ( Umstet, &c), Hanns Peter 138, 161, 182 

Universities 102 

University of Pennsylvania 243 

Vade Mecum 185 

Van Vossen, see Vossen 

Vettekueke, Marieke m 

Vinum, Linum et Textrinum 160 

Volcker, Dr 76 

Volckmann, Dorothea Esther (see Pastorius) - 35, 79, 113 

Volckmanns, Adam 35, 112 

Volckmanns (Volckmann), Anna Maria 77, 112 

Vi issen, Arnold van 182. 183 

Wagenseil, Christoph 67 

Waldstein, Albertus a 65 

Walle, Jacob van de, 

89, 106, 110, 120, 121, I3S, I36, I38, I39, 140, 145, I47. [48 

Walk-. Maria van de (widow of Thomas van Willig) [48 

Walle, widow of Jacob van de 

Wallenstein 1, 65 

Walln, Nicolas 150 

Walton, Daniel ., 220 

\\ aider, John 150 

Warmer, Christian 182, 183 

Warrel, Richard 261, 262 

Wasey (Vasey), Joseph m, 118 

Watson's Annals 134. 198 

\\ an-, ( leorge 105 

Wees, Cornells de 183 

, YVilhelm de 

Weiss, L. H 23? 

\\ elser, Hieronymus Anton 82 

Wertmiiller ( Wertmueller), George ill, 117. 118 

Wharton, Mrs. Thomas 178 

White, John 

Whitpaine, Zechary 1S1 

Whittier's Pennsylvania Pilgrim 210, 267, 271 

Wilderness, Jan de 183 

William and Mary 170. 171 

Wills, Georg Andreas 65 

\\ indsheim 54-5* 

\\ interhausen 51-5- 

Witt, Christopher 183 

Wolich (Wylich, Wilich, Willich), Dr. Thomas von 120, 140, 145. 151 

Writ of Ejectment 140 

Wulff, Paul 134, 161, 167, 168, 170, 182 

x i imans, Isabel 105 

Young Country Clerk 185 

/ iteren, Philipp Christoph von 9 



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